Victims Of Robbery Research Articles

Legal Protection for Murder Victims as Perpetrators of Forced Defense From The Perspective of Victimology

Article 1 paragraph (3) and Article 27 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution stipulate that all citizens have equal standing before the law. Furthermore, Article 28 D paragraph (1) states that everyone has the right to recognition, guarantee, protection, and certainty of fair law and equal treatment before the law. These provisions stipulate that all orders in national, social and state life are based on applicable laws and regulations. Therefore, all actions should be carried out according to the law, both by society and law enforcement. Psychologically, everyone does not want to lose their lives and property. In criminal acts, some victims react with resistance and some do not. But among the many crimes, it turns out that there are victims who react with resistance to the point of paralyzing the perpetrator of the crime, even to the point of causing the perpetrator to lose his life. As a result, the victim's self-defense efforts give rise to a case, namely being named a suspect for the crime. Therefore, this study aims to determine how legal protection is for victims of robbery as perpetrators of forced defense from a victimology perspective. This research was conducted using an empirical legal method, using progressive legal theory and legal justice theory. So that through this research, it was found that there was a change in understanding of investigators and investigators at the Indonesian Police that based on legal theory, there is an exception to the determination of a suspect or it can be said as a reason for the elimination of a criminal offense, namely justification and forgiveness as a duty and as self-defense for a crime.

Design and Validation of a Scale of Concern About Being a Victim of Robbery when Withdrawing Money from an ATM or Bank (EPre-RD) in Peruvian Citizens

Design and Validation of a Scale of Concern About Being a Victim of Robbery when Withdrawing Money from an ATM or Bank (EPre-RD) in Peruvian Citizens

Revising What We Know About Spatial Predictors of Violent Victimization: A Comprehensive Analysis of Differential Effects of Spatial Predictors of Robbery Victimization for Victims of Different Ethnic Backgrounds

ABSTRACT Despite abundant research on spatial predictors of violent victimization, few studies have explored the varying effects of these predictors on victims of different demographic backgrounds. This study seeks to bridge this gap by integrating perspectives from social disorganization, routine activity, risky lifestyles, and broken windows theories. Utilizing 2017–2019 crime data from Arlington, TX, the authors employ generalized spatial two-stage least-squares models to dissect the nuanced effects of place characteristics across different racial and ethnic groups. The findings highlight the importance of victim race/ethnicity in predicting robbery victimization within high-risk areas, uncovering the disparate effects the same place features have on people of different racial or ethnic backgrounds.

Strategi Komunikasi Organisasi HMI dalam Rekrutmen Kaderisasi Anggota Baru di Fakultas Dakwah dan Komunikasi UIN Sumatera Utara

The case of a victim of robbery who became a suspect in Medan City had caused This study aims to determine the organizational communication strategy of HMI in recruiting new member cadres at the Faculty of Da'wah and Communication in maintaining the existence of its organization at UIN Sumatra Utara. To find out the obstacles to the HMI organizational communication strategy in recruiting new member cadres at the Faculty of Da'wah and Communication in maintaining the existence of its organization at UIN Sumatra Utara. This type of research uses a qualitative approach to research, in an effort to provide answers to the problems that have been described, because it uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The collected data were analyzed using the Miles & Hubberman interactive model including: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study show basic findings such as the cadres of the Islamic Student Association (HMI) of UIN North Sumatra are able to have a positive impact on students where the cadres of the Islamic Student Association (HMI) hold meetings to maintain friendship among each HMI member, and are able to liven up the to promote open discussion on campu.

‘They Collected Money and Used Hammer to Remove My Front teeth’: ‘One-Chance’ Criminality and Victimisation Experiences in Lagos Transport Corridors

ABSTRACT “One-chance” criminality has become public transport threat in Lagos State where passengers are trapped through deceit, robbed, and victimized by individuals or groups pretending to offer public transportation services. Understanding the strategies and victimization experiences may help illuminate this phenomenon toward developing preventive cues and appropriate institutional response. This study, therefore examines “one-chance” strategies and the victimization experiences of passengers in Lagos public transportation corridors. The Routine Activities Theory (RAT) is used to explain the phenomenon using exploratory research design. The snowball technique was used to reach victims of one-chance robbery who responded to in-depth interview guide questions which probed into the strategies, victimization experiences and coping strategies. Findings show that timing, disguise/deception, taking unusual routes, tampering with the vehicle central lock, reworking the seatbelt, and winding up glasses are methods adopted by the one-chance robbery perpetrators to victimize. Physical assaults (beating with all kinds of weapons, sexual assaults, and forced pushing out of the vehicle at top speed which could lead to the victim’s disability or death) and loss of valuables (dispossession of jewelleries, monies, and phones). Participants increased vigilance before boarding, hailing a private taxi and instrumentalised religion for protection as coping strategies. The study provokes mapping of “one-chance” hot-spots by law enforcement authorities and routine adjustment for commuters.

