Vicia Faba Var Research Articles

Stability of water-in-oil-in-water emulsions containing faba bean proteins

For the case of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsions made with low-molecular-weight Span 80 as primary lipophilic emulsifier and sodium caseinate as secondary hydrophilic emulsifier, we have investigated the extent to which the Span 80 can be successfully replaced by faba bean protein ( Vicia faba var. minor) encapsulated in the inner phase. Multiple emulsion stability was assessed by monitoring the amount of dye marker entrapped in the internal aqueous phase, for both fresh emulsions and those stored for 7 days at 25°C. Experiments were carried out with various samples of the protein: unmodified total protein, acetylated fractions, and fractions enriched in the 7S and 11S globulins. We conclude that encapsulation of unmodified faba bean protein does confer marginally enhanced stability on a W/O/W emulsion when the Span 80 content is substantially reduced. However, an increasing quantity of protein, as well as an increasing degree of acetylation, lowers the stability. When compared with total faba bean protein, the 11S and 7S enriched fractions were found to have different influences on the stability.

Relationship between initiation of cell elongation and cell division in radicles of germinating seeds

The initiation of axial organ growth in germinating broad bean (Vicia faba var. minor) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seeds was studied in terms of cell elongation and cell division. Seed imbibition occurred in polyethylene glycol (M.W.6000) solutions at various concentrations that retarded the radicle protrusion and maintained the tissue hydration at various levels. The triggering of cell elongation in broad bean hypocotyl or cotton radicle depended on tissue hydration up to the threshold level. The initiation of cell elongation was independent of the processes preparing for the initiation of cell division in the meristems. The appearance of mitotic activity in roots was examined relative to water content in the meristem, time of radicle emergence, and root length. The initiation of cell division did not directly depend on hydration level reached and time of radicle protrusion; however, the commencement of mitoses was determined by the presence of a threshold number of elongating cells. The possibility of a “mitotic” factor formed by elongating cells is discussed.

Fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of some legume seeds

Nine samples of the legume seeds of horse bean ( Vicia faba var. minor), common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris), broad bean ( Vicia faba var. maior), field pea ( Pisum arvence), flat pea ( Lathyrus sativus), kidney bean ( Phaseolus coccineus), lentil ( Lens culinaris), pea ( Pisum sativum) and soya bean ( Glycine max) were examined for chemical composition, fatty acid composition and tocopherol content. The highest crude protein levels were found in soya bean (37.6% of dry matter, DM) and broad bean (32.4% of DM). Most of the legume seeds contained a low level of crude fat, from 1.7% of DM in horse bean to 4.5% of DM in kidney bean. The only exception was soya bean with a crude fat content of 22.9% of DM. The legume seeds contained profitable composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids: linoleic (18:2) from 21% in field pea to 53% in soya bean, and linolenic (18:3) from 4% in broad bean to 22% kidney bean. The highest activity of vitamin E was noted in soya bean (187 i.u. kg −1 seeds); other legume seeds had intermediate activity between 12 i.u. kg −1 for common bean and 44 i.u. kg for broad bean. The activity of vitamin E in the oil was from 470 i.u. kg −1 kidney bean to 2560 i.u. kg −1 horse bean.

Plant remains from Iron Age Ullastret, Girona (NE Spain)

Preliminary results of the investigation of plant remains from the Iron Age site of Ullastret (Girona, NE Spain) are presented. The most important species were Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum/durum, Panicum/Setaria and Vicia faba var. minor. The results are discussed in the context of other archaeobotanical investigations from the Iron Age in NE Spain.

Nutritional outcome and immunocompetence in mice fed on a diet containing raw field beans (Vicia faba, var. minor) as the source of protein.

