Victims Of Conflict Research Articles

The Role of UNHCR in the Stagnation of International Intervention towards Victims of the Coup Conflict in Myanmar as an Effort to Maintain Peace

Myanmar is a country in Southeast Asia with a dire humanitarian crisis that is marked by the existence of conflict and humanitarian issues. The military’s arbitrariness against civilians, from ethnic cleansing and genocide of the Rohingya ethnic minority to bloody coups, could not be suppressed due to technical and non-technical constraints. Civil society and the military organization are interrelated in Myanmar, and the country uses the strong relations between the two as best as it can for its internal interests to protect itself from foreign intervention. From a geographical point of view, Myanmar is located in the Southeast Asian region, with ASEAN as its regional organization. ASEAN is a unique regional organization whose member-states adopt a special principle called the principle of non-interference. According to the principle, all acts of interference from other countries are considered a violation and become an international crime when viewed from the Jus Cogens legal principle. This study then discusses the role of UNHCR as a facilitator to create peace by maintaining human rights. A qualitative method was then adopted to conduct the study, with data collection based on the news, journals, reports, and books. This study examines the concepts of democracy and human rights as an introduction to internal conflict in Myanmar and uses the concept of humanitarian diplomacy as an analysis of the role of UNHCR in Myanmar. Keywords: ASEAN, Democracy, Intervention, Humanity, Military Coup, UNHCR. Myanmar merupakan negara di Asia Tenggara dengan krisis kemanusiaan buruk yang ditandai dengan adanya isu konflik dan kemanusiaan. Kesewenangan militer terhadap warga sipil dimulai dari pembersihan etnis dan genosida etnis minoritas Rohingya, hingga kudeta militer yang tidak bisa diredam karena kendala teknis atau non-teknis. Keduanya saling berkaitan dan Myanmar memanfaatkannya sebaik mungkin untuk kepentingan internal untuk melindungi diri dari intervensi pihak asing. Ditinjau dari sisi geografis, Myanmar berada di wilayah Asia Tenggara dengan ASEAN sebagai organisasi internasional regional. ASEAN memiliki asas istimewa terhadap negara anggotanya untuk memberlakukan asas non-interference. Dengan begitu segala tindakan campur tangan dari negara lain dinilai sebagai sebuah pelanggaran dan menjadi sebuah tindakan kejahatan internasional apabila dipandang dari asas hukum Jus Cogens. Penelitian ini membahas tentang peran UNHCR sebagai fasilitator untuk menciptakan perdamaian dengan memelihara hak-hak atas kemanusiaan. Dengan berbasis pada berita, jurnal, laporan, dan buku sebagai hasil penjelasan dan telaahnya, sehingga tulisan ini bermetodekan kualitatif. Penelitian ini dikaji melalui konsep demokrasi dan HAM sebagai pengantar atas konflik internal di Myanmar, dan menggunakan konsep humanitarian diplomacy sebagai analisa atas peran UNHCR di negara Myanmar. Kata Kunci: ASEAN, Demokrasi, Intervensi, Kemanusiaan, Kudeta Militer, UNHCR.

Surgical Training for a Disaster: Preparation of Surgical Trainees for Victims of Conflict.

With increasing global unrest and military physician shortages potentially leading to a surgeon draft, we sought to evaluate the readiness of graduating general surgery residents to care for casualties of war. We evaluated the National Data Reports of Surgery Case Logs for general surgery residents from 2009 to 2018 to quantify experience with key procedures that provide critical skills required for wartime surgery. Reported cases from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education for graduating residents from civilian and military residency programs were analyzed for 28 individual procedures determined to be critical for the care of combat casualties. These included central and peripheral vascular procedures, as well as neck, thoracic, abdominal, and peripheral interventions. From 2009 to 2018, there has been a significant decrease in wartime-relevant cases by graduating residents. Notably, these include aorto-iliac/femoral bypasses (50% reduction; 7.1%/year; P < .001), femoral-popliteal bypasses (60% reduction; 6.9%/year; P < .001), femoral-femoral bypasses (30% reduction; 2.6%/year; P < .001), upper extremity amputations (50% reduction; 6.4%/year; P = .016), fasciotomies for trauma (50% reduction; 4.5%/year; P = .013), open repair of ruptured infrarenal aorto-iliac aneurysms (70% reduction; 5.8%/year; P < .001), repair of traumatic aorta or vena cava injuries (70% reduction; 7%/year; P = .007), carotid endarterectomies (40% reduction; 4%/year; P < .001), lung resections (40% reduction; 3.7%/year; P = .001), trauma splenectomies/splenorrhaphy (30% reduction; 2.9%/year; P < .001), and repair of traumatic liver lacerations (30% reduction; 2.5%/year; P = .036). Graduating general surgery residents has limited exposure to wartime critical skills due to a significant reduction in open vascular, head and neck, thoracic, and operative trauma cases. As the threat of global war persists and new graduates continue to deploy worldwide, residency training must be augmented to ensure adequate preparation in case a surgeon draft is required to fulfill demand for military surgeons.

