Victims Of Forced Displacement Research Articles

Płciowość i seksualność w kolumbijskim konflikcie zbrojnym: od ucisku patriarchatu po feministyczne ruchy wyzwoleńcze

This article explores the impact of the Colombian armed conflict on gender and sexuality, focusing on the resistance of women who were victims of sexual violence. The conflict, which lasted from 1954 to 2016, had nearly nine million victims. Most were victims of forced displacement. And it also led to various forms of violence, including sexual violence, with women and LGBT people being particularly vulnerable. This article highlights the centrality of gender and sexuality in the conflict and the impact of militarization on the gendered social landscape in Colombia. It examines how women who were victims of sexual violence became important social leaders, utilizing their experience to resist the war and transform cultural norms around gender and violence. Through collective action, these women challenged traditional gender roles and power dynamics. The article emphasizes the importance of recognizing and amplifying the voices of women who have experienced violence in conflict settings and highlights the Colombian armed conflict as a case study of the intersectionality of gender, violence, and resistance.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated factors in the population victim of violence in Cordoba, Colombia

IntroductionThe Department of Cordoba is located in the north of Colombia and is a key territory for understanding the political violence that the country has experienced. Cordoba has suffered the armed conflict with various groups present in the area. In the category of victimizing acts, more than 30,000 victims of forced displacement have been reported and 4,621 for forced disappearance.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of PTSD and associated factors in a population victim of violence in Cordoba, Colombia.MethodsDesign: cross-sectional, using quantitative data. Participants: victims of forced displacement in Cordoba (n=95), of whom 42.75% (n=45) were men and 57.25% (n=50) were women. The mean age of the participants was 40.7 (SD 14.1) Instruments: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) (Blake et al., 1990) was administered to check clinical symptoms of the Disorder; to assess the causes of symptoms was administered The PTSD Checklist PCL-C is a short version of the PTSD Checklist – Civilian version (Weathers, 1993). Additionally, the BDI was administered to assess depression and STAI to measure anxiety. Data analysis: a Student’s t-test was used to assess the difference by gender and age groups. Descriptive statistics were also used to identify clinical characteristics of the sample.ResultsIn relation to the activation factor, it was found that the men in the sample presented significant differences compared to the women [Activation. F= (1.117) = .79; p = 0.00]. Meanwhile, PTSD was presented equally in both sexes and in all age groups with a prevalence of 26% of the sample. The most prevalent events assumed to cause the disorder were extreme human suffering and natural disaster. Depression levels were moderate in 33.3% of the population and state anxiety showed a level of 77.8% of the sample.ConclusionsOur study finds that 26% of the population suffered from PTSD and in a significant percentage comorbidities were found with depression, anxiety, added to the vulnerability of those who have experienced these events, that is, revictimization, low access to social services, low schooling and poverty. It is important to consider the multifactorial nature of PTSD and its relationship with the presence of traumatic events (Bados, 2015; Kessler et al., 2014). In Colombia there is a challenge related to the intervention of this population, which constitutes future lines in our research.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Narco-violence, forced displacement, and sex trafficking: a qualitative study in Mexico

ABSTRACT During the last decade, over 160,000 people were forcibly displaced internally because of narco-violence in Mexico. Displaced families suffer social and economic vulnerabilities that make them easy prey for trafficking and exploitation. This paper analyses the association between forced displacement caused by narco-violence and trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation in Mexico. We gathered data from 16 victims of forced displacement and trafficking in Monterrey, Mexico. The findings show that traffickers use different tricks and promises to trap displaced young girls and women, including orphans, children, and widows, and force them into sexual exploitation.

