Videotape Recordings Research Articles

Simulation-based Emergency Medicine Resident Self-Assessment

Background Videotaped recordings of simulation-based performance may allow learners the opportunity to review, evaluate, and reflect upon their own performance. Objectives To determine the accuracy of resident performance self-assessment after a simulation-based encounter; compare low- and high-scoring residents’ abilities to evaluate their performance; and determine if video-assisted performance review improves self-assessment accuracy. Methods Emergency Medicine residents participated in a videotaped simulation-based assessment. Residents evaluated their performance immediately after completing simulated cases, and after reviewing the session’s video. Self-ratings were compared to the faculty observers, and scores were divided based on the median. Results Seventeen residents participated, providing 270 self-ratings before, and 269 after, video review. Before video review, residents accurately graded their performance in 73.7% of the items. High- and low-scoring residents accurately self-assessed 83.9% and 62.2% of items, respectively. The odds of a high scorer accurately rating their own performance were 3.2 times that of a low scorer (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9–5.2, p < 0.001). After video review, resident self-assessments were accurate for 73.6% of the items. High scorers were accurate in their post-video self-assessment in 83.3% of the items, vs. 62.4% for low scorers. After video review, the odds of a high scorer accurately self-rating their performance were 3.0 times that of a low scorer (95% CI 2.1–4.1, p < 0.001). Conclusions Residents’ abilities to self-assess vary, and performance quality may influence self-assessment. Video review did not significantly increase self-assessment accuracy. Improving self-assessment skills may assist residents in identifying practice gaps, thereby allowing them to focus their energy toward filling that gap.

“First impressions”

People who have suffered traumatic brain injury (TBI) often have difficulties with social interactions, as well as developing and maintaining relationships. This may be due to deficits in pragmatic language abilities that have been documented in the research. These deficits can cause a person that has endured a TBI to make a negative first impression; this may lead social partners to make poor judgments about the person’s personality or mood. The aim of this study was to examine untrained observers’ ‘first impressions’ of the communication skills of people with TBI and to determine if any differences exist between untrained observer impressions and the first impressions of speech language pathologists. Twenty-four untrained observers and 12 Speech Language Pathologists (SLPs) viewed videotaped recordings of four people with TBI. The participants completed a two part observations sheet. In the first section, observers wrote a description of the speakers’ communication skills. In the second section, observers provided three self-generated lexical items that best described the speakers’ communicative ability. Descriptive textual linguistic analysis and thematic categorization were used to focus analyzes on the perceptions of the untrained observers and assess what particular aspects of the speakers' communication were viewed as problematic. In contrast to the SLPs, the untrained observers’ responses focused on the non-verbal behaviors of people with TBI in a negative manner. The results suggest that (a) a greater focus on non-verbal behaviours may be an important aspect of therapy, and (b) professionals may benefit from input from non professionals when judging the readiness of people with TBI to interact successfully in the community.

Elementary General Music Teachers’ Reflections on Instruction

A qualitative study was completed to identify and study the content of selected elementary general music teachers’ evaluations of their own instruction and the instruction of another elementary general music teacher. Participants represented a variety of educational backgrounds and teaching experience: Teacher A (9 years teaching Grades 4—6 at current school), Teacher B (2 years teaching K—5 general music at current school), Teacher C (completing third year teaching Grades 4—6 general music), and Teacher D (completing first year teaching K—4 general music and strings). Through viewing four videotape recordings of lessons and use of an open-ended interview process, participants were able to explain teaching strategies used and reflect on their teaching and the teaching of another elementary general music teacher. The participants recommended that videotape recordings of instruction accompanied by the interview process be used for professional development and to discuss teaching strategies with other teachers.