The Elusive Relationship of State Power and Societal Peace: Reflections on the Case of Kosovo

Abstract Twenty years ago, NATO’s intervention against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), taking place without the approval of the UN Security Council (UNSC), challenged the sovereignty and non-interference norms the UN had perceived as international peace and order, until that moment. While the military action served to question existing principles, it simultaneously examined the effectiveness of non-authorization. Moreover, the Kosovo case stimulated one of the most important UN reforms that transformed the concept of sovereignty from right to responsibility. Conceptually, the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) has largely advanced since then. The transformation shifted the attention from political to sociological peace making society, gender and victims of conflict at the focus of peacebuilding and peace sustaining processes. The juxtaposition of state and societal peace continues in post-conflict Kosovo with both approaches being intermingled: the security debate covers attempts for a peace-building agenda, whereas the formation of a national army is pursued.

Defining Victimhood: The Political Construction of a “Victim” Category in Colombia’s Congress, 2007–2011

AbstractScholars of state classification practices have long interrogated how official legal categories are constructed. This paper analyzes the construction of “victimhood” in Colombia as a feat that required negotiation among international human rights organizations, local civil society actors, and politicians across the partisan spectrum. The Victims’ Law of 2011, which sought to provide widespread reparations to victims of the civil conflict, originated from the concerns of the human rights community, yet the deliberation process leading up to the law’s passage reveals the extent to which elite historical narratives of the conflict unduly narrowed the universe of eligible victims. Using archival evidence from congressional debates from 2007 to 2011, this paper argues that the broad conception of victimhood originally inherited from United Nations guidelines came to be constrained by disproportionate influence from politicians’ personal understandings of conflict history, shaped by anecdote and the selective use of historical evidence. These rationales interacted with budgetary constraints to ultimately restrict the victim category according to negotiated temporal boundaries of the conflict.

Characteristics and Perspectives of Human Trafficking Education: A Survey of U.S. Medical School Administrators and Students.

Objective: To assess the timing, duration, methodology, and content of human trafficking (HT) curricula in U.S. medical schools. Methods: An anonymous, cross-sectional survey was sent through email and phone to administrators of 199 U.S. allopathic and osteopathic medical schools. A supplementary survey was sent to students and faculty through email listservs and social media links. Data collection occurred from April to October 2020 and findings were analyzed through SAS software. All study measures were approved by the institutional review board. Results: Administrators were from 22 states and 34 schools (n = 51/199 schools; response rate: 25.6%) and n = 41 responded to all questions. Of these, 32% (13/41) self-identified as deans, 34.1% (14/41) as faculty, and 29.3% (12/41) as other administrators. Less than half (41.5%, n = 17/41) reported an HT curriculum. There was a wide range in length (average = 3 hours) and when present was almost always mandatory (n = 51, 88.2%). Few curricula mentioned labor (23.5%) or organ (5.9%) trafficking, or at-risk populations such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI) members (13.7%), foreign nationals (7.8%), victims of political conflict (3.9%), and indigenous peoples (2.0%). Students and staff (n = 242) were from 34 states and 83 schools, and n = 36 (27.5%) reported a curriculum. Less than half (44.4%) felt the length (average 4.1 hours) was sufficient. Conclusions: Less than half of respondents reported an HT curriculum. It is unclear how well this curriculum prepares students to treat victim-survivors of HT. Future work is necessary to incorporate effective education on HT for trainees and evaluate patient outcomes after curricular implementation.

