Victims Of Conflict Research Articles

SOCIAL CONFLICT AND ITS RESOLUTION IN THE BUGIS COMMUNITY IN SERANGAN ISLAND, DENPASAR CITY

The Bugis community who lived and lived on the Island of Serangan in the City of Denpasar originated from South Sulawesi who migrated around the middle of the 17th century. The existence of this community shows its own uniqueness and dynamics in the historical, political, economic and cultural context so that it is interesting to study socially historically. The purpose of this study is 1) to understand the factors causing social conflicts in the Bugis community on Serangan Island; 2) understand the process and mechanism of conflict resolution in the Bugis community on Serangan Island, and 3) analyze the impact of the conflict on the lives of the Bugis community on Serangan Island. The research approach and analysis method is qualitative. Data collection techniques carried out by in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis. Based on these methods, this study found that the factors causing conflict were land dispute and the rejection of the execution of the district court and Makamah Agung verdict by 36 families of Bugis residents who occupy the disputed land. Conflict resolution is done by means of mediation, negotiation and cohersiveness. In conclusion, the impact of conflict is positive and negative. However, negative impacts are more dominant than positive impacts, especially in the economic, environmental, and health problems in children of conflict victims' families. 
 Keywords, Bugis community, social conflict, resolution, conflict impact

Reflections on the meaning of 'resilience' in the Palestinian context.

This reflective piece offers an alternative perspective to understanding the components which support the Palestinian capacity to endure and resist 100 years of violation and injustice, in context. It traces the development of the author's understanding over time as part of the Palestinian community living under Israeli military rule in chronic warlike conditions. It combines this lived experience with research results which raise question about what resilience means, the difficulties encountered in its measurement, and the utility of the concept in explaining the Palestinian reality. It emphasizes the need to include the contextual experiences of those who live in wars and conflicts in future research and for knowledge production. It ends by stressing that it is not sufficient to offer humanitarian aid to the victims of wars and conflicts without also advocating for justice not only for Palestinians but also in other contexts of injustice worldwide.

Gender dimensions of DDR – beyond victimization and dehumanization: tracking the thematic

ABSTRACT In much of the early literature on gender dimensions of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) processes – from the 1980s and 1990s – the focus was on women as victims in conflict and DDR processes. This article reviews the literature on gender dimensions of DDR processes, exploring its many different topics – such as discussions of the definition of combatants, the political economy of DDR processes, group identity, cultural contexts, and masculinity – while focusing the discussion on the representation of female and male combatants of armed groups along the victim–actor axis. It furthermore analyzes the consequences of these representations for the way in which DDR processes are structured, and for who is allowed to participate in them. Finally, the article questions the push toward normalization in DDR processes and the neglect of progressive changes in gender relations within armed groups during war.

Surgical Needs at the End of the Battle of Mosul: Results from Mosul General Hospital

PurposeThe aim of the study was to analyze the surgical needs of patients seeking emergency care at the Mosul General Hospital in the final phase of the battle of Mosul in northern Iraq between an international military coalition and rebel forces. During the conflict, the International Red Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) supported the hospital with staff and resources. Ceasefire in the conflict was declared at the end of July 2017.MethodsRoutinely collected hospital data from the ICRC-supported Mosul General Hospital from June 6, 2017, to October 1, 2017 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. All patients with weapon-related injuries as well as all patients with other types of injuries or acute surgical illness were included.ResultsSome 265 patients were admitted during the study period. Non-weapon-related conditions were more common than weapon-related (55.1%). The most common non-weapon-related condition was appendicitis followed by hernia and soft tissue wounds. Blast/fragment was the most frequent weapon-related injury mechanism followed by gunshot. The most commonly injured body regions were chest and abdomen. Children accounted for 35.3% of all weapon-related injuries. Patients presented at the hospital with weapon-related injuries more than 2 months after the official declaration of ceasefire. A majority of the non-weapon-related, as well as the weapon-related conditions, needed surgery (88.1% and 87.6%, respectively). Few postoperative complications were reported.ConclusionsThe number of children affected by the fighting seems to be higher in this cohort compared to previous reports. Even several months after the fighting officially ceased, patients with weapon-related injuries were presenting. Everyday illnesses or non-weapon-related injuries dominated. This finding underlines the importance of providing victims of conflicts with surgery for life-threatening conditions, whether weapon related or not.

PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP PEREMPUAN DARI TINDAK PIDANA PERKOSAAN BERDASARKAN HUKUM HUMANITER

Abstract Sexual violence including rape during armed conflict is a criminal offense that committed long ago even before World War I and still continues to occur in recent conflicts. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols regulating the protection of victims of conflict in both international and non-international armed conflicts provide special protection to women by respecting the dignity, family dignity and rights of women in armed conflict. The only article that regulates rape, forced prostitution and other sexual violence is only found in Article 27 paragraph (2) of Geneva Convention IV in international armed conflict and Article 4 of Additional Protocol II 1977 (in non-international armed conflict) which receives a lot of criticism because it does not fully regulate rape substantially, even it is not included as a grave breah of the Geneva Convention. State practice through the international tribunals namely ICTR and ICTY in the Akayesu, Furundžija and Kunarac cases which was finally integrated in the Elements of Crimes of ICC Statute establishes legal protection for women from sexual violence including rape during wartime, which is relatively more normatively acceptable at both the international and national levels. Keywords: rape, forced prostitution, indecent assault, ICC Statute elements of crimes, humanitarian law.

Traditional Rights of Indigenous People in Indonesia: Legal Recognition and Court Interpretation

Indigenous peoples are victims of agrarian conflict, but their existence are not recognized by Indonesia. Indonesia recognizes Adat Law Community, distinct community living in Indonesia according to their Adat Law, and their traditional right. This paper is written based on legal normative research to analyze right of Adat Law Community towards their land and territory; and rule of the court regarding right of Adat Law Community. Adat Law Community has strong relation with their land and territory, namely Ulayat Right which guaranteed in Constitution and regulated in various law and regulation, especially regarding natural resources. Recognition towards Ulayat Right held by Adat Law Community through regional law product is declaratory because it only confirms the exiting right. Court has prominent role to enforce right of Adat Law Community. Constitutional Court has revoked several provisions in law which neglect Ulayat Right of Adat Law Community, such as Adat Forest which defined as state forest located in Adat Law Community’s territory; and Right of Coastal Water which limits Ulayat Right of Adat Law Community to access natural resources in coastal area and small islands. Though Constitutional Court has strengthen right of Adat Law Community, this community still face difficulties to claim their right towards land and territory against government and investor before District Court, High Court, and Supreme Court because those Court more focus on formal legal certainty of Adat Law Community’s authorization towards their land and territory than factual authorization as narrated by the community.

Donbass: when history is repeated in the fate of people

The article analyzes historical parallels between the current events in the Donbas and the pages of its past from hundreds of years ago, when this region was at the center of a fierce struggle between various political forces, social strata and rival groups. On the example of the personal destinies of people who were somehow forced to lead regional separatist movements or become puppets in the hands of mainstream puppeteers, the inadmissibility of ignoring the laws of historical development is reminded for us. The fratricidal war in Donbas has been going on for almost five years. The region, like a hundred years ago, became the scene of a bloody war, uncontrollable chaos, significant human casualties, destruction of economic potential. Taking advantage of the direct support of the Russian Federation, the disorganization and destruction of the government of Ukraine in the Revolution of Dignity context, based on the historical experience of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog republic, the separatist leaders declared the creation of the so-called Donetsk and Lugansk «people’s republics». These leaders are very often conflict victims in Donbas. Over the past five years, a large number of people who held senior positions in so-called «people’s republics» have died. In this regard, it becomes interesting for us that, like a hundred years ago, almost all those who created the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog republic, held key posts in its leadership were somehow destroyed - shot during the years of repression, died as a result of mysterious accidents and catastro-phes, committed suicide. Of the 16 people’s commissars who were the founders of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog republic, almost all died a violent death. Most of these leaders were accused of anti-Soviet activities and shot during the years of repression. The fate of these people clearly shows how the attempts to intervene in the course of historical events end up by speculating on the complex topic of interethnic relations. The article deals with the analogy between the fate of today’s separatist leaders in the Donbas and their predecessors, who created the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog republic in 1918, emphasizes the need to study historical experience and analyze it in order to prevent similar phenomena in the future.