Trainer variability during step training after spinal cord injury: Implications for robotic gait-training device design

Robotic devices are being developed to automate repetitive aspects of walking retraining after neurological injuries, in part because they might improve the consistency and quality of training. However, it is unclear how inconsistent manual training actually is or whether stepping quality depends strongly on the trainers' manual skill. The objective of this study was to quantify trainer variability of manual skill during step training using body-weight support on a treadmill and assess factors of trainer skill. We attached a sensorized orthosis to one leg of each patient with spinal cord injury and measured the shank kinematics and forces exerted by different trainers during six training sessions. An expert trainer rated the trainers' skill level based on videotape recordings. Between-trainer force variability was substantial, about two times greater than within-trainer variability. Trainer skill rating correlated strongly with two gait features: better knee extension during stance and fewer episodes of toe dragging. Better knee extension correlated directly with larger knee horizontal assistance force, but better toe clearance did not correlate with larger ankle push-up force; rather, it correlated with better knee and hip extension. These results are useful to inform robotic gait-training design.

Analyze innovation strategy of technical‐intensive industries: scenario analysis viewpoint

PurposeThe purpose of this study is the analysis of innovation in technology‐intensive industries via the application of scenario analysis (SA) to master the development of market information and competitive environment. This study will employ the technical development of SONY video tape recorder (VTR) as a case study, and then provide more adequate decision information on the technology development strategy (TDS) planning process.Design/methodology/approachScenario analysis strategy assessment model will be utilized to construct a future technical development model based on present status, and will diffuse and apply the forecasting model to the cycle period of future market technical innovation. Therefore, applying SA in this study can effectively connect historical information to the analysis of technology development.FindingsThis research used SONY VTR TDS as a case study that provides a strategy assessment model to technology‐intensive industry for technical development strategy planning as the basis of decision information for technical forecasting. Output of the R&amp;D department is the core lifeline for the development of a company, and TDS is affected by the orientation of customer demand and has an impact on the development of TLC to form the cycle period of uncertainty.Originality/valueThis model applied the property of TDS assessment to grasp the development trend in the market, and it can enable the R&amp;D department to integrate technical push and market demand pull. In turn, this results in a gain in the competitive edge for technical innovation through a combination with strategies and regulations.

Gynecologic Evaluation of Catamenial Pneumothorax Associated with Endometriosis

Study Objective To assess the pathogenesis of catamenial pneumothorax associated with endometriosis from a gynecologic perspective. Design Retrospective study (Canadian Task Force classification II–2). Setting University hospital. Patients Eleven patients with clinically suspected catamenial pneumothorax due to frequently recurrent pneumothorax who underwent thoracoscopy between September 2003 and February 2007 at our hospital. Intervention Video-assisted thoracoscopy. Measurements and Main Results Episodes of pneumothorax, coexistence of intrapelvic endometriosis, classification of intrathoracic lesions according to the appearance of pelvic endometriosis using the revised American Society of Reproductive Medicine (re-ASRM) classification, and histopathologic findings in intrathoracic specimens were assessed. A total of 38 episodes of pneumothorax, all on the right side, were documented in 11 patients with catamenial pneumothorax. Median (range) patient age at the initial pneumothorax was 42 (29–47) years. The re-ASRM score in 6 patients in whom pelvic endometriosis was directly observed at laparoscopy and laparotomy was 56 (18–96). We postoperatively reviewed videotape recordings of video-assisted thoracoscopy, and observed superficial thoracic diaphragmatic lesions classified as red (n = 5), black (n = 8), and white (n = 9) with fenestration according to the re-ASRM classifications for pelvic endometriosis. Tissue associated with endometriosis was detected at histopathologic analysis of resected diaphragmatic lesions in 9 patients. No endometriosis was identified at histopathologic analysis of visceral pleural lesions in 7 patients who underwent lung resection. Conclusions Gynecologic evaluation of catamenial pneumothorax associated with endometriosis is crucial to clarify the unelucidated pathogenesis of the disease.

