Veterinary Programs Research Articles

MOTIVATION OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING STUDENTS TO STUDY VETERINARY MEDICINE AT TRAKIA UNIVERSITY

International migration of tertiary students is a global trend which gives higher education institutions a strong incentive for quality development, service improvement and competitiveness. Research has shown that the attractiveness of educational services is dependent on factors with national-international characteristics and factors based on the demographic profile of students. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the motivators which influence students` personal attitudes towards studying veterinary medicine in English at Trakia University, Bulgaria. METHODS: A five-year survey among 93 first-year English speaking students in veterinary medicine at Trakia university was conducted through anonymous written questionnaire between 2015 and 2019. Data obtained were statistically processed. RESULTS: Significant differences were found for several factors which drove respondents` motivation in choosing their master’s degree. Among these factors were gender, parents` occupational profile, country of origin, tuition fees, as well as existing experience in breeding, interaction with animals and volunteering in the veterinary field. The most preferred source of information for veterinary medicine programmes and universities appeared to be recommendations from respondents` relatives, friends and mentors. CONCLUSION: Understanding the motivation drivers of English-speaking veterinary students will help the improvement of the educational service offered and the competitiveness of the institution internationally.

Faculty Perceptions: A Qualitative Study of the Perceived Need, Opportunities, and Challenges of Developing "One Health-One Medicine" in the Medical, Veterinary, and Public Health Curricula.

The conceptual framework of One Health (OH) provides a strategy for promoting collaboration across the nexus of animal, human, and environmental health, which is essential for tackling emerging disease threats, such as COVID-19. However, there is no accreditation requirement for OH to prepare students across the professions for collaborative practice. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of faculty across the medical, veterinary, and public health programs about the need, opportunities, and challenges of developing OH in the curricula. In this qualitative study, faculty across the three disciplines were invited to participate in audio-recorded, focus group interviews. Recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using inductive and deductive thematic analysis. All participants recognized the need for OH as a critical concept for preparing students for collaborative practice. Opportunities were identified for shared learning and research across the disciplines, particularly through the use of interprofessional education. The lack of an accreditation mandate for OH in the medical curriculum was perceived to be the greatest challenge, leading to an anticipation of significant resistance among medical educators and students. Successful development of OH in all three curricula is vital to prepare students for current and future threats to global health. The role of accreditation bodies in ensuring medical, veterinary, and public health curricula prepare students for these threats is crucial. Implications for practice include strategies for persuading medical educators and medical students to embrace OH in the curriculum and promote a culture of shared learning.

Wildlife nursing - part one: an introduction and literature review

: Nursing of British wildlife species are not included in the curricula for most veterinary nursing training programmes. Yet, when presented with wildlife casualties in practice, veterinary nurses (VNs) are expected to fulfil their professional, legal and ethical responsibilities towards them. Part one of this article will discuss these responsibilities along with the triage procedures, expenses, risks and admission procedures of wildlife presented in veterinary practice.

Student-Centered and ICT-Enabled Learning Models in Veterinarian Programs: What Changed with COVID-19?

COVID-19 highlighted higher education’s resistance to implementing the student-centered and ICT (information and communication technology)-enabled learning practices as incentivized by the Bologna Declaration. ICTs were crucial to keep the students in educational programs during the outbreak; however, some students were left out, increasing socioeconomic differences, and many teachers needed the training to provide online lectures effectively. Despite those barriers, the current context could be an opportunity to invest in new teaching and learning practices. The main goal of this research is to analyze how teachers and students from veterinary programs in Portugal adapted to the digital environment, and perceive whether this change imposed by COVID-19 could provide teachers and higher institutions with new solutions to implement effective student-centered and ICT-enabled learning models. Results show that veterinary programs are based on student-centered practices by nature, but that the use of ICTs is still incipient. Teachers, students, and members from the Professional Order claim that the worst change brought by COVID-19 was the cancellation of hands-on sessions, impoverishing the students’ education during the time of mandatory confinement. Actors say that it is important to invest in innovative teaching and learning practices enabled by ICTs in the future.