Strategi Komunikasi Organisasi HMI dalam Rekrutmen Kaderisasi Anggota Baru di Fakultas Dakwah dan Komunikasi UIN Sumatera Utara

The case of a victim of robbery who became a suspect in Medan City had caused This study aims to determine the organizational communication strategy of HMI in recruiting new member cadres at the Faculty of Da'wah and Communication in maintaining the existence of its organization at UIN Sumatra Utara. To find out the obstacles to the HMI organizational communication strategy in recruiting new member cadres at the Faculty of Da'wah and Communication in maintaining the existence of its organization at UIN Sumatra Utara. This type of research uses a qualitative approach to research, in an effort to provide answers to the problems that have been described, because it uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The collected data were analyzed using the Miles & Hubberman interactive model including: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study show basic findings such as the cadres of the Islamic Student Association (HMI) of UIN North Sumatra are able to have a positive impact on students where the cadres of the Islamic Student Association (HMI) hold meetings to maintain friendship among each HMI member, and are able to liven up the to promote open discussion on campu.
 Keywords: Communication Strategy, HMI Organization, Recruitment of HMI Member Cadres
 

Mental distress in relation to police reporting among adolescent victims of robbery. A population-based study in southern Sweden

•Robberies as well as mental distress have increased among adolescents in Sweden.•This study on school students in southern Sweden was population-based with a high response rate.•Half of the robbed adolescents abstained from police reporting.•Non-reporters had poorer mental health than victims who reported the robbery.•Non-reporters were also an overall more disadvantaged group.

Psychosocial Factors Associated With Alcohol Use among Persons Aged 18-35 Years in Kangundo North Ward, Machakos County, Kenya

Purpose: The objective of this study was to explore the psychosocial factors associated with alcohol use among persons aged 18-35 years in Kangundo North Ward, Machakos County. 
 Methodology: A cross sectional study design where data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data entry was done and analyzed using SPSS version 23, descriptive statistics was used. Logistic regressions were used to explore the psychosocial factors associated with alcohol use where Odds ratios were used. Multivariate and bivariate analysis were done to establish association between psychosocial factors and alcohol use.
 Findings: 310 respondents were interviewed, the response rate was 100%, 86% were males while 14% were females, 86% of alcohol consumers were males, while 14% who consumed alcohol were females. 89% were aged between 18-24 years, 8% were aged between 25-29 years while 3% were 30-35 years. The study revealed that youths aged 18-35 years suffer a wide variety of challenges.49% of the respondents had experienced financial difficulties, 11% were victims of robbery, these stressful life events can lead to one using alcohol. Majority of respondents had ever experienced stressful event with 50% using alcohol as a solution to relieve the stress. 50.32% indicated that they started taking alcohol after the stressful experiences, 48% had experienced physical violence,5% sexual violence,45% emotional violence while 24% had undergone harsh childhood experiences. The study findings revealed that (28%) had consumed tobacco, (17%) miraa, (8%) marijuana, (1%) inhalants while (46%) had never consumed any psychoactive substance. There was significant association between experiences of emotional, sexual abuse, harsh childhood experiences and use of other psychoactive substances with alcohol use (p<0.05).
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Targeted interventions aimed at addressing psychosocial factors associated with alcohol use is vital. The study adds to the pool of knowledge that psychosocial issues such as stressful life events, gender based violence, harsh childhood experiences and use of other psychoactive substances contribute to alcohol use. Awareness on Gender based violence and other psychoactive substances such as cigarette and marijuana use needs to be enhanced. The findings of the study may inform the local county government of Machakos and Kangundo Sub-county administrators in formulating policies to help address alcohol use among persons aged 18-35 years.

Robbery victimization of Mexican migrants while crossing the border

AbstractWe analyse the factors associated with Mexican migrants being victims of robbery or assault while crossing the US–Mexico border, based on an analytical model of the victimization of migration in transit. Drawing on Emif Norte survey, we analyse the prevalence of victimization of robbery or assault to migrants according to migrant's sociodemographic characteristics as well as the journey characteristics, and we use a logistic regression model to assess the way in which such characteristics are associated with being victim of that crime. Findings suggest that migrants who crossed through Tamaulipas and those who hired coyotes in transit or at the border have higher odds of being robbed or assaulted, in contrast, the individual sociodemographic characteristics and crossing with family/friends are not associated with being robbed or assaulted.