The concept of transitional justice: genesis and features

Transitional justice is a set of measures related to systemic or large-scale human rights violations designed to compensate victims of violations and to facilitate or facilitate the transformation of political systems, conflicts and other conditions that may be the cause of violations. Different methods and components of transitional justice usually combine restorative justice measures (truth and reconciliation commissions) and a parallel system of punitive justice (mainly for those most responsible for the most serious crimes and their direct perpetrators). In addition, transitional justice measures are aimed at reforming society’s institutions by restoring the rule of law and ensuring the functioning of the judiciary in the long run. At the same time, their goal is to ensure that crimes committed during the previous period do not go unpunished. Transitional justice is based on the responsibility and compensation of victims. It recognizes their dignity as citizens and as human beings. Ignoring mass abuses is a simple way out, but it destroys the values on which any decent society can be built. Transitional justice raises the most difficult questions of law and policy imaginable. Putting victims and their dignity first signals the path to new commitments to ensure the safety of ordinary citizens in their own countries - from abuse of power and effectively protected from harm by others. The historical development of transitional justice is nonlinear, and its conceptual definitions are descriptive and inexhaustible. In this context, countries in conflict or already in conflict have the opportunity to choose the most appropriate measures and mechanisms to achieve the ultimate goal of transitional justice in that country - justice for victims of conflict and the restoration of peaceful life. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that transitional justice cannot be the embodiment of the justice of the victors, so the parties to the conflict must participate in the national dialogue, and the winners and losers must be held accountable. First of all, it should be noted that transitional justice is only one of the approaches that can be used to build peace, along with the deployment of peacekeeping peacekeeping forces and other measures. It is the combination of these measures that will guarantee the long-term restoration of peace and non-return to the conflict. In addition, such measures may take place with the involvement of various actors, such as: the actual state in which the conflict took place (or is taking place); the international community or both. Key words: human rights and freedoms, transitional justice, armed conflict, post-conflict period.

Moral and legal principles of protection of civilians during the war (in the context of Russian aggression in 2022)

The fundamental human rights universally recognized in international law are, in particular: the right to life; the right not to be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; the right to privacy, personal and family secrecy, protection of one’s honor and dignity, freedom of conscience and religion, etc. During hostilities, these fundamental values are particularly vulnerable, and their adherence to military conflict is directly dependent on the motives and moral preconditions for such aggression. The norms of international humanitarian law establish appropriate prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain means and methods of armed struggle, ensuring the protection of victims of conflict and determining the responsibility for violating these norms. International humanitarian law is based on the principle of distinction between combatants and non-combatants, in connection with which the article pays special attention to the protection of the civilian population and the moral and legal components of such protection. Analyzing the convention agreements on the protection of civilians and victims of war, one can observe such fundamental moral components of their rights as life, respect, freedom of conscience and religion, prohibition of torture and humiliation, humane treatment, protection during hostilities and more. In particular, the UN International Court of Justice has repeatedly deduced the responsibilities of the parties to a military conflict from such a general principle of law as the “basic principles of humanity”.Article 3 of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War provides for a minimum commitment of the parties in the event of armed conflict to non-combatants, including the following acts against the above: personality, including all forms of murder, mutilation, ill-treatment and torture; b) hostage-taking; c) abuse of human dignity, in particular abusive and degrading treatment; d) the conviction and application of punishment without a prior judgment rendered by a court duly established and providing judicial guarantees recognized by civilized peoples as necessary. It is well known that the attitude of the Russian aggressor towards the peaceful Ukrainian civilian population in its barbarism is not limited to the usual understanding of human rights violations and the principle of humanism during armed conflict. In view of this, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Resolution “On the Statement of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine” On the Russian Federation’s Genocide in Ukraine “”, which recognizes the actions committed by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and its political and military leadership during the last phase of against Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, with the genocide of the Ukrainian people. This takes into account the consistency and systemic policy of the Russian Federation aimed at mass extermination of the population of Ukraine, violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine and the elimination of national statehood of Ukraine. Key words: war, armed conflict, genocide, dignity, humanism, morality, respect, human rights, civilian population

The moments we have not chosen

AbstractSince the Russian invasion of Ukraine and its justification by the head of the Russian Orthodox Church we have to re‐think the possibilities of our own God‐talk as well. Can we confess our unity of faith with this church, and continue to speak of peace and love? The great Russian chauvinism in its latest expression – the Russkii world – is spreading its madness. We cannot not lament the situation, we cannot turn a new page before Ukrainians and other victims of violent conflicts can do it as well.