Feeding growth mice on diets containing raw field beans (Vicia faba var. minor) as the only source of protein brought about an impairment in growth, muscle mass and liver weight. No changes in food consumption were observed, but the food intake:weight gain ratio was increased in those animals. Plasma protein, triacylglycerols and cholesterol values were not affected by the dietary treatment although serum glucose and zinc levels fell after legume intake as well as the number of circulating erythrocytes. The relative enlargement of thymus and spleen in the legume-fed mice was apparently accompanied by a reduction in the cell number and an increase in cell size, while the protein synthesis capacity followed differentiated patterns in both tissues when assessed through protein, DNA and RNA determinations. The haemagglutination titres and the number of rosette-forming cells were lower in those animals fed on the field bean diet as well as the splenic lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin, Concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide mitogens used to evaluate the functional status of T and B lymphocytes. The present study describes, apparently for the first time in mice, the involvement of field bean intake in some immunological disturbances affecting both humoral- and cell-mediated aspects of the immune response.

The degradability of legume seed meals in the rumen: effect of heat treatment

The extent and rate of degradation of dry matter and nitrogen in ground seeds of pea ( Pisum sativum), lupin ( Lupinus albus var. multolupa), field bean ( Vicia faba var. minor), vetch ( Vicia sativa) and bitter vetch ( Vicia ervilia), previously autoclaved (A) or not (NA) at 120 °C for 30 min, was measured using nylon bags incubated in the rumen of wethers fed lucerne hay. The fractional outflow rate of the legume seed meal particles was determined with chromium as a marker. More than 88% of the protein in untreated legume seed meals, except for vetch, disappeared from the bags by 24 h. Autoclaving decreased both the soluble fraction and the fractional rate of protein degradation of the slowly degraded fraction ( P < 0.01). Rumen outflow rate was, respectively, 0.0154 h −1 and 0.0222 h −1, at 0.7 times and 1.0 times maintenance level. Effective degradability of protein was strongly reduced by heat treatment in pea and lupin seeds, moderately decreased in field bean and bitter vetch and almost unchanged in vetch seed meal.

Interaction of molybdenum, phosphorus and potassium on yield in Vicia faba

SUMMARYIn pot and field experiments at Xichang, China, in 1984–85, (NH4)2MoO4 applied alone or with KH2PO4 to Vicia faba var. major increased total N, soluble sugar and chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic rate. The growth of root nodules and N fixation were stimulated, and more assimilate was distributed to seeds. Treatment with (NH4)2MoO4 combined with KH2PO4 gave the highest total N, soluble sugar and chlorophyll contents, the most root nodules, fruiting branches, fertile pods and seeds/plant and the highest 100-seed weight, and consequently produced the highest seed yield.

A novel seed protein gene from Vicia faba is developmentally regulated in transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants

We have isolated a novel gene, denoted USP, from Vicia faba var. minor, which corresponds to the most abundant mRNA present in cotyledons during early seed development; however, the corresponding protein does not accumulate in cotyledons. The characterized USP gene with its two introns is 1 of about 15 members of a gene family. A fragment comprising 637 bp of 5' flanking sequence and the total 5' untranslated region was shown to be sufficient to drive the mainly seed-specific expression of two reporter genes, coding for neomycin phosphotransferase II and beta-glucuronidase, in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum plants. We showed that the USP promoter becomes active in transgenic tobacco seeds in both the embryo and the endosperm, whereas its activity in Arabidopsis is detectable only in the embryo. Moreover, we demonstrated a transient activity pattern of the USP promoter in root tips of both transgenic host species.

Kinetic study of the effects of extracts from Vicia faba var. equina on intestinal sugar absorption

AbstractAlcoholic and water extracts from seed‐coats of Vicia faba var. equina were prepared and their effects on in‐vivo intestinal sugar absorption across the rat small intestine were investigated. Both extracts significantly (P&lt;0.001) inhibited sugar absorption. The higher and more stable inhibition was induced by the water extract. Pretreatment of the extracts with polyamide significantly (P&lt;0.001) reduced their inhibitory potency but did not abolish it, suggesting the presence in the extracts of some other intestinal sugar absorption inhibitor, different from polyphenols. Although both extracts inhibited intestinal sugar active transport, only the water extract was able to reduce sugar diffusion across the small intestine. These differences in behaviour seem to be related to the polyphenolic content of each extract.