Personal restoration and feelings of guilt with victims of forced displacement in the colombian caribbean

IntroductionForced displacement has been shown as a direct consequence of civil wars and armed confrontations, its effects on the victims are evidenced in the material, physical health and psychosocial effects (Mendoza, 2012; Pavas & Díaz, 2019; Ramos, 2018). It is common to identify in victims the presence of a post-offense emotional discomfort, which is recommended to work as a way of forgiveness for the achievement of personal restoration (Prieto & Echegoyen, 2015).ObjectivesFor this reason, the results of the study are presented, which has aimed to analyze the relationship between personal restoration and feelings of guilt with victims of forced displacement in the Colombian Caribbean.MethodsA correlational study has been carried out with a sample of 40 (n = 40) subjects of which 52.5% are men and 47.5% women, the mean age is 57.52 (σ = 13.591), all with a history of forced displacement; to the data collection has been used the CAPER instrument of Rosales, Rivera and Garcia (2017) (α = .592).ResultsThere is a positive bilateral correlation between the variables studied (r = .000; p = .829), the greater the personal restoration, the greater the sense of guilt is also manifested.ConclusionsFor therapeutic work in personal restoration with victims of forced displacement, it is important to also include the feeling of guilt, which is presented as post-offense emotional distress.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Resentment and forgiveness with victims of forced displacement in three cities of colombia

IntroductionThe armed conflict in Colombia manifests and lasts as barbarism in the contemporary world (Zuleta, 2006). Against this background, it is possible to identify among the victims the prevalence of pathologies associated with traumatic events such as forced displacement (Andrade, 2008). Studies indicate a harmony between resentment and other psychosocial effects (Arcos, Muñoz, Uribe, Villamil, Ramos, 2018).ObjectivesThe results of the study are presented, which has aimed to analyze the relationship between resentment and forgiveness with victims of forced displacement in three cities of Colombian.MethodsA correlational study has been carried out with a sample of 40 (n = 40) subjects of which 52.5% are men and 47.5% women, the mean age is 57.52 (σ = 13.591), all with a history of forced displacement; to the data collection has been used the CAPER instrument of Rosales, Rivera and Garcia (2017) (α = .592).ResultsThere is evidence of a positive bilateral correlation between the variables studied (r = .000; p = .681), the greater the personal restoration, the greater the feeling of guilt.ConclusionsIt is important that the intervention processes designed for the victims of forced displacement focused on forgiveness include in their content elements associated with resentment.

Changes in the social fabric of victims of the armed conflict in Colombia based on an analysis of their sound environments

The objective of this study was to analyse the changes in social fabric caused by the armed conflict in Colombia among people who had been the victims of forced displacement and who, when arriving in the new places, participate in a musical-social programme. The study was conducted using testimonies from interviews and in the form of sound postcards, an ethnographic research tool. Twenty-one interviews with 14 interviewees in the Music for Reconciliation (MFR) programme of the Batuta National Foundation (BNF) and their families were analysed, and 70 sound postcards, revealing the meaning of interviewees’ sonic landscapes, or soundscapes, in their everyday lives. Their sound environments were found to have changed significantly; having been rural before forced displacement they became urban, and there were also changes in interviewees’ social bonds with people and relationships to objects in the environment. The study reveals a significant change in their sound landscapes before and after forced displacement and analyses the impact of these sonic landscapes and their meaning in the everyday lives of the participants. Finally, the use of sound postcards highlights MFR music centres as places where displaced people can be helped to form new bonds. The sound environment of these music centres give meaning to music making, generating positive feelings and providing participants with an emotional support network.

Effects of a community resilience intervention program on victims of forced displacement: A case study.

This article describes the effects of an intervention program that uses community resilience and the psychological, social, and subjective well-being of victims of forced displacement as a reference framework. Following a multiple instrumental case study methodology with pre-post-intervention measurements, the cases of eight people were analyzed, six women and two men between the ages of 30 and 65, low socioeconomic and educational level, all of whom had been victims of forced displacement and currently reside in Ibagué where the intervention program was performed. The reliable change index was applied to estimate the effects of the program. In each case, participation in the program significantly improved the results of certain variables, but there were differences between the cases concerning the improvement levels and intensity. Therefore, the development of programs that reinforce community resilience can have positive effects on the perceptions of the participants regarding their well-being and social relationships.