Ethical tensions in designing ethnographic research with schoolchildren in rural Karnataka

This article provides an overview of the ethical tensions of preparing for ethnographic research with children in a rural district in Karnataka, India. Such children are at the receiving end of policy and international organisation interest, which alternately frames them as both victims of poverty and conflict and as agents of potential change in their communities. Additionally, researchers must often negotiate particularly muddy ethical waters when working with Majority World children from marginalised backgrounds. A critical exploration of the various complexities is provided in order to develop a working ethical framework. Of key importance is the need for reflexivity when journeying from western higher institutions (the ‘ivory tower’) to the ‘field’, a space and time carrying different weight and implications for the participants than the researcher. This article argues for the need to critically examine and weave in the multiple discourses of power that permeate children’s lives and engage with children’s responses to these discourses. While rural Karnataka provides a case study for the ethical tensions of ethnographic research with Majority World children from marginalised backgrounds, the principles espoused here are broadly applicable to children in a variety of contexts.

From Fear to Freedom: The Inclusion and Rights of Female Victims of Conflict in Peace Negotiations and Agreements

From Fear to Freedom: The Inclusion and Rights of Female Victims of Conflict in Peace Negotiations and Agreements

A Gender Approach to Militancy (Extremism) in Pakistan –A Case Study of North-Western Region

The agenda of gender and security in the debate of international relations has much to achieve yet. The notion is based on normative differences of feminism and realism. The former is a flag bearer of feminist agenda of political studies and the latter is a leading International Relations paradigm. There have been many case studies and accounts in which women as victims of conflicts are studied and their plights are analyzed, however, the role of women as ‘security agent’ had hardly been previously touched. The gender inequality worsens the situation in Pakistani society as it promotes radical/extremist tendency which subsequently poses immense security challenges to the social fabric. Due to lack of research on this particular issue, the study has been opted for further exploration. Pakistan being at the forefront in the war against terror since its onset in 2001, has predominantly a military based security agenda. However, the country with 52% of female population, makes it an appropriate case study to understand security and gender. This paper pertains to some conflict hit areas of Pakistan where women role has been analyzed as security agent. This paper is an attempt to explore and analyses the theoretical and academic debate of gender and security with particular reference to North-Western Pakistan.

Delivering Justice for Women Victims of Conflicts: How Judicial Mechanisms Perpetuated Gender Inequality in Timor-Leste


 
 
 
 Abstrak: Timor-Leste adalah salah satu kisah sukses operasi perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) terlepas dari lamanya operasi tersebut dilakukan. Intervensi PBB di Timor-Leste bersifat khusus karena PBB menetapkan dua mekanisme peradilan selama operasi perdamaian berjalan, yaitu Serious Crime Unit (SCU) atau Unit Kejahatan Serius dan Komisi Kebenaran (CAVR). Baik SCU maupun CAVR memiliki mandat yang berbeda dengan tujuan bersama untuk mengatasi pelanggaran HAM yang terjadi di Timor-Leste. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkritik kedua mekanisme tersebut, khususnya mengenai bagaimana inisiatif ini mengusahakan keadilan bagi perempuan korban konflik di Timor-Leste. Kritik berfokus pada mandat, tindakan dan otoritas mereka. Berdasarkan ketiga aspek ini, kesimpulan yang dihasilkan adalah mekanisme –mekanisme ini gagal memberikan keadilan bagi para perempuan korban di Timor-Leste.
 Kata Kunci: Timor-Leste, operasi perdamaian PBB, pelanggaran HAM, mekanisme peradilan, SCU, CAVR, perempuan korban
 Abstract: Timor-Leste is one of few success stories of the United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations despite its long period. The UN intervention in Timor-Leste is unique because it established two justice mechanisms during the peacekeeping operations, namely the Serious Crime Unit (SCU) and the Truth Commission (CAVR). Both SCU and CAVR have different mandates with a common objective to address human rights violations committed in Timor-Leste. This paper tries to criticize these two mechanisms, particularly on how these initiatives delivered justice for women victims of conflict in Timor-Leste. The critique focuses on their mandate, performance, and authority. Based on these three aspects, it is concluded that these mechanisms failed to deliver justice to women victims in Timor-Leste.
 Key Words: Timor-Leste, UN peacekeeping operation, human rights violations, justice mechanism, SCU, CAVR, women victims
 