The Effect of a Physiotherapy Intervention on Thoracolumbar Posture in Horses.

Simple SummaryAltered spinal posture in a horse often relates to an underlying musculoskeletal condition that results in a negative effect on performance and welfare. Equine physiotherapy aims to adapt a horse’s posture by prescribing strengthening exercises to improve spinal range of movement and facilitate contraction of specific muscles. The aim of this study was to test the reliability of an outcome measure to objectively measure thoracolumbar posture before and after physiotherapy exercises over a specific time-period. The adapted flexicurve ruler (aFCR) had excellent intra-rater reliability compared to a standard flexicurve ruler. There were significant increases in thoracolumbar flexion after physiotherapy intervention at the specific time periods, of thirty minutes and one hour, however no significant changes at twenty-four hours. The physiotherapy intervention tested was shown to produce a short-term postural change, and over time may allow a long-term postural change with frequent practice. Outcome measures are valuable within veterinary physiotherapy to support clinical reasoning and the aFCR is shown to measure thoracolumbar posture pre and post-physiotherapy. Creating a postural change in horses can aid in a rehabilitation programme with veterinary physiotherapy, aiming to relieve pain and stiffness. Dynamic mobilisation exercises (DME) are often used as part of a physiotherapy rehabilitation programme. Whilst immediate kinematic effects have been measured, the change in posture is anecdotally reported to have a longer duration. This study aimed to test the reliability of a simple objective measurement method, suitable for use in clinical practice, and to objectively measure equine thoracolumbar posture, before and after DME. A single investigator took triplicate measurements of the sagittal thoracolumbar shape using a flexicurve ruler (FCR) then triplicate measurements of the thoracolumbar shape using an adapted FCR (aFCR) in 37 horses. Subsequently, the thoracolumbar shape of 12 horses was measured using the aFCR before random allocation into two groups. Six horses acted as a control group and six horses underwent a series of DME, which included cervical flexion and lateral flexion baited stretches. Measurements were repeated prior to DME, at thirty minutes, one hour and at twenty-four hours after DME to assess thoracolumbar posture. The aFCR ruler had excellent intra-rater reliability compared to a standard FCR (aFCR: p = 0.146; intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.971; FCR: p = 0.0001; ICC 0.979). Significant increases in flexion occurred in the thoracolumbar region at 30 min (p = 0.027) and one hour (p = 0.046) after DME, but not at 24 h (p > 0.05) with no significant differences in the control group (p > 0.05) between baseline and subsequent times. The results suggest DME create a short-term postural change, determined by using an aFCR, which supports their use as part of a veterinary physiotherapy rehabilitation programme.

Characterization of Veterinary Pharmacy and Pharmacology Literature and its Availability to Pharmacy Education

Objective. To characterize the veterinary pharmacy and pharmacology literature cited by veterinary drug monographs and journal articles and describe the database indexing and availability of this literature in libraries serving pharmacy schools. Methods. Citations in American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics monographs, Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (JVPT) articles, and Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, Eighth Edition (Plumb's) were analyzed for publication type and age. Three zones of cited journals were determined by Bradford's Law of Scattering based on citation counts. Results. Monographs most often cited journal articles (1886 [64.7%]), unpublished "grey" literature (632 [21.7%]), and books (379 [13.0%]), but only a few cited proceedings (16 [0.5%]). In JVPT, articles predominated (9625 [91.9%]). Articles comprised 54.8% (1,959) of Plumb's citations; proceedings, 27.0%; books, 15.7%; and grey literature, 2.5%. The age of cited items varied, with 17.1% of monograph citations less than five years old, compared to 26.3% of cited items in JVPT and 40.5% of cited items in Plumb's being less than five years old. Zone 1 consisted of three veterinary journals for monographs, four veterinary journals for Plumb's, and 16 veterinary and human journals for JVPT. Indexing coverage was above 92% in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed for zone 1 and 2 journals. Libraries serving both pharmacy and veterinary education programs subscribe to 95% of zone 1 journals, while libraries serving pharmacy education at institutions without a veterinary program subscribe to an average of 59% of zone 1 journals. Conclusion. Veterinary pharmacy and pharmacology literature relies on journals from human and veterinary practice, veterinary proceedings, and, less often, books and drug manufacturer information. Libraries supporting pharmacy programs could contribute to the education of future pharmacists who will be filling veterinary prescriptions by increasing access to this literature.

