Video Watermarking Scheme Research Articles

A Block Based Novel Digital Video Watermarking Scheme Using Dct

The rapid growth of network distributions of images and video, there is a need for copyright protection against piracy. For this purpose we are using video watermarking (VM). Different digital watermarking schemes have been proposed to address this issue of ownership identification. Digital watermarking is a process by which user specified signal(Watermark) is hidden or embedded into another signal(Video Signal) by the watermark embedding process. Afterwards the recovery of the watermark is achieved with the help of the watermark extraction process. The video watermark is robust against the attack of frame dropping, averaging and statistical analysis. It leads to broad curiosity in multimedia security and multimedia copyright protection. The most important issue in VM are the invisibility of the watermark and the resilience of watermarking to attacks.Watermarking techniques are classified into three categories. They are Spatial Domain Method(SDM), Transform Domain Method(TDM) and Compressed Domain Method(CDM). Here explained about to transform domain method. This method used the discrete cosine transform(DCT), Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) for watermark embedding.DWT are more popularity due to their spatial localization, frequency spread etc.. But DCT watermarking was to human perception model to modify low coefficients of DCT blocks.It has a larger embedding capacity and robustness. This technique provides better results with high accuracy.

Adaptive Hybrid Video Watermarking using WBCT and NMF

techniques are mainly used for protecting intellectual property right. This paper proposes a new hybrid nonblind video watermarking technique using wavelet contourlet transform and nonnegative matrix factorization Wavelet transform processed images are losing edge information. The Contourlet transform has good approximation properties for smooth 2D functions and finds a direct discrete space construction. But its performance is considered to be redundant. There evolved wavelet based contourlet transform (WBCT), as a nonredundant version of the contourlet transform. WBCT is used for watermarking video frames. The non negative matrix factorization (NMF) is used as dimension reduction technique in watermarking. NMF is applied to low pass and directional high pass sub bands which results from WBCT of each original video frame and gray scale watermark images. Embedding action is performed in low pass sub-band of WBCT processed video frame. The hybrid scheme improves the performance of watermarking scheme. The experimental results shows that the proposed video watermarking scheme provides better video processing operations such as cropping, rotation, histogram equalization ,compression, variety of noises , frame dropping, frame averaging and frame swapping and etc.

Highly Robust and Imperceptible Luminance Based Hybrid Digital Video Watermarking Scheme for Ownership Protection

In this paper a hybrid digital video watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition is proposed. Unlike the most existing watermarking schemes, the used watermark is a gray scale image instead of a binary watermark. The watermark is embedded in the original video frames by first converted it into YCbCr color space and than decomposing the luminance part (Y component) into four sub-bands using discrete wavelet transform and finally the singular values of LL sub-band are shaped perceptually by singular values of watermark image. The experimental result shows a tradeoff between imperceptibility and resiliency against intentional attacks such as rotation, cropping, histogram stretching, JPEG compression on individual frames, Indeo5 video compression and unintentional attacks like frame swapping, frame averaging, frame insertion and different types of noise addition. Superiority of the proposed scheme is carried out by comparison with existing schemes to reveal its efficiency for practical applications.

Entropy based Video Watermarking Scheme

The emerging interest in the field of digital watermarking is due to the increase in concern over copyright protection of digital information and prevention of unauthorized access, duplication and manipulation of digital data. In this paper, an entropy based blind video watermarking scheme is proposed using combined DCT-DWT transform. Two level DWT is performed on the extracted video frames, which results in sixteen subbands. Entropy is calculated for all the sixteen subbands and the subband with the highest entropy is chosen for embedding the watermark bits. 8x8 block based DCT is performed on this subband and the middle frequency transformed coefficients of each block are selected for embedding the watermark bits. The watermarked video frames are QPSK modulated and transmitted through an AWGN channel. At the receiver end the watermarked frames are QPSK demodulated and the watermark is extracted. This scheme applied to videos shows that it is highly imperceptible and exhibits high robustness against additive white Gaussian noise.