Protein supplementation of broad beans with sesame

Feeding experiments with weanling rats indicated that the protein of broad beans ( Vicia faba var. major) and sesame ( Sesamum indicum) are mutually supplementary. A standard diet in which 75% of the protein was provided by broad beans and 25% by sesame had a protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 2·36 compared to a casein PER adjusted to 2·50. A similar diet in which broad beans and sesame contributed equal amounts of protein had a PER of 2·41. The PER of broad beans was 0·99 and that of sesame 1·55.

Deep cultivation of a sandy clay loam II. Effects on soil hydraulic properties and on root growth, water extraction and water stress in 1977, especially of broad beans

Increasing the depth of cultivation from 23 to 45 cm reduced the water extracted by potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum), broad beans ( Vicia faba var. major), summer cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and red beet ( Beta vulgaris var. rapacea f. rubra) from the 0–30 cm depth and increased extraction from the 30–70 cm depth. Deep cultivation lowered bulk density, increasing the water holding capacity (%, w/ w) and allowing more rapid drainage. Broad beans yielded 17% more total dry matter after deep cultivation, had deeper root systems and for a limited period showed less water stress and extracted more water than the same crop grown after minimum tillage. It is argued that the effect of the altered soil hydraulic properties on crop water extraction was small and theoretical calculations suggest that improved root distribution accounted for the beneficial effects on water use.

Deep cultivation of a sandy clay loam I. Effects on growth, yield and nutrient content of potatoes, broad beans, summer cabbage and red beet in 1977

The Wye Double Digger is a deep cultivation implement consisting of a single-furrow plough working to 23 cm depth, and a rotavator loosening the soil below the furrow bottom exposed by the previous pass to a depth of 45 cm below the soil surface. When all the fertilizer was applied at the soil surface deep cultivation increased the dry matter production of potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum), broad beans ( Vicia faba var. major), summer cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and red beet ( Beta vulgaris var. rapacea f. rubra) by 13, 12, 30 and 26%, respectively, over that obtained by conventional ploughing to 23 cm depth. When half of the fertilizer was incorporated into the subsoil the corresponding increases were 21, 17, 17 and 13%. Following deep cultivation crops extracted more N, P and K but there was little change in the concentration of these elements in the plant dry matter. The present limited information suggests that deep cultivation might be beneficial in more situations than the experiment reported here.

Chromosome Aberrations and Ageing Root Meristems

Changes in mitotic activity and frequency of spontaneous chromosome aberrations have been determined for primary roots of Zea mays , Pisum sativum , Vicia faba var. green Windsor and var. minor, and Allium cepa. Mitotic activity was found to decline with age in all root apices. In the primary root apices immediately after germination, there was a high frequency of spontaneous chromosome aberrations which declined with time after germination. However, in the case of V. faba var. green Windsor, Z. mays and P. sativum there was a return to the high levels of spontaneous chromosome aberration on ageing of the root apex.

VIRUS DISEASES OF FABA BEANS IN MANITOBA AND THEIR EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD

Faba beans (Vicia faba var. minor Beck, and V. faba equina Pers.) in Manitoba showed a range of leaf mosaic and leaf and shoot necrosis symptoms. Virus isolates from diseased plants were grouped as mild (leaf mosaic, no necrosis) and severe (mosaic with necrosis) types. Two contrasting isolates were identified as variants of bean yellow mosaic virus by host range, aphid transmission, electron microscopy and serology. In field experiments, early infection of faba beans had a severe effect on root nodulation. Infections at pre-bloom, full bloom and post-bloom reduced yields by 59, 48 and 17% (mild isolate) and 96, 70 and 17% (severe isolate), respectively. Neither of the two isolates was transmitted through seed from plants infected at any of the three stages.