Mutual gaze in Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal and semantic dementia couples

Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and semantic dementia (SD) are neurodegenerative diseases that differ in their socioemotional presentations. Mutual gaze (i.e. when two individuals make eye contact) is a building block of social behavior that may be differentially affected by these diseases. We studied 13 AD patients, 11 FTD patients, 9 SD patients and 22 normal controls as they engaged in conversations with partners about relationship conflicts. Physiological reactivity was monitored during the conversations and trained raters coded mutual gaze from videotaped recordings. Results indicated that mutual gaze was preserved in AD couples. Mutual gaze was diminished in FTD couples while SD couples showed evidence of greater mutual gaze. SD couples also showed lower physiological reactivity compared to controls. Across patient groups, reduced mutual gaze was associated with greater behavioral disturbance as measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, especially on the disinhibition and apathy subscales. These results point to subtle differences between the three types of dementia in the social realm that help to illuminate the nature of the disease process and could aid in differential diagnosis.

Toolbox for Evaluating Residents as Teachers

The authors review existing assessment tools related to evaluating residents' teaching skills and teaching effectiveness. PubMed and PsycInfo databases were searched using combinations of keywords including "residents," "residents as teachers," "teaching skills," and "assessments" or "rating scales." Eleven evaluation tools that utilized self-reports, learner evaluations, or observed structured teaching evaluations were found. These varied in length from one to 58 items, most of which were both valid and reliable. Additional evaluation tools were found that utilized direct audio- or videotaped recordings of teaching. This toolbox should facilitate program directors and others in assessing residents' teaching skills and should promote rigorously conducted research on residents as teachers.

Analysis of the innovation strategy of technical‐intensive industries: scenario analysis viewpoint

PurposeThe purpose of this study is the analysis of innovation in technology‐intensive industry strategy, by applying scenario analysis (SA) to master the development of the market information and competitive environment. This study will utilize the technical development of the Sony video tape recorder (VTR) as a case study, and then provide more adequate decision information on the technical development strategy (TDS) planning process.Design/methodology/approachScenario analysis (SA) strategy assessment model will construct a future technical development model based on current data. The forecasting model of the cycle period is applied to future market technical innovation. Therefore, applying SA in this study can effectively connect historical information to the analysis of technology development.FindingsThis study used the Sony VTR TDS as a case study that provides a strategy assessment model in a technology‐intensive industry for technical development strategy planning as the basis of decision‐making to aid technical forecasting. Result found that the R&amp;D department is the core lifeline for the development of a company, and TDS is affected by the orientation of customer demand with impact on the development of TLC to form the cycle period of uncertainty.Originality/valueThis model applied the properties of TDS assessment to grasp the development trend in the market, and it can enable the R&amp;D department to integrate technical push and market demands pull. In turn, this results in a gain in the competitive edge for technical innovation through a combination of strategies and regulations.

ANALYSIS OF LATERAL VIBRATION OF THE WHEEL RELATIVE TO THE RAIL WITH VIDEO

In the article the videotape recordings of wheel motion on rail track, done during the dynamic tests of carriages, are analyzed. The treatment includes fixing of wheel rim positions in relation to a rail, construction of the spline function of displacement and its frequency description. The purpose of analysis is to determine the presence of harmonic components in the transversal wheel displacements.

PS1-32: Doctor's Role in Their Patient's Healing: Practices of the Highest Performing Physicians by Patient Survey