Will the new circular external fixator ease the surgeon’s burden?

Sri Lanka, like many other low-middle income countries, has been a victim of conflict for a long time. While the country is still recovering from the internal conflict that plagued it for over three decades, the shadows of these dark days still haunt these lands. The Sri Lankan soil is still not completely rid of antipersonnel landmines which were once weaponized against military and civilians alike. A more recent terrorist attack that happened in 2019 rekindled this age-old fear against explosions in the hearts of Sri Lankans. While prevention of such disasters is important, realistically, it is the duty of engineering researchers to equip medical professionals with devices that can aid and expedite the treatments if and when such unfortunate disasters occur.

Civil War Peace Agreements and Gender Inclusion

ABSTRACT In 2000, The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 actively promoted the inclusion of women and their perspectives in peace processes, as well as promoted a gender perspective in post-conflict recovery and institution building. The number of gender provisions in civil war peace agreements has increased since 2001 as a result, but not all such provisions serve the same purpose. In this study, we present a provision typology that divides gender provisions into those that seek to empower women and compare them to those that address conflict victimization. We suggest that the context under which the peace agreement takes place, and conditions of the conflict itself, should influence where empowerment and victimization provisions are employed if they are to have the type of impact sought by the UNSC and improve post-conflict outcomes. We test our propositions on all civil war peace agreements occurring between 1990-2018. Findings indicate that gender provisions designed to empower women are unlikely to emerge in societies where they are perhaps most needed. Comparatively, it appears there is less resistance to gender provisions aimed at addressing conflict-related victimization.

The invisibility of women caring for women victims of violence

Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe the working conditions of professionals who work in centers providing assistance to women victims of violence, to investigate the experience of female workers in caring for women victims of violence and to analyze the self-care practices of this professional group at the personal, professional, collective and institutional levels. Data were collected through the application of an interview script to 12 professionals who assist victims of violence against women in different care centers for this public in Aracaju and the interior of Sergipe. The five classes generated by the Descending Hierarchical Classification (DHC), generated by the Iramuteq analysis, pointed out five themes: care for women victims of violence, conflicts, violence and professional practice, authors of practice of aggression, personal self-care and handling obstacles in the work environment. In view of the results found, the strengthening of the public policy system is appointed as one of the pillars that reconfigure this reality.

Ethics of humanitarian action: on aid-recipients’ vulnerability and humanitarian agencies’ distinct obligation

ABSTRACT Humanitarian assistance in conflicts sometimes undermines local coping strategies, reinforces wartime economies, and strengthens the existing power structures. This article argues that some victims of conflicts are made extremely vulnerable and uniquely dependent on humanitarian agencies. In this case, humanitarian agencies have a distinct obligation to assist them. This article considers one novel account that justifies the continued provision of aid to victims of conflicts and rejects the widespread view that aid should be withdrawn to avoid its negative impact. This article presents the “Distinct Dependence Argument” to address the aid dependency predicament in conflicts. It explores the degree of vulnerability and dependence of victims of conflicts and evaluates humanitarian agencies’ causal responsibility in causing such vulnerability and dependency.

Managing the Menace of Cattle Rustling and Banditry in North Rift Kenya: The Role of Pokot Women

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to create a discourse surrounding women role in combating cattle rustling and banditry in north rift, Kenya. The article underscores that Pokot women play key roles in instigating cattle rustling and banditry in the north rift region. While media generally perceive women as passive bystanders, it projects men as the protagonists and antagonists during conflict. The thinking that women are only victims of conflicts, just because of the biases in reporting by the media, needs to be critically looked into.&#x0D; Methodology: The study relied on secondary sources where information from books, journals, periodicals and online opens sources was acquired before deep content analysis was carried and presented in prose.&#x0D; Findings: The study found that although women bear the brunt of conflicts as the post-Cold War examples clearly show, they are not always on the receiving end. Thus, the suffering that women go through because of conflicts has made them become active participants in such fights. While the article conceded that there are several other causal factors accounting for cattle rustling in the north rift, it finds that the role of Pokot women in fuelling livestock theft is a crucial one.&#x0D; Recommendation: The article recommended to policy makers that, if meaningful and sustainable peace is to be made in the north rift, they should consider engaging Pokot women in the peacemaking processes.

CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE WITHIN THE HIBUA LAMO COMMUNITY IN TOBELO NORTH HALMAHERA

The Hibua Lamo Community (ethnic Tobelo) is a community group that lives and integrates integration in the North Halmahera region and is characterized by the treatment of customs. In social life, they always lived in harmony and peace, since 1606, under the foundation of cultural values. In 1999-2001, Hibua Lamo community was faced by conflict and violence between brotherhood caused of religions that triggered them to kill each other. The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the background of conflict in Hibua Lamo community. This qualitative research includes ethnographic research on the Hibua Lamo community. The results show that the conflict in the Hibua Lamo community was triggered by the conflicts among religious adherents in Ambon 1999. This article has its own distinctive characteristics that are different from other articles becuase the researcher is an aboriginal who saw for himself the conflicts that occurred in 1999 in North Halamahera and was confirmed by important important figures in the HL community. There are three factors that are escalators of conflict and violence within the Hibua Lamo community: (1) Fanaticism of each adherent of religion, (2) Fragment of noble values in Hibua Lamo culture, (3) exodus community groups as victims of violent conflict in Ambon, each carrying information according to the suffering they experience, leads to a sense of the devout by each adherent of religion (Islam and Christian) within Hibua Lamo community, North Halmahera. This study recommends that the Hibua Lamo concept can be considered to resolve conflicts.

How Far Do International Organizations Shape the Foreign Policy Process of States

The increasing numbers, behaviour and influence of International non governmental organization (INGOs) in recent times within the local and international system has drawn attention in the academic sphere and these behaviours could be seen through their activities as dominant actors in developmental grounds and as influencers in foreign policy of states. The study used the mixed method approach; secondary data analysis, and observations which rely on secondary sources like journals, textbooks and online publications which are relevant to the study. The findings shows that INGOs have directly and indirectly influenced the decision making and policies of states through their facilitating or advocacy activities in the international arena to promote and ensure compliance of International humanitarian laws. It was concluded that INGOs has effectively and actively influenced states foreign policies and recommended that INGOs should be closely monitored, to limit crossing their boundaries even as they render excellent humanitarian aids to affected victims of conflicts.

Circumstances Behind Land Conflict in Wakiso and Mukono Districts

Purpose: To examine the circumstances behind land conflict in Wakiso and Mukono districts. Methodology: The research adopted a cross sectional and descriptive survey research design involving both qualitative and quantitative studies where both purposive and stratified random sampling methods were used in selecting respondents (Police land desk officers, district land board for purposive and others like victims of land conflict were under focused focus group comprising of 8 to 10 individuals with a sample of 385 respondents being used whereas both SPSS and content analysis were used to analyze the field data. Findings: The findings indicate that weaknesses in the police force to investigate and gather evidence over land conflicts in a timely manner as presented by mean 4.01 std. deviations 2.01, also courts depended on investigations by the police to try cases as represented by mean 3.79 std. deviations 1.187. It was also found out that population growth in Uganda has the fastest growing population in the world, therefore much land that isn't occupied by people. The need for land has increased its value making it a very important resource than it was many years ago as shown by mean score of 4.64 Std. Deviation 2.097. In addition, inefficiency and confusion in all the country's land registries as shown by mean score of 4.90 Std. Deviation 2.010. Lastly, high political interference where court orders are often times not respected by politicians this was represented with mean 4.03 and a Sdt. Deviation 2.0 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: by a matter of fact Mukono and Wakiso district surrounds the capital city Kampala; increase in demand for land would be on the rise resulting from increased population from the city towards these districts. Therefore, police land desks are developing and identify the determinants of this development, and the implication of the development processes on land conflict management, Understanding the bases of land conflicts, and by unbundling these land conflicts by type, the study will shed light on the comparative impact of different conflict types on national budget. There would be ideal situations to share experiences and advocate collectively for equity in access to land, use and distribution among beneficiaries.