Horses Used for Educational Purposes in New Zealand: A Descriptive Analysis of Their Use for Teaching.

Simple SummaryMany equine and veterinary science degree programmes use horses during practical teaching classes. The use of horses during teaching was studied over a calendar year. The teaching horses were characterised as older non-reactive mares and geldings that had been used for teaching for a number of years after retirement from (harness) racing or sport. These horses were grouped into and managed as different herds based on suitability for specific practical teaching classes. The frequency of teaching activities per horse was relatively low (1–2 sessions per week). Two broad types of practical classes were identified which were characterised by the restraint method used (yards vs. stocks), duration of the class, and number of students per horse. The classes included rectal examinations (in stocks, shorter duration, few students) and general animal handling and husbandry, which included handling, lameness evaluation, clinical examination and foot trimming (in yards, longer duration, more students). Although the workload from teaching within this cohort of horses was low, more work to determine additional markers of teaching horses’ welfare may be required.Horses are used in practical teaching classes in many equine and veterinary science degree programmes to develop and refine the handling and clinical skills of students. In this study, the activities of 24 teaching horses grouped in three herds were investigated over an entire calendar year. Although also used for research and general husbandry, teaching-related activities were the predominant use of the horses. Herd B was used for a greater number of teaching sessions (median = 28, IQR = 27–29.5 per year) than herds M (median = 21, IQR = 20–21 per year) and T (median = 19.5, IQR = 13.75–25.5 per year), which translates to a relatively low workload (one or two weekly sessions during the teaching semester). Sedation was used in dentistry classes (in alignment with national best practice standards) but was rarely required for other teaching activities. Mare reproductive rectal- and medical rectal examination practical classes (specific to 5th-year veterinary teaching and characterised by more restraint (in stocks)) were significantly shorter and had fewer students per horse than the other practical classes. Although the low workload reported suggests an opportunity to increase students’ exposure to horses without compromising the horses’ welfare, further investigation to determine specific stressors to the horses in the teaching environment may be required.

Understanding the Attachment Dimension of Human-animal Bond within A Homeless Population: A One-Health Initiative in the Student Health Outreach for Wellness (SHOW) Clinic

ABSTRACT In response to a gap in veterinary care for low-income, under-served populations, the Student Health Outreach for Wellness (SHOW) Clinic in Phoenix, AZ took a One-Health initiative to establish a pilot veterinary care program to serve the veterinary needs of the local homeless pet owners receiving human medical care at the clinic. The study examines the pilot program through the lens of the human-animal bond (HAB) and focuses specifically on the attachment dimension of the bond as measured by the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS). Data was collected from the homeless pet owners, and Rasch modeling was used to investigate the importance of various factors of the owner attachment to pet as described in LAPS items. The results demonstrate the perceptions of the homeless pet owners of ownership. The findings also provide psychometric evidence for revising the LAPS to better serve future research on human-animal relationships. Limitations and possible extensions of the research as related to the HAB and owner attachment to pets are discussed and enhancements proposed for the pilot program to better serve the local homeless people.

Preparing Veterinarians to Address the Health Impacts of Climate Change: Student Perceptions, Knowledge Gaps, and Opportunities.