Prerequisites for the effectiveness of interrogation of victims of robbery attacks on citizens’ homes with the use of weapons

Currently, the problem of violations of property rights involving the seizure of other people’s property and breaking into people’s homes with weapons is becoming more acute. Poor investigation of these cases causes a public outcry. Victims are the ones who have the best information about the incident, so it is important to study the prerequisites for interrogating the injured party. The research aims to build a structure of consistently logical, generalised questions for interrogating victims of robberies involving the use of weapons. The methods used are analytical, generalisation, analogy, and synthesis. The general, guiding questions for the interrogation of victims during the investigation of robberies involving weapons are formulated in the study. Such questions are formulated considering the victim’s condition after a robbery attack on a home using weapons, as well as the results of studying the peculiarities of committing these crimes, establishing, and summarising their circumstances. These aspects allow the investigator to obtain holistic, logically connected information about the crime to build a system of evidence. The general, orientation questions for interrogating victims during the investigation of robbery attacks on citizens’ homes with the use of weapons are systematised, divided into types, grouped and summarised, so that it is more convenient for investigators to study and use them during the investigation of such criminal offences for a more effective reproduction of the sequence and integrity of the event, as well as for obtaining complete and reliable testimony during the interrogation of the victim. The author identifies the consequences of using incorrectly formulated questions to the victim by the investigator during interrogation, and the danger of using questions which are not prepared for the relevant criminal offence is clarified. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that the results of scientific research will contribute to the improvement of interrogation of a victim of robbery with weapons

Victims of Robbery with the Forced Defence (Noodweer): A Legal and Victimological Aspects

This study aims to analyze criminal arrangements in the case of victims of violent crimes who then defended forced to exceed the limit due to coercion. This research is normative legal research through a conceptual approach. The results of this study show that victims of violent crimes who commit criminal acts as a defense effort are forced to be free from crime if they meet the requirements based on Articles 48-51 of the Criminal Code. Article 5 Paragraph (1) of Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning the Protection of Witnesses and Victims also explains that victims have the right to protection and a sense of security if there is a gross violation of human rights. However, to get this right, victims still have to go through the legal process.

Robbery and kidnapping xperiences among bank employees: narratives of exposure and the aftercare received.

Increasing urban violence exposes bank workers to traumatic situations in the work environment. This study investigated the perceptions of bank workers about their robbery and/or kidnapping experiences and the aftercare they received. This qualitative study involved in-depth interviews with 7 workers from a public banking institution in 4 states in the northeastern region of Brazil who victims of kidnappings or robberies. Their experiences were classified into 2 thematic categories: the dynamics of the event and the perception of aftercare actions. The violent experiences caused significant and lingering suffering and trauma among the participants. They reported that the aftercare was limited and needs improvement. Caring for bank workers who have been victims of assault and kidnapping can prevent or minimize their resultant psychosocial suffering.

Perceived Causes of Street Robberies in the Nairobi Central Business District, Kenya

Empirical studies have studied different factors contributing to street robbery using the crime analysis triangle. The triangle organizes elements that influence robbery issues among other forms of crime. Though no particular feature entirely accounts for the street robbery issue, the interconnected dynamic forces among victims , locations , offenders, and habits all impact street robbery patterns. This has baffled law enforcement agencies, civil society and the public at large. This study sought to identify perceived causes of street robberies in the Nairobi Central Business District. The study was underpinned by the Strain theory by Robert Merton, Social Disorganization and Routine Activity Theory by Cohen & Felson. The study adopted a descriptive research design and targeted persons who had been victims of street robbery within Nairobi CBD in the course of the one year preceding the study. Simple random sampling was used to sample (30%) 107 respondents out of a target population of 356 victims as per the police records within Nairobi CBD. Questionnaires were employed to collect quantitative data from the primary sample while key informant interview guides were employed to collect qualitative data from Key informants. Data collection instruments were piloted before the actual data collection process. Validity and reliability of the study questionnaire were ascertained before commencement of the study. Findings revealed that unemployment was the main (91.5%) factor perceived to encourage street robberies within the CBD. Other factors that were established to encourage street robberies included; street congestion (88.3%), inadequate CCTV & street lights (70.2%), inadequate police visibility (58.5%), poor urban planning (44.7%), proliferation of illegal small arms and light weapons (40.4%), street children (24.5%). Corruption among police officers (19.1%) was reported the least factor contributing to street robbery. In light of the study findings, the study recommended that the government puts in place mechanisms and resources to ensure availability of employment opportunities to vulnerable groups especially the youths and offer rehabilitation services and training to street families to make them useful and productive. Sensitization of members of the public and police officers on the need to embrace community policing also needs to be given priority whereby the police and the community work together in order to ensure a safe, secure and crime free environment. Keywords: Perceived Causes, Street Robberies, Nairobi Central Business District DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/12-8-02 Publication date: November 30 th 2022