A new DCT audio watermarking scheme based on preliminary MP3 study

In this paper, a new audio watermarking scheme operating in the frequency domain and based on neural network architecture is described. The watermark is hidden into the middle frequency band after performing a Discrete Cosine transform (DCT). Embedding and extraction of the watermark are based on the use of a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) architecture. In addition, the selection of frequencies and the block hiding the watermark are based on a preliminary study of the effect of MP3 compression at several rates on the signal. Experimental results show that the proposed technique presents good robustness and perceptual quality results. We also investigate the application of the proposed technique in video watermarking. Traditional techniques have used audio channel as supplementary embedding space and adopt state-of-the art techniques that resist to MP3 compression attack. In these techniques, the MPEG compression attack is only evaluated on the video part and the audio part is kept unaffected. In this paper, we adapt the preliminary MP3 study to video watermarking technique but with a preliminary study of the MPEG compression applied to the audio channel. Here again, we notice that the application of the preliminary MPEG study to the audio channel improves the robustness of the video watermarking scheme though keeping high-quality watermarked video sequences.

An Innovative Video Watermarking Scheme Based on H.264 for Copyright Protection

A practical watermarking scheme for the copyright protection of video contents is proposed in this paper. The embedding and extracting are performed using the elements of the compressed bit stream. Watermark can be extracted blindly without original videos and complete decoding is unnecessary. Through the analyses of robustness, some appropriate subblocks are selected for embedding watermarks, reducing the declination of the visual quality. The experimental results show the proposed scheme can achieve good excellent robustness to common video processing methods such as low bit rate compression and synchronization attacks in favor of protecting the copyright of video based on H.264.

Dual Video Watermarking Scheme Based on Transform Domain

The single watermark algorithms always merely have single function. In order to overcome the drawback, this paper proposed a dual video watermarking scheme based on transform domain. To implement the video copyright and integrality authentication, this paper embedded robust watermarking and fragile watermark. At the same time, this scheme made good use of the wavelet transform to embed the two different kinds of watermarking in the same video respectively. The fragile watermarking is to serve the robust watermarking. Experiments demonstrate this scheme can not only protect the copyright of the video effectively, but also protect against some attacks, such as shearing attack, JPEG lossy compression attack, noise attack etc. This scheme has better robustness and invisibility.

A Robust Scalable Spatial Spread-Spectrum Video Watermarking Scheme Based on a Fast Downsampling Method

This paper presents a robust spatial spread- spectrum (SS) video watermarking scheme with adaptive detection for H.264/AVC and SVC. We introduce a fast image size change method in DCT domain to obtain a low- pass and downsized version of the video frame for embedding, which protects the watermarking signal from being damaged by downsampling during SVC encoding. And then we embed watermark bits by SS method with exploiting the Just Noticeable Distortion (JND) model to dynamically adjust the embedding strength. The watermark will be spread to the original video after the upsampling of the embedded downsized version. Furthermore, we deduce a detection model based on a likelihood ratio test to realize adaptive detection and design a different detection strategy for the base layer of SVC-encoded video. Simulation results prove the validity of the detection model and show that the proposed watermarking algorithm has strong robustness against not only H.264/AVC-encoded I-frames, P-frames and B-frames, but also SVC-encoded I-frames and P-frames while preserving the perceptual quality.

Real-Time Compressed- Domain Video Watermarking Resistance to Geometric Distortions

A proposed real-time video watermarking scheme is transparent and robust to geometric distortions, including rotation with cropping, scaling, aspect ratio change, frame dropping, and swapping.

A practical design of digital video watermarking in H.264/AVC for content authentication

In this research, we propose a practical digital video watermarking scheme mainly used for authenticating the H.264/AVC compressed videos to ensure their correct content order. The watermark signals, which represent the serial numbers of video segments, are embedded into nonzero quantization indices of frames to achieve both the effectiveness of watermarking and the compact data size. The human visual characteristics are taken into account to guarantee the imperceptibility of watermark signals and to attain an efficient implementation in H.264/AVC. The issues of synchronized watermark detections are settled by selecting the shot-change frames for calculating the distortion-resilient hash, which helps to determine the watermark sequence. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme as the embedded watermarks can survive the allowed transcoding processes while the edited segments in the tampered video can be located.