Climate change poses a significant and increasing threat to global health. While veterinarians play integral roles in public and environmental health, the profession has been less engaged in the topic of climate change relative to their human medical counterparts. The objective of this study was to synthesize veterinary students' perceptions and knowledge about the relationship between veterinary medicine and climate change to identify educational gaps and opportunities. An online questionnaire was disseminated to American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)-accredited veterinary colleges through the Student American Veterinary Medical Association newsletter. Respondents were overwhelmingly confident that climate change is happening, is due to human activities, and is impacting both human and animal health. Veterinary students also expressed the belief that veterinarians should take a leadership role on the issue of climate change, especially through promoting environmental sustainability in clinical practice. Despite this enthusiasm, most students reported a lack of educational opportunities within their veterinary programs. The results of this survey highlight opportunities for the development of educational resources on the topic, many of which could complement existing material such as that devoted to practice management, economics, and client communication. Veterinarians have the potential to meaningfully contribute to both mitigation and adaptation efforts around climate change; however, they must be equipped with the tools to do so.

What Use is Anatomy in First Opinion Small Animal Veterinary Practice? A Qualitative Study.

Despite the uncontested importance of anatomy as one of the foundational aspects of undergraduate veterinary programs, there is still limited information available as to what anatomy knowledge is most important for the graduate veterinarian in their daily clinical work. The aim of this study was therefore to gain a deeper understanding of the role that anatomy plays in first opinion small animal veterinary practice. Using ethnographic methodologies, the authors aimed to collect rich qualitative data to answer the question "How do first opinion veterinarians use anatomy knowledge in their day-to-day clinical practice?" Detailed observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted with five veterinarians working within a single small animal first opinion practice in the United Kingdom. Thematic analysis was undertaken, identifying five main themes: Importance; Uncertainty; Continuous learning; Comparative and dynamic anatomy; and Communication and language. Anatomy was found to be interwoven within all aspects of clinical practice; however, veterinarians were uncertain in their anatomy knowledge. This impacted their confidence and how they carried out their work. Veterinarians described continually learning and refreshing their anatomy knowledge in order to effectively undertake their role, highlighting the importance of teaching information literacy skills within anatomy curricula. An interrelationship between anatomy use, psychomotor, and professional skills was also highlighted. Based on these findings, recommendations were made for veterinary anatomy curriculum development. This study provides an in-depth view within a single site small animal general practice setting: further work is required to assess the transferability of these findings to other areas of veterinary practice.

Veterinary medicine as the core of the one health approach for Nepal's preparedness to pandemics like COVID-19

Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a declared pandemic of our time and mankind’s advancement in science and medicine till now have been dwarfed and proving insufficient. It looks likely that there is no other option but to live alongside this global, deadly and multifaceted virus and many more emerging and remerging diseases. This opinion piece is a summary from review of literatures and accumulated experience of the author spanning over two decades in teaching, research and clinical setting of veterinary science. The findings stresses on established fact that: Nepal is a hotspot for many zoonotic diseases that include Avian Influenza, Rabies, Japanese Encephalitis, Leptospirosis, Brucellosis, Tuberculosis, Cysticercosis and Fascioliasis. Of the 39 zoonotic diseases reported in Nepal, viral diseases (Rabies, Avian influenza, Japanese encephalitis), bacterial diseases (Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Brucellosis) and parasites (Cysticercosis, Hydatidosis, Toxoplasmosis) are most notable. COVID-19 is also reported in cat, mink and zoo animals and the situation gets complex when animals like humans present asymptomatic appearance. Thus, the control mechanism for COVID-19 is incomplete without inclusion of veterinary medicine. Nepal has a huge gap between human and veterinary medicine both in teaching and clinical services. Tribhuvan University’s veterinary program is historical one in Nepal and is over quarter century old. The veterinary services of Nepal are now being requested to be included as an essential service and that will add force to the One Health momentum. It is fact that humans have to live alongside evolving pathogens. Veterinary medicine as the core of One Health should be the new strategy to safeguard life and economy of any country including Nepal.

