Video Encryption Algorithm Research Articles

A Comprehensive Survey of Video Encryption Algorithms

Encryption is the widely used technique to offer security for video communication and considerable numbers of video encryption algorithms have been proposed. The paper explores the literature for already proposed video encryption algorithms with the focus on the working principle of already proposed video encryption schemes. This study is aimed to give readers a quick overview about various video encryption algorithms proposed so far.

Puzzle - an efficient, compression independent video encryption algorithm

Real-time video streams require an efficient encryption method to ensure their confidentiality. One of the major challenges in designing a video encryption algorithm is to encrypt the vast amount of video data in real-time to satisfy the stringent time requirements. Video encryption algorithms can be classified according to their association with video compression into joint compression and encryption algorithms and compression-independent encryption algorithms. The latter have a clear advantage over the former regarding the incorporation into existing multimedia systems due to their independence of the video compression. In this paper we present the compression-independent video encryption algorithm Puzzle, which was inspired by the children game jigsaw puzzle. It comprises two simple encryption operations with low computational complexity: puzzling and obscuring. The scheme thereby dramatically reduces the encryption overhead compared to conventional encryption algorithms, such as AES, especially for high resolution video. Further outstanding features of Puzzle are a good trade-off between security demands and encryption efficiency, no impairment on video compression efficiency, and an easy integration into existing multimedia systems. This makes Puzzle particularly well-suited for these security-sensitive multimedia applications, such as videoconferencing, where maximal security and minimal encryption overhead are desired simultaneously.

Privacy-Preserving H.264 Video Encryption Scheme

As a growing number of individuals are exposed to surveillance cameras, the need to prevent captured videos from being used inappropriately has increased. Privacy-related information can be protected through video encryption during transmission or storage, and several algorithms have been proposed for such purposes. However, the simple way of evaluating the security by counting the number of brute-force trials is not proper for measuring the security of video encryption algorithms, considering that attackers can devise specially crafted attacks for specific purposes by exploiting the characteristics of the target video codec. In this paper, we introduce a new attack for recovering contour information from encrypted H.264 video. The attack can thus be used to extract face outlines for the purpose of personal identification. We analyze the security of previous video encryption schemes against the proposed attack and show that the security of these schemes is lower than expected in terms of privacy protection. To enhance security, an advanced block shuffling method is proposed, an analysis of which shows that it is more secure than the previous method and can be an improvement against the proposed attack.

A Video Encryption Algorithm in H.264 Compressed Domain for Resource-Limited Systems

A Video Encryption Algorithm in H.264 Compressed Domain for Resource-Limited Systems

Two-level chaos-based video cryptosystem on H.263 codec

Chaos-based video encryption algorithms are designed based on selective encryption method. Different from many prevailing MPEG-based video encryption designs, this paper lays out a scheme for a two-level H.263-based video cryptosystem, which skillfully combines the traditional selective encryption algorithm with permutation and subsequent masking operation of the coded H.263-based stream. Lastly, the implementation of the proposed cryptosystem on a local area network (LAN) strongly illustrates the efficiency and feasibility of the two-level chaos-based cryptosystem for practical use in many respects, including processing speed, compression ratio, quality of reconstructed image and security level.

H.264 Video Encryption Algorithm Based on Region of Interest

In order to resolve the problem that the existed H.264-based video encryption algorithms cannot obtain the tradeoff between security and encryption efficiency,two encryption algorithms are proposed based on the regions of interest in H.264 video.These algorithms combine extraction of region of interest with entropy encoding algorithm and only encrypt the extracted region of interest macroblock.A face-detection encryption algorithm is put forward,in which the mode selection algorithm is modified so that the inter macroblock prediction type of face region's referring to non-face region is eliminated.Another algorithm extracts motive object and encrypts macroblocks which belong to motive object during encoding procedure.Experimental results demonstrate that the two proposed algorithms can obtain a good tradeoff between security and efficiency and can meet the need of real-time applications.