 
 

Can Crime Foster Social Participation as Conflict Can?*

ObjectiveRecent literature indicates that exposure to conflict can foster participation. Scholars often point to the social dynamics related to conflict to explain this finding. This article examines individual coping as alternative explanation. It should influence victims of violence independently of the origin of victimization.MethodsUsing data from four survey waves in Colombia conducted between 2013 and 2015 (N = 5,536), victims of conflict actors are compared to victims of common delinquency with fixed effects regression analysis.ResultsBoth conflict and crime victims show elevated levels of participation in social organizations across a series of model specifications.ConclusionTheories related to the social dynamics of conflict cannot explain why crime victims show similarly elevated levels of participation as conflict victims. Individual coping theory provides an alternative. According to this theory, victims of violence seek support and participation to deal with emotional stress independent of the source of victimization.

Depression influence on memory and executive functions in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder, victims of the army conflict in Colombia.

Introduction: Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a neuropsychiatric pathology. It is characterized by the fact that the subject has been exposed to stressful situations which have caused them physical, emotional and mental instability in different aspects of their daily life. The subjects diagnosed with PTSD show a clinical picture of severe depression which is related to a deficit in their neurocognitive functioning, especifically in memory tasks (operative memory and inmediate verbal memory) and in executive functions (semantic verbal fluency, inhibition, planning and control of their immediate conduct). Objective: To indentify the influence of depression on memory and the executive functioning in patients with PTSD who are victims of the army conflict in Colombia. Methodology: Participants: 50 people diagnosed with PTDS, depression, and without dementia (35 men and 15 women) participated in this study. The individuals were enlisted from the unit of victims affiliated with the municipality of Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia in a period of time from 2015 through 2017, and a control group of 50 healthy subjects with the objective to compare the results and be able to establish differences and intra-group robust results. Results: Individuals with PTSD show a higher depressive symptomatology than the ones in the control group. It was found that depression is related to the deficit in the immediate verbal memory, operative memory, and the executive functions in subjects with PTSD victims of the army conflict in Colombia.Conclusion: It is necessary to make plans for functional neurorehabilitation for individuals diagnosed with PTSD in order to improve their quality of life and to slow down their clinical picture to a posttraumatic dementia diagnose. The government needs to create mental health policies designed to counteract this neuropsychiatric pathology ;our main goal ,and the neurocognitive functioning, neurobehavioral/emotional, individual, and family neurorehabilitation of people with PTSD victims of the army conflict in Colombia, thus preventing clinical pictures of post-traumatic alexithymia.

Forensic odontology: The prosthetic ID.

The term “forensic science” involves forensic (or forensis, in Latin), which means a public discussion or debate. In a more modern context, however, forensic applies to courts or the judicial system. Combine that with science, and forensic science means applying scientific methods and processes to solving crimes. People can be identified by their fingerprints, foot creases, and from traces of their DNA from blood, skin, hair, saliva, and semen by DNA analysis. However, in situations where these records are unavailable or unusable due to the nature of the disaster, the dental records and aids prove to be useful for victim identification. This article aims at highlighting the importance of the dental records and the forensic odontology in the accurate and efficient identification of the conflict victims or deceased to serve as an important adjunct to the forensic medicine in a simplified manner.