TRYPSIN INHIBITOR ACTIVITY IN FABA BEANS (VICIA FABA VAR. MINOR), CHANGES DURING GERMINATION AND DISTRIBUTION

Faba beans (Vicia faba var. minor L.) contained about the same level of trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) as lentils and peas, ⅓ to [Formula: see text] that of vetch, chick pea and bean and about [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] that of flatpea and soybean. The TIA of faba bean increased two-fold during germination on the 3rd to 4th days after which it declined. The TIA was present mostly in the cotyledon fraction of faba bean.

Yield components and cultivar, sowing date and density in field beans (Viciafaba)

SUMMARYDelay in sowing the cultivars Ostlers (Viciafaba var. equina) and Herz Freya (V.faba var. minor) beyond late February depressed yield. Densities of at least sixty plants per m2 were required to ensure that yield was not limited by sowing rate.Differences in yield in response to changes in density were reflected particularly in changes in numbers of pod‐bearing nodes per plant, but also to a lesser extent in numbers of pods per pod‐bearing node. The inherently larger seed weight of cv. Ostlers compared with cv. Herz Freya did not confer any yield advantage, differences in number of beans per pod and number of pods per pod‐bearing node tending to equalize the yield of the two cultivars. The most stable component of yield throughout was number of beans per pod, and the least stable was number of pod‐bearing nodes per plant.

Effect of Phosphatic and Nitrogenous Fertilizers on Yield of Field Beam (Vicia faba var. minor L.)

A significant increase in the yield of straw, pods and seeds of field bean was obtained with the application of 150 kg/fed. as calcium superphosphate. The application of 25 and 50 kg/fed, as ammonium sulphate increased the yield equally. The combined application of 150 kg. calcium superphosphate plus 50 kg. ammonium sulphate per fed. improved the field bean seed yield significantly.

Penetration of bean leaves by asulam as influenced by adjuvants and humidity

AbstractPenetration of bean (Vicia faba var. Maris Bead) foliage by asulam was found to be affected differently by different surfactants. Some anionic and non‐ionic surfactants brought about a significant increase compared with the aqueous control, others were similar to the aqueous control and one caused a significant reduction. High humidity increased asulam uptake and the effect was still further enhanced in the presence of Tween 20. High humidity was also found to influence asulam penetration in the presence of glycerol. With urea, uptake was greater under high humidity conditions and in the presence of Tween 20. A similar enhancement of penetration was found with potassium ethyl xanthate at lower concentrations (0–0.20%) in the presence of Tween 20. On the other hand, reduced uptake resulted at higher concentrations (0.40–1.00%). Tributyl phosphate brought about an increase in penetration at concentrations greater than 0.75%. However, both potassium ethyl xanthate and tributyl phosphate were shown to damage the leaf surface.

WHOLE‐CROP VICIA FABA FOR CONSERVATION. A COMPARISON BETWEEN WINTER‐, HORSE‐, TICK‐, AND BROAD‐BEAN CULTIVARS

ABSTRACTA trial containing cultivars of Vicia faba var. equina, minor and major was harvested as a whole‐crop in 1971. The aim was to estahlish the DM yield obtainahle from a selection of spring‐hean cultivars and evaluate this in relation to previously reported yields from winter heans. DM yields ranged from 48 to 86 hkg/ha over the three cutting dates. Significant differences were found hetween cv. in digesdhiUty, the range being 54 to 71%, and one hroad‐hean cv. was shown to have a high digestihility at all cuts. Crude‐protein contents of 13 to 19% were recorded. Percentage DM rose from 16 to 18% at the first cut to 23 to 45% at the third, hroad‐hean cv. rising more slowly than horse‐ and dck‐hean cv. Spring‐bean cv. had a lower DM yield than winter cv. Horse hean was superior to tick bean in DM yield, percentage DM, and D‐value. Broad‐bean cv. proved difficult to dry and therefore may be more suitable for ensilage than dehydradon.

High frequency of chromosome aberrations induced by DEB with caffeine posttreatment in Vicia faba var. minor

In root tips treated with DEB and caffeine as a posttreatment aberration yield was almost four times higher than after DEB alone. Caffeine applied in simultaneous treatment with DEB was less effective.