Víctimas del desplazamiento forzado: comorbilidad entre trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT) y depresivo mayor (TDM)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar comorbilidad entre TEPT y TDM en personas víctimas del desplazamiento forzado y factores asociados. Se realizó una investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no experimental de corte transversal y alcance descriptivo-analítico. Fueron evaluadas 120 personas, de ambos géneros, entre 18 a 57 años, seleccionadas a través de un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se utilizó una entrevista clínica estructurada para diagnósticos del Eje I (SCID-I) basada en los criterios del DSM IV para el TEPT y TDM, posterior a la aplicación de un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y antecedentes clínicos con el que se registraron los factores de riesgos y síntomas asociados. La prevalencia para TEPT fue del 48%, para TDM del 32% y 21% para comorbilidad, asociada con ideación e intento suicida y síntoma de rumiación. Los resultados fueron discutidos a la luz de otros estudios de prevalencia y la importancia de los factores de riesgo asociados en la comprensión de la comorbilidad entre TEPT y TDM.

Evaluación de las estrategias utilizadas por la institucionalidad para promover la participación de las mujeres víctimas del desplazamiento forzado interno en el diseño e implementación de una política pública de enfoque diferenciado de atención, asistencia y reparación integral en Colombia

Objective: To analyze the strategies used by victims of forced displacement in Colombia women and the strategies employed by the institutions to participate and / or promote participation in the design of public policy of the state of attention, assistance and reparations. Method: The sample was represented by 47 women that belong to organizations, victims and officials of institutions. The techniques used were: focus groups, surveys and interviews. Results: The results show that institutional logics hinder participation; women use the following strategies: the creation of organizations and make concrete proposals to gain the respect of the entities. However lack of training. One of the biggest impacts mentioned by women was sexual violence, little psychosocial support and implement actions to eliminate or remedy the situation.

Design for Dissent: Political Participation and Social Activism in the Colombian Fashion Industry

In recent years, Colombia has experienced a renewed interest in social, political, and humanitarian issues, within a stormy political climate marked by the signing of a peace agreement in 2016 and the polarizing presidential elections of 2018. Trying to forge alliances within a politically polarized nation, social and political movements have focused on the need to end a long-lasting internal conflict; the desire for the safe reallocation and reparation of victims of forced displacement; and the rejection of gender-based violence. Fashion, as a rightly sensitive social barometer, has taken active part in the debates around these issues. From members of the fashion elite openly supporting a certain presidential candidate, to brands taking inspiration from social issues in their collections, it is evident that recent political happenings are central to the Colombian fashion industry. Studying a number of collections, images, and social media communications of major fashion brands of international renown, smaller, local designers, and celebrated fashionistas, this paper studies the ways in which members of the Colombian fashion industry have taken to political participation and social activism within the current political climate. It provides insight on how fashion, among other cultural processes, becomes political in times of uncertainty and transition.

A gravity model analysis of forced displacement in Colombia

Between 1985 and 2016 more than 7 million people were victims of forced displacement in Colombia. At the height of the conflict, more than 90% of municipalities in the country saw some form of displacement. In this study we extend the traditional gravity model of migration to analyze the flows of internally displaced people in Colombia between 1986 and 2015, and identify some of the main factors involved in people's choice of destination. We find violence at the origin municipality to be the most important driver of displacement. Similarly, destination municipalities with larger social networks of victims of displacement, larger overall populations, and closer to places of origin attract more displaced people. We propose forced displacement be treated as regional-level phenomenon and planners, city officials, and aid organizations focus their attention on medium-sized regional centers. Because of the importance of social networks in driving people's choice of destination, city officials, planners and aid organizations should closely collaborate with grassroots community organizations to adequately allocate resources and plan for new arrivals.