PERAN PEMERINTAH KOTA DEPOK DALAM PENANGANAN MANTAN ANGGOTA GAFATAR

One of the the policy directions of the government in order to strengthen harmonious life of religious communities is to protect religious minority groups and religion-based trauma healing. This qualitative descriptive-designed research is an evaluative study to the local unit force of Depok City which has authority to deal with ex-Gavatar members and other citizens who were recorded as ex-Gavatar members. The research discovers that in dealing with ex-Gavatar members, the government of Depok City is still limited in picking up, data collecting, sheltering, psychological consulting, and returning them home. In addition, the post-returning action is limited in the observation and supervision of state-national insight. There has not been a policy to provide personal training and mentoring to the ex-Gavatar members. Some of their civil rights are still ignored. This includes services of population administration, education, and return on their assets in Kalimantan. The obstacle factor in dealing with ex-Gavatar members is mainly in the inflexible budget when facing social dynamics, especially when dealing with victims of social conflicts.

Diplomasi Indonesia dalam Menyelesaikan Krisis Pengungsi Rohingya Tahun 2017

The armed conflict in Rakhine in 2017 caused a humanitarian crisis for the Rohingyas. This crisis resulted in the emergence of criticism towards Myanmar government for its refusal to offer humanitarian assistance to the victims of conflict. In spite of that, the Myanmar government has closed access for foreigners, including humanitarian aid. However, Indonesia have accepted to discuss the settlement of the case. This research will examine how Indonesia's diplomacy to resolve the crisis due to the conflict in Rakhine in 2017. This research uses research literature method to collect secondary data coming from reliable source. This research is using qualitative descriptive technique and analyzed to described or interpreted to obtain a complete picture of the answer to the problem under study. The results show that in resolving the crisis for Rohingya ethnic in 2017, Indonesia conducts humanitarian diplomacy, which includes communicating with the Myanmar and Bangladesh governments and foreign parties, acting as a liaison between the Myanmar government and the international community, and negotiating with Myanmar and Bangladesh governments regarding the settlement of the Rohingya refugee crisis.

Juridical Analysis of the Amount of Diyat Toward Armed Conflict Victims in Aceh

Islamic criminal law recognizes a kind of punishment called as diyat (compensation) for victims of murder and torture which has been apologized by the victim or family of victim. Diyat is amount of money or properties that should be paid by the perpetrator due to the death or damage of victim body. The legal basis for the determination of diyat can be found in Koran, chapter Al-Baqarah verse 178. Apart from that, there is Hadist of Muhammad Prophet written by Abu Dawud (peace be upon him), explaining the amount of diyat based on crime category whether murder or torture.Aceh Governance has implemented this kind of punishment as a solution on criminal offences in realizing and fulfilling justice for armed conflict victims since 2002. In providing the policy of such payment for the victims in Aceh is based on the assumption that they are under the responsibility of state, therefore the government has determined the compensation on them. The amount of the compensation provided for the victims is not equal to the amount ruled by Islamic criminal law. Therefore, it is interesting to explore regarding the concept becoming the basic for determining it by Aceh Government, and compared it to the amount ruled by the law.The research reveals that the sum of money for the compensation of what called diyat based on Islamic criminal law is the standard concept but it can be replaced by sum of money or properties that have equal price. The basic rules for this punishment in Islamic criminal law can be found in Al-Baqarah verse 178 of Koran. Moreover, regarding the sum of payment that should be provided can be found in Hadith of Prophet of Muhammad Peace be upon him which is told by Imam Abu Daud, mercy Allah for him. Practically, in Islamic criminal law the court, responsible persons and a due date for the payment must decide it. The rule consisting in the Islamic law is really different from the implementation of compensation done by Aceh Government towards the victims in Aceh. It is recommended that the Aceh Government should realize the rules of the sum of compensation that should be received by the victims or the families based on the determination of the Court as a legal basis. In addition, the Central government as the main responsible party in repairing the condition of the society after the conflict should become the priority and absolute. The law enforcement in fulfilling the rights in Aceh should be done by involving some parties especially priest. Hence the society of the victims in Aceh obtains justice and legal certainty to get their rights.