Video Watermarking Robust Against Spatio-Temporal Attacks

Space-time interest points (STIP) represent the significant variations in video, which do not alter greatly under spatial and temporal attacks and can enhance the robustness of video watermarking. In this paper, a novel video watermarking scheme exploiting STIP in DCT-SVD (Discrete Cosine Transform – Singular Value Decomposition) domain is proposed. Unlike the usual algorithm, STIP are selected by global and local steps. All global STIP are ordered in ascending order according to their response values, and STIP corresponding to the first several global response values are selected to maintain the stability. Afterwards, the STIP with largest local response value in one frame is selected as the center to generate square embedding region. The region is transformed into DCT-SVD domain, and the mid-frequency coefficients are segmented to embed the watermark by modifying the norm of the largest singular value using quantization. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme guarantees high peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), and is very robust against frame swapping, frame insert, frame dropping, noising, filtering etc.

Robust video watermarking based on affine invariant regions in the compressed domain

This paper proposes a novel robust video watermarking scheme based on local affine invariant features in the compressed domain. This scheme is resilient to geometric distortions and quite suitable for DCT-encoded compressed video data because it performs directly in the block DCTs domain. In order to synchronize the watermark, we use local invariant feature points obtained through the Harris-Affine detector which is invariant to affine distortions. To decode the frames from DCT domain to the spatial domain as fast as possible, a fast inter-transformation between block DCTs and sub-block DCTs is employed and down-sampling frames in the spatial domain are obtained by replacing each sub-blocks DCT of 2×2 pixels with half of the corresponding DC coefficient. The above-mentioned strategy can significantly save computational cost in comparison with the conventional method which accomplishes the same task via inverse DCT (IDCT). The watermark detection is performed in spatial domain along with the decoded video playing. So it is not sensitive to the video format conversion. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is transparent and robust to signal-processing attacks, geometric distortions including rotation, scaling, aspect ratio changes, linear geometric transforms, cropping and combinations of several attacks, frame dropping, and frame rate conversion.

Video Watermarking Based on Cloud Model and Geometric Moment

A video watermarking scheme based on geometric moment corrected is proposed. This algorithm used the geometric moment’s good characteristic of corrected parameters of scaling attack, and combined with the randomness and fuzziness of Cloud model. In watermarking forming process we use the Cloud model. In detection process, first corrected the detected video sequence parameters of possible scaling attack by using geometric moment, and then extracted watermark from corrected video sequence. The experimental results show the robustness to lossy compression, filtering, frame dropping, additive noise, scaling and translation attacks.

Video Watermarking Scheme Based on MPEG-2 for Copyright Protection

Abstract An innovative practical video watermarking scheme based on MPEG-2 is proposed in this paper. By operating the compressed video data-stream directly, we embed watermarking information in DC coefficients of block image which is in the IDR picture, in DPCM process of MPEG-2 coder. Watermark can be extracted blindly without original images and complete decoding is unnecessary. The algorithm designs one kind of synchronization code in order to resolve the synchronization problem. Watermark information is embedded periodically for random testing. The experimental results show the proposed scheme can achieve good excellent robustness to common video processing methods such as low bit rate MPEG-2 compression and synchronization attacks.

Real-time video watermarking scheme resistant to geometric distortions

A real-time video watermarking scheme against geometric distortions is proposed for DCT-encoded compressed video data. The full DCT coefficients have proven to be invariant to scaling and local geometric attacks. Therefore, watermarks are embedded into watermark minimal sequences (WMS) by modulating the low-frequency full DCT coefficients. To meet the requirement of real-time performance, a fast intertransformation is employed to construct full DCT directly from block DCTs. The modified differences of full DCT coefficients are inversely transformed to the differences of block DCT coefficients that are subsequently added to the original block DCTs to generate the WMS. To resist various video format conversions, the watermark detection is performed in spatial domain. This does not affect the real-time performance because the watermark detection need not re-encode the frames into compressed data, and compressed video can be easily decoded fast by employing some codec or decoding chips. Furthermore, the proposed scheme can resist rotation attacks by employing a rotation compensation strategy. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is real-time, transparent, and robust to signal distortions, geometric distortions including rotation, scaling, aspect ratio change, linear geometric transforms, cropping and combination attacks, frame dropping and swapping, file format conversion, as well as camcorder recording.