Background: The MD Patient Communication Study aims were to improve the best practice communication behaviors of physicians during outpatient clinic visits and to collect physician perspectives of communication behaviors. Researchers have consistently found the top predictors of overall patient satisfaction are quality of the physician-patient relationship and contributing communications. There is limited understanding however, of the range of specific behaviors in the interaction associated with positive and negative patient perceptions and reactions. Methods: In phase 1, we conducted a naturalistic, observational study of 55 Kaiser Permanente Primary Care physician-patient visits using videotape recordings, and incorporating patient and physician reactions to the tape. The physicians, who practiced in Los Angeles and Honolulu, spanned the three strata of high, medium, and low historical patient satisfaction scores. In phase 2, a standardized six-question set was posed in semi-structured, 60-minute interviews to 77 of the highest-performing physicians on this patient survey, including 20 of the highest performers (top 5%) from the LA and Honolulu groups and 42 and 15, respectively, of the highest performing physicians in Portland and Oakland. These interviews were audio taped with permission, transcribed and coded for patterns. Results: This abstract addresses the 4th question: What role do you feel you play in your patients’ healing? Do you think you, as a doctor, contribute to your patients’ healing through non-technical, non-physical, or non-scientific ways? All physicians agreed but varied in their role. Representative quotes: Giving people the confidence to go through something. People feel better coming in and seeing/talking to you. People realizing they have the power to heal themselves their involvement is essential. Our relationship: Interpersonal connection is so powerful. The art of medicine is the art of healing. These narratives provide deep, coherent learning about physicians’ role in healing: relationship, education, empowerment, emotion, personal connection, hope. Conclusions: With primary care in crisis nationally, and specialists increasingly procedure-focused, understanding physicians’ role in patients’ healing, especially as it creates high patient satisfaction, is of great importance to sustaining the highest quality medical care and service.

Errorless learning is superior to trial and error when learning a practical skill in rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial

Objective: Errorless learning is an effective strategy for the cognitive rehabilitation of memory impairment, but there is little evidence to support its use for skill learning. This preliminary study investigates whether errorless learning is superior to treatment as usual (trial and error), when teaching people with amputations and comorbid risk of vascular cognitive impairment to fit a prosthetic limb. Design: A randomized control design. Setting: A regional limb-fitting clinic at the West of Scotland Mobility and Rehabilitation Centre in Glasgow. Participants: Thirty adults with transtibial amputations, recruited from a regional limb-fitting clinic. Of these 42% were cognitively impaired. Intervention: Random assignment to an errorless learning intervention (n = 15) or a treatment as usual control (n = 15). There were five training trials within a single session. Participants were then asked to fit their limb without assistance. Main measures: Performance was scored from videotape recording of the first occasion when the participant attempted to fit their limb without assistance. Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination — Revised (ACE-R) was used to assess general cognitive functioning. Results: The errorless learning group remembered more correct steps (mean 90.9, SD 12.1) than the control group (77.9; 8.4; P<0.001) and made fewer errors (mean 0.93, SD 1.3) than controls (2.1; 0.95); P =0.002). Conclusions: Errorless learning can benefit people with amputations in learning the practical skill of fitting a prosthetic limb. Further study that includes follow-up is warranted.

Intercolony movements and prospecting behaviour in the colonial lesser kestrel

The exploratory activity of individuals aimed at collecting information about potential future breeding sites is known as prospecting. We studied prospecting behaviour in the colonial lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni, using detailed information from radiomarked individuals, whose breeding attempts we terminated at the chick stage, and intensive videotape recording of nests. Half of the radiomarked individuals actively prospected nests in both their own and foreign colonies and they visited colonies up to 7400 m away from their own breeding colony. The presence and number of prospectors arriving at a given nest were influenced by parameters at both the colony and the nest scale. Prospector visits per nest increased with colony productivity and decreased with colony size. The latter does not necessarily mean that prospectors avoid large colonies but rather may be consequence of a dilution effect in colonies where more potential nests can be prospected. The number of prospectors attracted per nest was positively associated with colony connectivity, indicating that both high spatial colony isolation and a small number of breeding pairs in nearby colonies reduced the arrival of prospectors at a given nest. Finally, prospector visits per nest increased and then decreased with parental feeding rates, indicating this parental activity can attract prospectors up to a certain threshold at which nest owners visit their nests frequently enough to keep prospectors away. Overall, this study suggests that prospecting is the mechanism of acquiring public information that could ultimately determine breeding dispersal decisions and the growth and dynamics observed in breeding aggregations.