Indigenous community perspectives on dogs in Northern Canada after 10 years of veterinary services indicates improved animal and human welfare

Access to veterinary services in marginalized communities has important implications for people and animals around the world. Subsidized veterinary services are occasionally provided, however, they are seldom evaluated for their value to stakeholders and overall animal health. In 2017, we evaluated a decade-long veterinary program in four remote communities in the Sahtu Settlement Area of the Northwest Territories, Canada to understand if there were changes in dog husbandry and community perceptions of, and experiences with, dogs since an initial assessment at the beginning of the program in 2008. Using questionnaires and a dog census, we found a significant increase over time in dog health indicators, including the proportion of dogs that had received preventive veterinary care and had been sterilized. We documented significant changes in the described purpose of dogs, husbandry practices, experiences with dogs, and attitudes towards dogs and veterinary services. In 2017, respondents commonly described their dog(s) as companions and as part of their family. However, communities differed in the way dogs were housed and fed and in their attitudes towards dogs and dog-related issues. These inter-community differences are noteworthy as they impact service provision, uptake, and evaluation and must be taken into consideration in order to develop effective programs. Regular program evaluations are critical to check in with stakeholders, to ensure the program is meeting community needs, and to optimize effective use of resources.

Sharing Ideas and Practice: Institutional Partnership Influences Change in Approaches to Teaching to Enhance Veterinary Education in Vietnam in Conjunction with an OIE Veterinary Education Twinning Project.

A World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Veterinary Education Twinning Project was established between the veterinary schools at Nong Lam University (NLU) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and the University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia, as part of the scheme established to promote high-quality veterinary services through improved veterinary education. Included in the partnership's primary aims were building the capacity of veterinary teaching staff with respect to general teaching practice and also in response to identified deficiency areas, and to develop outcome assessment processes. One challenge facing the project was the different approaches and experiences of teaching and learning for the faculty and students between the two widely different historical and cultural contexts of Australia and Vietnam. The project enhanced the pedagogy capability in NLU faculty and introduced student-focused approaches to teaching. The NLU staff involved in the project strongly embraced a student-centered approach to learning and case-based teaching in particular, adopting these strategies in their own teaching. An analysis of students' approach to learning demonstrates that the majority preferred a deep approach to learning and that these students valued case studies, problem-solving exercises, and working in small groups during teaching sessions more than students who took a surface approach to learning. An improved recognition of the ways the Vietnamese students approach their learning in their home country will guide future teaching design, as well as give insight into the approaches to teaching for Southeast Asian students within the Australian veterinary science programs.

Sharing Ideas and Practice: Institutional Partnership Influences Change in Approaches to Teaching to Enhance Veterinary Education in Vietnam in Conjunction with an OIE Veterinary Education Twinning Project

A World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Veterinary Education Twinning Project was established between the veterinary schools at Nong Lam University (NLU) in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and the University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia, as part of the scheme established to promote high-quality veterinary services through improved veterinary education. Included in the partnership's primary aims were building the capacity of veterinary teaching staff with respect to general teaching practice and also in response to identified deficiency areas, and to develop outcome assessment processes. One challenge facing the project was the different approaches and experiences of teaching and learning for the faculty and students between the two widely different historical and cultural contexts of Australia and Vietnam. The project enhanced the pedagogy capability in NLU faculty and introduced student-focused approaches to teaching. The NLU staff involved in the project strongly embraced a student-centered approach to learning and case-based teaching in particular, adopting these strategies in their own teaching. An analysis of students' approach to learning demonstrates that the majority preferred a deep approach to learning and that these students valued case studies, problem-solving exercises, and working in small groups during teaching sessions more than students who took a surface approach to learning. An improved recognition of the ways the Vietnamese students approach their learning in their home country will guide future teaching design, as well as give insight into the approaches to teaching for Southeast Asian students within the Australian veterinary science programs.