El emprendimiento social sostenible como estrategia de paz en comunidades vulnerables

Colombia, después de Siria, es el segundo país con mayor cantidad de desplazados en el mundo, por causa del conflicto armado interno, con un total de seis millones de personas (Bilak, et al., 2015), las cuales fueron vulneradas en sus derechos, incluyendo el derecho al trabajo y a vivir dignamente. El objetivo central del presente trabajo es estudiar las condiciones de la población asentada en la urbanización Altos de la Sabana del municipio de Sincelejo, desde la inclusión sociolaboral y el emprendimiento social sostenible. Esta urbanización hace parte del programa de un millón de viviendas gratis, del gobierno nacional, enfocado a beneficiar personas víctimas del desplazamiento forzado y pobres extremos (DNP, 2014). Para lograr el objetivo se realizó un estudio descriptivo, bajo una metodología cuali-cuantitativa, cuya fuente de información fundamental fue primaria, a partir, de un cuestionario, dirigido a 54 líderes comunitarios y a una entrevista semiestructurada a un grupo de emprendedores que desarrollan sus negocios en la comunidad. Como resultado general, las personas que trabajan se dedican a labores informales, solo en 22.2% de los casos indagados las actividades que efectúan se pueden considerar como pequeños emprendimientos productivos.

Trastornos mentales y consumo de drogas en la población víctima del conflicto armado en tres ciudades de Colombia

Introduction: Violence in its different forms increases the risk of mental disorders and the use of drugs. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of mental disorders, and the use and abuse of drugs, as well as associated factors in victims of forced displacement in three cities in Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a prevalence study with 1.026 participants between 13 and 65 years old. Participants completed four surveys: the World Health Organization World Mental Composite International Diagnostic Interview, the World Health Organization Alcohol Use and Disorders Identification Test, a survey on drug use based on the Inter-American System of Uniform Drug-Use Data under the Inter-American Drug Abuse Commission of the Organization of American States, and a survey on aspects related to forced displacement. Data were analyzed using the SPSS™, version 21, software. Results: Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders was 17.7% for specific phobia, 16.4% for major depression, 9.9% for post-traumatic stress disorder, 8.9% for oppositional defiant disorder, 7.2% for separation anxiety disorder, 5.8% for conduct disorder, and 5.6% for attention deficit disorder. The lifetime prevalence of alcohol use was 68.7%; 31,3% for tobacco; 11,2% for marihuana; 3.5% for cocaine; 2.0% for coca paste (basuco); 2.5% for non-prescription anxiolytic drugs, 2.3% for inhalants, and 0.7% of participants had injected drugs. Presenting any mental disorder was associated with being female (OR=1,61 IC95%: 1,21-2,14) and experiencing more than one forced displacement (OR=1,47 IC95%: 1,05-2,05). The use of any drug was associated with being male (OR=5,38 IC95%: 2,35-12,34). Conclusions: Compared to the general population, our study population exhibited high prevalence of mental disorders and drug use, emerging as a public health issue that calls for the design of plans and the implementation of programs aimed at recovering the mental health and well-being of this population.

El precedente judicial y el acceso a la ayuda humanitaria por parte de la población víctima del desplazamiento forzado: análisis de los fallos de tutela proferidos por los Jueces del Circuito de Medellín en los años 2012 y 2013

With the adoption of the concept of judicial precedent, the Constitutional Court in Colombiahas been able to establish judicial guidelines in their decisions, which derive into mandatory policies for all judges and administrative entities in the country. This is the case of the content of T-025/2004 decision and its following acts. Departing from this situation, and examining whether first instance judges applied the Constitutional Court’s precedent in their decisions, this paper examines a total of 224 decisions delivered by the Circuit Judges in Medellin between 2012 and 2013, which involved claims of humanitarian aid by victims of forced displacement. Results of the analysis show that only 4% of the decisions did take into account the constitutional standards determined by the Court.

Revisión a la implementación de los programas de retorno. Una mirada a partir de tres estudios de caso en el Oriente Antioqueño.