An Examination of Existing Strategies to Address Street Robberies in the Nairobi Central Business District, Kenya, and their Effectiveness

Street robberies are a significant source of fear among the public because victims face an abrupt risk to life, loss of control, and an intrusion of individual space. Street robberies are a particularly dread initiating crime in view of the setting in which it is probably going to happen over the span of somebody's normal life. The 2005 National Crime Victimization Survey demonstrated that street robbers assaulted most victims on their approach to or from work, school, shopping, or running errands. The danger of damage and demise amid an assault further substantiates the open's dread of theft. This study sought to examination of existing strategies to address street robberies in the Nairobi Central Business District, and their Effectiveness. The study was underpinned by the Strain theory by Robert Merton, Social Disorganization and Routine Activity Theory by Cohen & Felson. The study adopted a descriptive research design and targeted persons who had been victims of street robbery within Nairobi CBD in the course of the one year preceding the study. Simple random sampling was used to sample (30%) 107 respondents out of a target population of 356 victims as per the police records within Nairobi CBD. Questionnaires were employed to collect quantitative data from the primary sample while key informant interview guides were employed to collect qualitative data from Key informants. Data collection instruments were piloted before the actual data collection process. Validity and reliability of the study questionnaire were ascertained before commencement of the study. Research findings revealed that majority of the respondents (90.1%) highlighted the national police service as one of the key organizations that deal with the crime of street robbery, 40.2% identified the courts and the rest (19.5%) identified officials from Nairobi city county security department. Majority of respondents (92.6%) indicated that there were street lights while 59.6% agreed that there were CCTV cameras on major streets and terminals, police patrols was confirmed by 54.2% of the respondents, presence of city county askaris (22.3%), and a few ((9.6%) of them pointed that they could see private security guards as strategies for addressing street robberies in Nairobi CBD. When asked on the effectiveness of the existing strategies to address street robberies, most (80.9%) of the respondents asserted that the strategies were not effective. In view of the study findings, the study recommended the development of policies to address street robberies with an insight into the factors encouraging the robberies, the location and crime patterns where the crime happens, and the profiles of both the offenders and victims. Keywords: Strategies, Street Robberies, Nairobi Central Business District, Effectiveness. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/81-05 Publication date: November 30 th 2022

Mobility, Nonstationary Density, and Robbery Distribution in the Tourist Metropolis

This study looks at the spatial distribution of robbery against residents as a function of nonstationary density and mobility patterns in the most densely populated city in Spain, Barcelona. Based on the geographical coordinates of mobile devices, we computed two measures of density of the ambient population and the tourist presence, for work days, weekends, and holidays in 2019. Negative binomial regressions are then estimated to analyse whether these measures are correlated with the risk of robbery, controlling for land use and the characteristics of the social environment. The model reveals that residents’ chances of being exposed to robbery in Barcelona depend on the social relevance and tourism attractiveness of certain places at particular times of the year. Our results disclose two sources of social disorganization as stronger predictors of the occurrence of robbery in Barcelona, respectively linked to structural processes of residential instability and daily and seasonal mobility patterns. On the one hand, we found that the effect of the density of international tourists on the outcome variable is mediated by residential volatility, which is assumed to be associated with housing shortages in neighbourhoods where short-term vacation rentals are widespread. On the other hand, the ability to exert effective social control is significantly undermined in urban areas, where the ambient population and the volume of tourists outnumber the resident population, thus increasing incidents of robbery victimization. The implications of these findings for urban policy and crime prevention in the Catalan capital are discussed.

Robbery Victimization in Early Adulthood, and Depression and Anxiety at Age 30 Years: Results From the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study.