Gender, Education and Post-traumatic Reactions of Victims of Cattle Rustling in Zamfara State, Nigeria

The study examined the influence of gender and level of education on Posttraumatic Stress Reactions of Victims of Cattle Rustling conflict. The study was guided by two objectives. The first one was to find out whether gender influences Posttraumatic Stress Reactions. 384 victims comprising 258 males (67.2%) and 126 females (32.8%) were studied. Descriptive survey design was employed in the conduct of the study. The instruments used to collect data were students’ demographic characteristics sheet and a 23-item Post-traumatic Stress Reaction Inventory DSM-5. T-test for independent samples and ANOVA were the statistical tools used to analyze data. Results revealed no significant influence of gender on Posttraumatic reactions of victims of cattle rustling in Zamfara state. In addition, lower level of literacy or its absence was found to elicit higher feelings of psychological reactions to traumatic events. Similarly, literacy level increases victims’ coping strategies in dealing with traumatic experience. Part of the recommendations is the need prompt treatment of both men and women equally by teaching ways to manage their fears, and anxiety. There is the need for stakeholders in education especially the school psychologists to create enabling environment which will instill and sustain adult desire for education.

Defining a relationship between transitional justice and jus post bellum: A call and an opportunity for post-conflict justice

While there is an acknowledged overlap of transitional justice and jus post bellum, there has been no real attention to delineating a clear relationship between the two or addressing the significant differences regarding aims, scope and audience. These differences must be acknowledged and a clear relationship between the two fields needs to be demarcated for both intellectual clarity and practical reasons. It seems right to question not only where these fields of inquiry fall in relation to each other but how the two can co-exist and inform each other in a meaningful way that works to the benefit of victims of conflict and mass atrocity. Done correctly, this overlap can be ushered into a coherent research agenda where the two perspectives can be brought together in a careful and concise manner. This article aims to start to address this gap.

CAUSES OF FARMERS-PASTORALISTS’ CONFLICT AND MITIGATION: A PANACEA FOR SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN WESTERN ZONE OF BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA

This study assessed the causes of farmers-pastoralists’ conflict and mitigation: A panacea for sustainable natural resource management in western zone of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Data were collected using questionnaire using descriptive statistics as analytical tool. Purposive simple random sampling technique was used to select 75 arable farmers and 75 pastoralists. Purposive sampling was employed to be enabling the researcher to capture pastoralist who were sparsely distributed. The result shows that most (73.91%) of the respondents perceived that conflicts do occur in the study area. The result also reveals that 59.40% of the respondents agreed that conflict frequently occurred only during rainy season. The results further reveals that, the major causes of conflicts include lack of defined cattle route (54.05%), poor government attitude toward agricultural development (52.03%) and inadequate grazing reserves (51.35%) among others. Also, 22.30% and 20.95% of the respondents reported that, pastoralist-fisher folks and farmer-hunter conflicts also occurred, respectively, in the study area. The result further reveals that major losses incurred due to conflicts include destruction of crops (92.46%), body injury (89.59%), loss of Livestock (57.32%), destruction of houses (52.44%) among others. Seventy five percent of the respondents perceived that youth were the major victims of conflict in the study area. The major constraints to conflict prevention and management include inadequate social infrastructures (91.21%), poverty (86.49%) and failure of government to implement agricultural policies (84.49%) among others. The study recommend that provision of adequate infrastructures (e.g., dams, grazing reserves, etc.) and sensitizing pastoralists to establish private grazing paddocks and boreholes will stem down the occurrence of conflict and subsequently enhance sustainable livestock production in the study area.