El presente artículo es producto de la investigación “Análisis de los procesos de retorno y reubicación de población en situación de desplazamiento forzado en los municipios de la subregión del oriente de Antioquia: tres estudios de caso”, inscrita en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, sede Medellín. Los estudios de caso se adelantan en los corregimientos El Jordán (municipio de San Carlos), Santa Ana (municipio de Granada) y Aquitania (municipio de San Francisco). La investigación se centra en analizar la efectividad de los procesos y políticas de retorno que se implementan en los lugares en cuestión. Para ello se tiene en cuenta el marco normativo que debe aplicarse a dichos procesos, así como los protocolos tendientes a darles una ruta metodológica. En el transcurso de la investigación, se accede además a información directa brindada por las comunidades retornadas y los entes administrativos locales encargados de los procesos de retorno. A partir del análisis de la información brindada por estos actores se concluye que la efectividad de los programas de retorno presenta diversas falencias respecto al goce efectivo de los derechos de las personas que han sido víctimas de desplazamiento forzado.

Alternativas de seguridad de una población víctima de desplazamiento forzado. El caso de la comuna 8 de Medellín.

¿Es posible que poblaciones que viven en condiciones socioeconómicas precarias y en contextos violentos, puedan proveerse una seguridad diferente a la ofrecida por el Estado y por actores armados ilegales? Es la pregunta que responde este artículo, con base en la investigación realizada en Medellín, con población víctima de desplazamiento forzado de la comuna 8, que trabaja con enfoque de seguridad humana y metodología desde abajo. Analiza las políticas de seguridad del Estado, contrastándolas con las iniciativas comunitarias para enfrentar sus inseguridades mediante estrategias de acción y agendas comunitarias para proveer seguridad humana y conformarse como ciudadanos y colectivos sociales empoderados políticamente. Señala limitaciones y potencialidades de una propuesta de seguridad aplicada por un grupo poblacional altamente vulnerado y vulnerable.

Violencia contra la mujer y desplazamiento forzado. Análisis de las estrategias de vida de jefas de hogar en Medellín

The armed conflict faced by Colombian population from this last half century has produced more than five million displaced people in recent decades (near to 10% of the national population). Women and their children are an important part of this group. This paper focuses on women heads of households –which are authorities in the home and are responsible for its protection – that have been victims of forced displacement and have arrived in the city of Medellin. In particular, it focuses on the life strategies implemented by them over the years to deal with situations of violations of their rights and violence. Because of their rural origins, their low education, their numerous descendants, they must face new threats in the big city and are exposed to situations of uprooting, violence, poverty and social exclusion.

The Use of Managerial Tools to Support Policymaking in a Peace Process: The Case of Displaced Population in Colombia

For more than 50 years, Colombia has suffered from internal conflicts between the government and different armed groups (guerillas, paramilitary forces, drug lords, private armies). Since last year, the negotiation process between the main guerilla group (FARC) and the government has defined a broad 6-topic agenda which hopefully will lead to a peaceful end of war. A key component that must be addressed for the success of this negotiation is the development of public policies regarding the reparation of the victims of this conflict. This paper focuses on evaluating possible tools that can be used to support the challenges related to the planning and assessment of the required resources for the implementation of a comprehensive policy towards the displaced population. We argue that the use of simulation tools and methodologies such as system dynamics can be an effective approach to learn about the effectiveness of those policies. Any policy aiming to provide compensation or other reparations to victims of forced displacement (almost ten per cent of the whole population of the country) needs to be carefully crafted, as elements such as the information delays, feedback cycles, and other characteristics related with this situation could provide more challenging without the aid of a planning tool as such. We build a preliminary simulation model exemplifying the implementation of a policy aiming to repair victims from forced displacement in Colombia comparing the prescribed terms defined by law, as opposed to the real lapses that the process is taking into practice. We argue that, assessing the requirements and the limitations of the restitution of land in Colombia in a simulation environment will be a useful tool to learn about the challenges and inform policies in this extent.

Sistematización de la experiencia de trabajo comunitario: Niños y niñas víctimas de desplazamiento forzado de la organización Marcando Huellas de Paz de la ciudad de Cali

This document presents the re fl ections generated during the process of intervention-research with children who are victims of forced displacement and belong to the organization “Leaving footprints of peace” of the city of Cali. It begins by contextualizing the experience and by establishing the thematic units, such as the notion of subject and the paradigm from which the intervention is approached. Then the article concentrates on the fi ndings and on the analytic framework used for the systematization of the experience. Finally, it presents some conclusions about the work done with this population.