Robbery is one of the most common urban crimes, but little is known about its relationship with mental disorders in young adults. This study aimed to assess the relationship between robbery victimization and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and comorbidity between MDD and GAD at 30 years of age. A birth cohort study has followed all children born in the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil, since 1982. At ages 23 and 30 years, participants were interviewed and asked about lifetime and recent experiences of robbery. Covariates were measured in interviews between birth and age 30 years. MDD and GAD were measured using the MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for associations between robbery and mental disorders were calculated using Poisson regression with robust standard error. Of 3,701 cohort members interviewed at age 30 years, 42% reported robbery victimization during their lifetime. Victimization across three periods (lifetime, past 10 years, past 12 months) was associated with increased occurrence of MDD, GAD, as well as the MDD and GAD comorbidity. The strongest associations were found to robbery occurring in the previous 12 months with the MDD and GAD comorbidity, both for burglary at home (aPR 2.52; 95% CI 1.52–4.22) or community family victimization (aPR 2.10; 95% CI 1.34–3.27). These findings highlight the importance of community violence for mental health in young adulthood, and the need for public policies to prevent violence as well as support services for victims to mitigate its adverse health consequences.

The predictive accuracy of prospective hot spot mapping and the race and ethnicity of street robbery victims: could a popular approach to crime fighting be a source of systemic racism?

The predictive accuracy of prospective hot spot mapping and the race and ethnicity of street robbery victims: could a popular approach to crime fighting be a source of systemic racism?

Intrusion Detection System with Remote Signalling for Vehicles Using an Arduino Controller and Radio-Frequency Technology

Malicious activities or policy violations have been a concern for the past years. For example, many people have been victims of robbery on vehicles. A conceptual diagram of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) [1] [2] for vehicles with remote signaling using an Arduino controller and radio-frequency technology is proposed in this paper. To address malicious activities on vehicles, two aspects are considered here, namely: notifier and detector. Firstly, an object-oriented C module that puts on and off a controller (installed inside the vehicle) and an anti-theft electronic editing that powered using an alternator and supported by a back-up battery are implemented. Secondly, a magnetic intrusion sensor, controlled by a proximity detector using radio-frequency technology, has been installed on each vehicle door. To enable IDS, a user needs to activate the monitoring system when leaving their vehicle. This is done using a remote system. In case the user does not activate the monitoring system while leaving the vehicle, a 5-meter-proximity detector will automatically lock the system and set off the monitoring system whenever the user is outside the detection zone. The detection zone is a 5-meter radius area centered at the controller. Here, monitoring consists of geolocating any intruders within the detection zone. This means, if any of the vehicle doors is opened while the system is still locked, the controller will activate the vehicle alarm for a few seconds, thereafter send an SMS notification to the owner. The system automatically unlocks as soon as the proximity detector is within the detection zone. The contribution of this paper, as compared to other similar work, is to reinforce the electronic implementation of IDS.

Does context matter? Examining robbery reporting in a high crime country

Most empirical studies that examine why individuals report property crimes to the police have focused on Global North countries where crime rates are low. This study is situated in the most violent area of the world, Latin America, and examines Peru, which has the highest robbery victimization rate in the Americas. This article examines the applicability of theories of crime reporting in this Global South context using a large sample and multilevel modeling. We find that trust in the police has no impact on the reporting of the robbery of one’s cellphone, purse or wallet. The theories of rational choice and Black’s stratification of law provide strong explanations for the reporting of robbery of these personal items. Individuals of higher social status and those who reside in districts with low levels of social disadvantage are more likely to report, as well as those who have experienced violent victimization.

The Deleterious Effect of Victimization on Just World Beliefs

Being a victim of a violent crime is a traumatic experience. Sexual victimization, in particular, may be powerful enough to change presumably stable worldviews like just world beliefs. Across two large samples, we examined the influence of sexual victimization on just world beliefs. Results of Study 1 (N = 727) indicated that victims of sexual aggression had significantly lower levels of just world beliefs compared to nonvictims. Other researchers have claimed that sexual aggression is a uniquely intense traumatic event. Therefore, in a second study, we examined (a) whether just world belief endorsement was associated with the frequency of victimization, and (b) whether sexual aggression was unique in its effect on just world belief endorsement compared to other crimes such as physical assault. Results of Study 2 (N = 2,011) indicated that multiple incidents of victimization did not meaningfully impact just world beliefs compared to a single instance and just world belief endorsement was not significantly different across victims of sexual aggression, robbery, physical assault, or arson. An exploratory analysis, however, indicated there was a significant difference in victims' behavior such that victims of sexual aggression were the least likely to have reported the crime. We end with a discussion of how the present research can advance our understanding of just world belief ideology and discuss the practical implications for professionals working with and studying victims of violent crimes.