Legal Protection and Family Resilience of Women Victims of Post-Peace Conflict in Aceh: A Study of Gender Approach

This study seeks to examine the legal protection and resiliency of the families of Aceh's female victims of post-peace conflict. From the outbreak of war to the end of hostilities, women have been the most affected group. This study is qualitative research employing an ethnographic methodology and analyzing the data from a gender perspective. The ethnography was conducted in three different locations: Nagan Raya, Pidie, and North Aceh. Utilized data collection methods include interviews, observation, and literature review. According to the findings of the study, the government has given legal protection to female victims of armed conflict in a variety of ways, including the establishment of a legal umbrella, the creation of special institutions, the provision of support, and thorough rehabilitation. Even though this is not evenly divided, it is vital for institutions, particularly those that care for orphans, to engage in gender-sensitive, sustainable management, and collaboration. The struggle has a significant impact on the psychological, physical, economic, social, and cultural demands of women, as well as the future of their children. Despite the fact that the conflict impacts family resilience owing to the death of family members and economic hardship, from a gender perspective, families can survive and even thrive in the face of life's difficulties. The majority of them come to accept the catastrophe, and their psychological pain is exacerbated by their religious beliefs. Although others have not been able to accept and find it difficult to forget the trauma of the conflict that has occurred.

Can Humans and Elephants Coexist? A Review of the Conflict on Sumatra Island, Indonesia

The high rate of deforestation and fragmentation of elephant habitat on Sumatra Island has triggered human-elephant conflict (HEC) in Sumatra Island, Indonesia. This conflict brings negative impacts on humans and elephants. Despite numerous efforts having been made to solve this problem, the HEC continues to occur in the remaining elephant enclave every year. The harmonious coexistence between humans and elephants could be improved through HEC mitigation programs. The aim of this paper was to review information on HEC in Sumatra Island, investigate the causes and implications of HEC, review existing HEC mitigation methods, and formulate strategies to improve the harmonious coexistence between humans and elephants. The best strategies to create successful human and elephant coexistence are strengthening the institutions and policies, restoring the habitat, developing wildlife corridors, establishing Essential Ecosystem Areas (EEA), community empowerment through ecotourism, providing legal access to forests through Social Forestry (SF), and providing compensation schemes for conflict victims.

Orbital in juries in wartime: Historical study from Paul Tessier's work in Iran

Paul Tessier was a leading French oculoplastic surgeon who took part in several surgical missions in Iran to manage victims of the Iraq-Iran conflict in the late 1980's and early 1990's. We collected the records of 322 patients who underwent surgical procedures for the management of wartime injuries by Paul Tessier's team in Iran from 1990 to 1993. We also report one of the most representative cases of orbital reconstruction performed by Tessier. Mean age at the time of trauma was 20.65±7.04 years (range: 2--62). Craniofacial CT-scans were available for 54 patients. The bones of the upper third of the face and the orbital contents were affected in 124/322 patients (38.50%). Soft-tissue lesions of the upper third included 13 frontal lacerations (4.04%), 60 orbital injuries (18.63%) and 95 uni- or bilateral enucleations (29.50%). Thirty-nine uni- or bilateral lid injuries (12.11%) and 8 tear duct injuries (2.48%) were reported. A specific case of orbital reconstruction using antero-internal and posterior iliac bone grafts was reported as a representative example of Tessier's techniques. This study highlights the challenges of orbital reconstruction in wartime injuries and provides insights on the work of one of the most renowned surgeons in this field.

Framing Victims: A Comparative Framing Analysis of Yemen and Syrian Conflict Victims in Pakistani Media

The current research scrutinizes how political proximity plays a vital role in the portrayal of conflict victims, happening in Yemen and Syria. Through the content analysis research demonstrate the victims of the Yemen conflict are more tinted than the victims of the Syrian conflict. In both the conflict, all the actors are having equivalent religious bonds with the reporting media of Pakistan. This study demonstrates the political proximity between the media of reporting country and actors of the conflict, direct strong effect on the framing of the conflict victims. The result demonstrates that Saudis is having a strong political relationship with Pakistan therefore in the Yemen conflict Yemen government (backed by Saudi Arabia) is demonstrated as more positive and Houthis rebels as negative. On the other side, Syria does not have a strong relationship with Pakistan so the Syrian war is demonstrated as the confusing war between different groups where no one is positively portrayed. The result demonstrates closer the political proximity between reporting country and conflict actor, the greater the chance that the actor will have highly empathized and opposite side framing will be highly brutalized.