Abstract A42: Development and validation of diagnostic biomarkers for B-cell lymphoma using EpiSwitchTM profiling of whole blood: From humans to canines

Abstract Backgound: Changes in chromosome conformation are strongly associated with different clinical phenotypes and outcomes for a variety of diseases. Here, we used the EpiSwitchTM platform technology to evaluate chromosome conformation signatures (CCS) as biomarkers for detection of canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We examined whether established, systemic liquid biopsy biomarkers previously characterized in human DLBCL patients by EpiSwitchTM would translate to dogs with the homologous disease. Orthologous sequence conversion of CCS from humans to dogs was first verified and validated in control and lymphoma canine cohorts. Methods: Blood samples from dogs with DLBCL and from apparently healthy dogs were obtained as part of the comparative cancer genomics and veterinary clinical trials programs of the Animal Cancer Care and Research Program of the University of Minnesota. Dog owners provided signed informed consent, and all studies were done under protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care Committee of the University of Minnesota. All of the dogs diagnosed with DLBCL were part of the LICKing Lymphoma trial. Blood samples were obtained from each dog prior to initiating treatment at day+5 after the experimental intervention, but prior to initiating doxorubicin chemotherapy. EpiSwitchTM technology (Oxford Biodynamics) was used to monitor systemic epigenetic biomarkers for CCS. This application was based on published methodology for validated predictive biomarkers for response to treatment, systemic blood-based monitoring of oncologic conditions, and proprietary programs in collaboration with Roche/Genentech for liquid biopsy development for DLBCL prognosis. Results: A 11-marker classifier was generated with whole blood from 28 dogs, 14 diagnosed with DLBCL and 14 controls with no apparent disease, from a pool of 75 EpiSwitchTM CCSs identified in human DLBCL. Validation of the developed diagnostic markers was performed on a second cohort of 10 dogs: 5 with DLBCL and 5 controls. The classifier delivered stratifications for DLBCL vs. non-DLBCL with 80% accuracy, 80% sensitivity, 80% specificity, 80% positive predictive value (PPV), and 80% negative predictive value (NPV) on the second cohort. Conclusions: The established EpiSwitchTM classifier contains strong systemic binary markers of epigenetic deregulation with features normally attributed to genetic markers: the binary status of these classifying markers is statistically significant for diagnosis, and it is translatable across species. The data suggest that certain features of the higher-order structural chromatin organization associated with DLBCL, and perhaps other homologous cancers, may be evolutionarily conserved. Altogether, these findings highlight the potential of the EpiSwitchTM approach for disease diagnosis and further applications using liquid biopsies in humans and dogs. Citation Format: Lauren J. Mills, Ewan Hunter, Aaron L. Sarver, Davis Seelig, Jennifer Back, Louis James, Navin Jandor, Polina Brayer, Thomas Lavin, Ryan Powell, Matthew Salter, Jayne Green, Aroul Ramadass, Alexandre Akoulitchev, Jaime F. Modiano. Development and validation of diagnostic biomarkers for B-cell lymphoma using EpiSwitchTM profiling of whole blood: From humans to canines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Liquid Biopsies; Jan 13-16, 2020; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(11_Suppl):Abstract nr A42.

Una experiencia de práctica de oralidad en la enseñanza universitaria de las ciencias morfológicas

La oralidad constituye no sólo una competencia de comunicación, sino también de apoyo a los procesos de lectura y escritura, y por ende a los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Para estimular el desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas, incorporamos en el curso de Histología, Embriología y Teratología, de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria de la UNCPBA (Tandil), guías de oralidad con imágenes de maquetas y microfotografías del desarrollo de aves y mamíferos, y de preparaciones histológicas de tejidos y órganos en formato PowerPoint. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las características y la implementación de la propuesta durante el año 2017, y la percepción de docentes y estudiantes sobre la misma.