Secure transcoders for single layer video data

This paper considers the use of selective encryption systems for compressed video data that can support transcoding of the encrypted bit-streams without the need for decryption and re-encryption. The focus is on the use of the H.264 video codec. However, the concepts can be easily extended to any video coding standard. I-frame encryption encrypts only the intra frames, making it suitable for use with modified interframe transcoders that operate only on P and B frames. These interframe transcoders are found to offer improved performance for un-encrypted data, due to the temporal propagation of the higher quality of I-frames. The operations of both interframe open loop transcoding and Fast Pixel Domain Transcoding (FPDT) are unaffected by I-frame encryption yielding identical results. However, the lack of I-frame data causes a significant drift problem when I-frame encryption is used with a more complete Cascaded Pixel Domain Transcoder (CPDT). A modified CPDT is proposed, called Intra Block Copy (IBC) transcoding, which offers improved performance at the expense of a reduced range of possible output bitrates. Sign bit encryption systems such as Real-time Video Encryption Algorithm (RVEA) offer improved security compared to I-frame encryption. However transcoding this data can result in some sign bits being omitted causing a loss of cipher synchronization. A novel sign bit encryption technique called Synchronous Video Encryption Algorithm (SVEA) is proposed that preserves the cipher synchronization. While the operation of open loop transcoding systems is unaffected, the encryption interferes with the drift compensation in the more complex transcoders, leading to reduced performance.

Enhancing Selective Encryption for H.264/AVC Using Advanced Encryption Standard

Video encryption algorithms have becomes an important field of research nowadays. As an increasing rate of applying video is getting high, the security of video data becomes more important. A digital media can be transmitted easily in real time anywhere at any time due to the advanced development of communications, Internet and multimedia technology. Information availability has increased dramatically with the advent of mobile devices. However, with this availability comes a problem of maintaining the security of information that is displayed in public. Many approaches have been used or proposed to provide security for information disseminated over the networks. These include encryption, authentication, and digital signatures. For video, the method has been adopted to protect unwanted interception and viewing of any video while in transmission over the networks. In this thesis, a development of an enhanced selective video encryption scheme for H.264/AVC based on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was reported. A proposed scheme been used instead of encrypting the entire video stream bit by bit, only the I-Frames bitstreams were encrypted. This scheme took into consideration the good features of former selective encryption algorithms with regard to computational complexity, and data compression performance. The proposed system was tested in the simulated environment using different video sequences. The experimental results show that the proposed method provides adequate security to video streams. It has no effect on compression ratio and does not reduce the original video compression efficiency. Moreover, the proposed scheme provides a good trade-off between encryption robustness, flexibility, and real-time processing. It is an appropriate ii technique for secure H.264 bitstreams that require transmission or storage in un-trusted intermediate devices.

MPEG video encryption algorithm based on Lorenz chaotic system

An encryption algorithm which combined the process of MPEG video compressing with video encryption based on Lorenz chaotic system was put forward to deal with the security problem of video information. Three dimensional chaotic sequences of Lorenz system were used to encrypt DC, AC and motion vector coefficients during the compressing of I frame, B frame and P frame. The luminance information of I frame was encrypted among blocks by the chaotic sequence. The algorithm is secure and real-time because the encryption is done during the process of video compressing.

New approaches to encryption and steganography for digital videos

In this work we propose a novel type of digital video encryption that has several advantages over other currently available digital video encryption schemes. We also present an extended classification of digital video encryption algorithms in order to clarify these advantages. We analyze both security and performance aspects of the proposed method, and show that the method is efficient and secure from a cryptographic point of view. Even though the method is currently feasible only for a certain class of video sequences and video codecs, the method is promising and future investigations might reveal its broader applicability. Finally, we extend our approach into a novel type of digital video steganography where it is possible to disguise a given video with another video.

Digital Video Encryption Algorithms Based on Correlation-Preserving Permutations

Digital Video Encryption Algorithms Based on Correlation-Preserving Permutations

Digital Video Encryption Algorithms Based on Correlation-Preserving Permutations

A novel encryption model for digital videos is presented. The model relies on the encryption-compression duality of certain types of permutations acting on video frames. In essence, the proposed encryption process preserves the spatial correlation and, as such, can be applied prior to the compression stage of a spatial-only video encoder. Several algorithmic modes of the proposed model targeted for different application requirements are presented and analyzed in terms of security and performance. Experimental results are generated for a number of standard benchmark sequences showing that the proposed method, in addition to providing confidentiality, preserves or improves the compression ratio.