片側大腿切断者による対称動作のスプリント走行の可能性について

When a unilateral transfemoral amputee performs sprinting, alternation between the sound limb and the prosthetic limb causes asymmetrical motion. One of the causes of the asymmetrical sprinting performance is that the knee joint of the prosthetic limb does not flex easily due to strong flexion resistance in order to prevent giving way during the landing by extension delay of the shank after flexion in the swing phase. This study examined whether the prosthetic limb performs the same motion as the sound limb working with the movements of the hip joint and other areas by setting the knee joint to allow easier flexion when relaxing the flexion-and-extension resistance of the knee joint in the swing phase. Moreover, when possible, we also examined whether this allows more rational motion than during sprinting when the flexion resistance of the knee joint is set strongly. The composition of the prosthetic limb used for the trial was an IRC (Ischial Ramal Containment) suction socket, high-activity hydraulic knee joint (model 3R55; Otto Bock, Duderstadt, Germany) in which the flexion-and-extension resistance was relaxed, in combination with an energy-storing prosthetic foot for running (model Sprinter; Otto Bock, Duderstadt, Germany). Sprinting was performed by a unilateral transfemoral amputee using this prosthetic limb after the subject had learned how to sprint while using it. Sprinting performance was filmed (30 fps) with a video tape recorder (DCR-PC101 NTSC, Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), and we compared the motion of the prosthetic foot and the knee joint angle with the motion of the sound limb. Moreover, the motion was also compared with that during sprinting when the flexion-and-extension resistance of the knee joint was set strongly. As a result of the relaxed setting of the prosthetic knee joint, it was shown that the prosthetic limb performed the same motion as a sound limb without giving way at landing by extension delay of the shank of the prosthetic limb during the swing phase. Moreover, it was shown that this setting facilitates more rational motion than that during sprinting with a stronger setting for the flexion resistance of the knee joint.

Pain Response to Procedural Pain in Premature Infants

Purpose: To explore premature infants’ pain response to routine procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: The participants were 56 preterm infants who showed 149 pain responses to 8 high frequency routine procedures which were evaluated using the Premature Infant Pain Scale (PIPS). Videotaped recording was used for data collection. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis, paired t-test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: PIPS scores for each procedure were as follows; for removal of central catheter dressing, 6.17 (2.04), venous sampling, 6.12 (2.87), intramuscular injection, 6.05 (2.38), insertion of a peripheral line, 5.38 (2.16), insertion of feeding tube, 4.40 (1.34), heel stick, 4.33 (1.23), insertion of central line, 4.00 (2.12), and endotracheal suctioning, 2.90 (1.25). PIPS score was negatively correlated with gestational age (r=-.218, p=.007) and birth weight (r=-.249, p=.002) among general characteristics of the infants. Conclusion: The majority of 8 routine procedures were found to be painful for premature infants in the NICU. Therefore, adequate pain management related to procedures should be provided to premature infant in the NICU.

Constraints on the Timing of Infant Cognitive Change: Domain-Specific or Domain-General?

Most studies of infant cognition focus on group data from single domains. Yet, without the multidomain testing of the same infants longitudinally, such data cannot be used to evaluate whether the timing of cognitive change occurs in a domain-general or a domain-specific way. We present the results of a longitudinal study pooling data from three European laboratories set up identically. Over 100 healthy, monolingual infants each underwent multi-domain testing at 6 and again at 10 months in six experimental tasks (speech processing, face processing, and action/event processing), as well as a videotaped 3-minute recording of mother/infant dyads in a play session with an identical set of toys. Previous research examined the effects of maternal sensitivity only on general intelligence measures, but our approach is novel in that it assessed dyadic effects on specific cognitive domains, attempting to pinpoint in finer detail the effects of mother-infant dyadic interaction on the timing of cognitive change. Our findings highlight the importance of a multi-domain approach, in that unlike the assumptions drawn from cross-sectional data, our longitudinal study yielded different developmental timing across domains within the same infants. Our results also highlight a crucial difference: at the group level 6- and 10-month-olds display the expected effects found in previous research, but when re-analysed according to mother-child interaction ratings, the quality of dyadic interaction style turned out to subtly foster or delay development in domainspecific and age-specific ways, contributing to the range of individual differences in timing that we observe in cognitive development over the first year of life.