A Blind Video Watermarking Scheme Robust To Frame Attacks Combined With MPEG2 Compression

In this paper, we propose a robust digital video watermarking scheme with completely blind extraction process where the original video data, original watermark or any other information derivative of them are not required in order to retrieve the embedded watermark. The proposed algorithm embeds 2D binary visually recognizable patterns such as company trademarks and owner’s logotype, etc., in the DWT domain of the video frames for copyright protection.Before the embedding process, only two numerical keys are required to transform the watermark data into a noise-like pattern using the chaotic mixing method which helps to increase the security. The main advantages of the proposed scheme are its completely blind detection scheme, robustness against common video attacks, combined attacks andits low complexity implementation. The combined attacks consist of MPEG-2 compression and common video attacks such as noise contamination, collusion attacks, frame dropping and swapping. Extensive simulation results also show that the watermark imperceptibility and robustness outperform other previously reported methods. The extractedwatermark data from the watermarked video sequences is clear enough even after the watermarked video hadsuffered from several attacks.

Spatio-Temporal Just Noticeable Distortion Model Guided Video Watermarking

Perceptual Watermarking should take full advantage of the results from human visual system (HVS) studies. Just noticeable distortion (JND), which refers to the maximum distortion that the HVS does not perceive, gives a way to model the HVS accurately. An effective Spatio-Temporal JND model guided video watermarking scheme in DCT domain is proposed in this paper. The watermarking scheme is based on the design of an additional accurate JND visual model which incorporates spatial Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF), temporal modulation factor, retinal velocity, luminance adaptation and contrast masking. The proposed watermarking scheme, where the JND model is fully used to determine scene-adaptive upper bounds on watermark insertion, allows providing the maximum strength transparent watermark. Experimental results confirm the improved performance of the Spatio-Temporal JND model. The authors’ Spatio-Temporal JND model is capable of yielding higher injected-watermark energy without introducing noticeable distortion to the original video sequences and outperforms the relevant existing visual models. Simulation results show that the proposed Spatio-Temporal JND model guided video watermarking scheme is more robust than other algorithms based on the relevant existing perceptual models while retaining the watermark transparency.

DWT Based Blind Digital Video Watermarking Scheme for Video Authentication

Digital video is one of the popular multimedia data exchanged in the internet. Due to their perfectly replicable nature many illegal copies of the original video can be made. Methods are needed to protect copyrights of the owner and prevent illegal copying. A video can also undergo several intentional attacks like frame dropping, averaging, cropping and median filtering and unintentional attacks like addition of noise and compression which can compromise the owner information thereby denying authentication. In this paper, a robust Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)-based blind digital video watermarking scheme with scrambled watermarks based on scene changes has been proposed for authentication of digital video, which embeds different parts of a single watermark into different scenes of a video. The video watermarking algorithm is robust against the attacks of frame dropping, averaging and compression, which are considered as some of the common types of attacks applied particularly on the video and due to the use of DWT it can also withstand geometrical attacks making the watermark perceptually invisible. Furthermore, it allows blind retrieval of embedded watermark which does not need the original video. The proposed algorithm has been compared with an existing DWT based watermarking scheme and is found to exhibit better robustness.

A flexible H.264/AVC compressed video watermarking scheme using particle swarm optimization based dither modulation

Due to the explosion of data sharing on the Internet and the ultimate use of digital media, especially digital video clips, there is great interest by digital video owners in video security and copyright protection. In this paper, a flexible particle swarm optimization (PSO) based dither modulation (DM) watermarking scheme in H.264/AVC compressed video is proposed. Its robustness, against the commonly employed watermarking attacks described in literature, is illustrated. The watermark imperceptibility and video quality also need to be taken into consideration, hence, a PSO is employed for optimizing the conflicting requirements. In addition to focusing on improving the robustness of the new watermarking scheme, the imperceptibility is enhanced by applying PSO, which keeps checking the objective function, including both factors. The proposed scheme allows users to add or drop diverse watermarking attacks for optimization and the effectiveness of this scheme is verified through a series of experiments.

A New Video Watermarking Scheme Resistant to Collusion and Synchronization Attacks

A new video watermarking scheme with robustness against collusion and synchronization attacks is presented. We propose to embed only a few copies of the watermark along the temporal axis into frames, which are located at the borders of each two different plotlines of the video. As a result, each change of the video plotline is transformed into pulse, which is used for watermark embedding and extraction. In addition, since we embed a watermark only into a small number of frames, the distortions of the video are reduced to minimum. Experimental results show the robustness of the proposed scheme.