CASM: a content-aware protocol for secure video multicast

Information security has been a critical issue in the design and development of reliable distributed communication systems and has attracted significant research efforts. A challenging task is how to maintain information security at a high level for multiple-destination video applications with the huge volume of data and dynamic property of clients. This paper proposes a novel Content-Aware Secure Multicast (CASM) protocol for video distribution that seamlessly integrates three important modules: 1)a scalable light-weight algorithm for group key management; 2) a content-aware key embedding algorithm that can make video quality distortion imperceptible and is reliable for clients to detect embedded keys; and 3) a smart two-level video encryption algorithm that can selectively encrypt a small set of video data only, and yet ensure the video as well as the embedded keys unrecognizable without a genuine key. The implementation of the CASM protocol is independent of the underlying multicast mechanism and is fully compatible with existing coding standards. Performance evaluation studies built upon a CASM prototype have demonstrated that CASM is highly robust and scalable in dynamic multicast environments. Moreover, it ensures secure distribution of key and video data with minimized communication and computation overheads. The proposed content-aware key embedding and encryption algorithms are fast enough to support real-time video multicasting.

MPEG Video Encryption Algorithms

Multimedia data security is important for multimedia commerce. Previous cryptography studies have focused on text data. The encryption algorithms developed to secure text data may not be suitable to multimedia applications because of the large data size and real time constraint. For multimedia applications, light weight encryption algorithms are attractive. We present four fast MPEG video encryption algorithms. These algorithms use a secret key to randomly change the sign bits of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients and/or the sign bits of motion vectors. The encryption is accomplished by the inverse DCT (IDCT) during the MPEG video decompression processing. These algorithms add a small overhead to MPEG codec. Software implementations are fast enough to meet the real time requirement of MPEG video applications. The experimental results show that these algorithms achieve satisfactory results. They can be used to secure video-on-demand, video conferencing, and video email applications.

A Reconfigurable Logic-Based Processor for the SCAN Image and Video Encryption Algorithm

This paper presents a detailed architecture and a reconfigurable logic based hardware design of the SCAN algorithm. This architecture can be used to encrypt high resolution images in real-time. Although the SCAN algorithm is a block cipher algorithm with arbitrarily large blocks, the present design is for 64 × 64 pixel blocks in order to provide real-time image encryption throughput. The architecture was initially targeted at the Xilinx XCV-1000 FPGA, for which design and performance results are presented in the paper.

Compressed-domain scrambler/descrambler for digital video

Multimedia data security is very important for multimedia commerce on the Internet and real-time video multicast. However, traditional encryption algorithms for data secrecy, such as DES, may not be suitable for multimedia applications because they are unable to meet the real-time constraints required by the multimedia applications. For multimedia applications, lightweight encryption algorithms are attractive. This paper examines the joint encryption and compression framework in which video data are scrambled in the frequency domain by employing selective bit scrambling, block shuffling and block rotation of the transformed coefficients and motion vectors. In addition a lightweight MPEG video encryption algorithm is proposed whose primary motivation is to save the encryption computation by taking the advantage of combining MPEG compression and data encryption, and at the same time avoids adverse effects on the video compression rate.

Comparison of MPEG encryption algorithms

Over the last three years, several encryption algorithms, applied to MPEG video streams, emerged. Most of the algorithms tried to optimize the encryption process with respect to the encryption speed due to the temporal properties of video retieval and display process. In this paper, we will describe, evaluate, and compare five representative MPEG encryption algorithms, Naive Algorithm, Selective Algorithm, Zig–Zag Permutation Algorithm, Video Encryption Algorithm, and Pure Permutation Algorithm, with respect to not only their encryption speed metric, but also their security level and stream size metrics. We will show that there are trade-offs among these metrics and the choice of encryption algorithm will depend on security requirements of the considered multimedia applications.