ミゾゴイの繁殖期における雛への給餌活動

The Japanese Night Heron Gorsachius goisagi occurs in the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, southern China, the Philippines and the Moluccas. Its breeding has been confirmed only in Japan, to where it migrates at the beginning of April. The ecology of this species was poorly known, but it was believed to be exclusively nocturnal. I used videotape recordings to monitor the parental provisioning of nestlings at two nests in Tokyo during the breeding periods of 2007 and 2008. Result showed that nestlings were fed exclusively in the daytime and never at night. One parent bird mainly returned to the nest at sunset and slept there with their nestlings at night. Both parents began feeding the young mainly from sunrise the next morning. Results showed unequivocally that nestlings are not fed during nighttime, and that at least one of the parents does not forage at night. Furthermore, it is suggested that the Japanese Night Heron may show a diurnal, and not nocturnal, activity pattern during the breeding season.

Initial Findings on the Pursuit of Excellence in Teacher Training

This article reports the initial findings of a study carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of an academic skills training programme that prepares new university college teachers for teaching. Videotaped recordings of training, classroom observation of teaching and student evaluation of teaching were carried out and the results were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the delivery and the activities for one of the module in achieving the stated objectives of the module. New teachers found the two activities in the Module 1 useful and were able to apply what they learned through these activities in their classroom teaching. The activities carried out supported the achievements of the in-tended outcomes of the module. However the new teachers demonstrated different levels of competence.

Interprofessional education: the interface of nursing and social work

To examine the influence of interdisciplinary seminars on undergraduate nursing and social work students' perceptions of their learning. Collaboration is considered to be important for health professionals in working towards good patient care, and interdisciplinary education is seen as one way of addressing this need for greater collaboration and team work. Today's health professionals are dealing with an increasing number of older and chronically ill patients. The biopsychosocial dimensions inherent in such chronic illnesses bring about a closer working relationship between the nursing and social work professions to foster good patient care. No local research in Hong Kong, however, has looked specifically at how these two professions can develop their collaborative skills and qualities through interdisciplinary education. Mixed methods design. Data from questionnaires, videotape recordings of the sessions and follow-up phone interviews were used for quantitative and qualitative analyses. The findings revealed three themes: an increased awareness of each other's professional values and personal judgement, a recognition of each other's disciplinary knowledge emphases and more, and an appreciation for, and learning about each other's roles for future collaboration. Whilst, it is usual to identify health professionals as non-judgemental, it is also important to recognise the existence of their personal and professional values and beliefs that shape their decision-making. Equally beneficial for students is their reported understanding of the other discipline's emphasis on the physical or social aspects of care, and the interrelationships and complementary values that lead to students' appreciation of each other's roles and the possibility for their future collaboration in the holistic care of patients. The sharing of each other's knowledge and their appreciation of the corresponding roles enhanced students' decision-making capacity and the extension of the holistic approach beyond one profession, which is essential for good patient care.

Is the use of videotape recording superior to verbal feedback alone in the teaching of clinical skills?

BackgroundIn recent times, medical schools have committed to developing good communication and history taking skills in students. However, there remains an unresolved question as to which constitutes the best educational method. Our study aims to investigate whether the use of videotape recording is superior to verbal feedback alone in the teaching of clinical skills and the role of student self-assessment on history taking and communication skills.MethodsA randomized controlled trial was designed. The study was conducted with 52 of the Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine second year students. All students' performances of communication and history taking skills were assessed twice. Between these assessments, the study group had received both verbal and visual feedback by watching their video recordings on patient interview; the control group received only verbal feedback from the teacher.ResultsAlthough the self-assessment of the students did not change significantly, assessors' ratings increased significantly for videotaped interviews at the second time.ConclusionsFeedback based on videotaped interviews is superior to the feedback given solely based on the observation of assessors.