Optimalisasi Mutu Pembelajaran Berbasis Revolusi Industri 4.0 pada Program Studi Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Nusa Cendana

OPTIMIZATION OF LEARNING QUALITY BASED ON INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0 IN THE STUDY PROGRAM OF ANIMAL MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF NUSA CENDANA. Innovation activities carried out aim to find out the main issues that become problems at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nusa Cendana. The method used in determining the main principle is the Urgency, Seriousness, Growth method. Based on this analysis, the most appropriate contemporary issue to be raised is that the optimization of learning based on the industrial revolution 4.0 is not yet optimal within the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. If the issue is left then the quality of the institution will decrease. Therefore, innovation activities are needed to overcome these issues. There are four innovation activities carried out. The first is the determination of the main issues, the second is to provide assistance for lecturers regarding digitalization of teaching materials, assisted by the quality assurance group of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, the third is the preparation of e-learning based learning designs, and the fourth is the collection and preparation of e-learning based learning materials. The result of this activity is the use of digitizing learning in veterinary study programs. This activity has an impact on the development of e-learning learning in veterinary study programs at the University of Nusa Cendana by increasing the participation of lecturers and students in using e-learning at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nusa Cendana. Through this activity, learning is more creative and innovative based on the industrial revolution 4.0.

Cross-sectional survey of cat handling practices in veterinary clinics throughout Canada and the United States.

To assess handling techniques commonly used during routine examinations and procedures used for calm, fearful, and aggressive cats by veterinarians and nonveterinarian staff at Canadian and US veterinary practices and to evaluate demographic factors associated with those handling techniques. 310 veterinarians and 944 nonveterinarians who handle cats at Canadian and US veterinary practices. An online questionnaire was developed to evaluate respondent demographics and use of common cat handling practices and techniques. A snowball sampling method was used to send a link to the questionnaire to members of Canadian and US veterinary-affiliated groups. Descriptive statistics were generated; logistic regression was used to identify demographic factors associated with the use of minimal and full-body restraint with scruffing during routine examination and procedures for fearful and aggressive cats. Full-body restraint was used to handle cats of all demeanors, although its frequency of use was greatest for fearful and aggressive cats. Veterinarians and nonveterinarians who graduated from veterinary training programs before 2006 were less likely to use full-body restraint for cats of all demeanors, compared with nonveterinarians who did not graduate or graduated between 2006 and 2015. Other factors associated with decreased use of full-body restraint included working at an American Association of Feline Practitioners-certified practice and working at a Canadian practice. Results suggested that full-body restraint is commonly used to handle cats. Further research is necessary to determine whether current handling recommendations are effective in decreasing stress for cats during veterinary visits.

Development of Surgical Competence in Veterinary Students Using a Flipped Classroom Approach.

Clinical skills laboratory (CSL) training was recently introduced in the renewed veterinary curriculum at Ghent University, using models and simulators for teaching practical skills. However, time in the CSL is restricted due to the large number of students combined with limited availability of personnel. Therefore, a flipped classroom (FC) model was introduced to maximize learning experiences. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of flipped classroom CSL training on students' self-efficacy and practical surgical skills. Flipped classroom CSL training was implemented for the third-year pre-clinical students (n = 196) in the 6-year veterinary medicine program. Prior to CSL sessions, students studied online 'learning paths,' including text, pictures, videos of the skills, links to background information, a forum, and a compulsory pre-class quiz. A pre- and post-test were administered before and after flipped classroom CSL training. The tests consisted of a self-efficacy scale consisting of 20 items and an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) test of surgical skills performance. Flipped classroom CSL training resulted in significantly higher self-efficacy (score/100, pre-test 55 ± 14 vs. post-test 83 ± 8, p< .001) and surgical skills performance (score/20, pre-test 5 ± 3 vs. post-test 17 ± 3, p< .001). In conclusion, this study demonstrated the feasibility and value of implementing a flipped classroom approach in combination with CSL training.

One Health for Food Safety, Food Security, and Sustainable Food Production

Globally, our society faces an enormous challenge to feed, house and provide a healthy life for the growing human population while preserving the environment and natural resources for the benefit of future generations. In order to meet these challenges, sustainable food production and environmental stewardship is paramount and will require a One Health approach. One Health is the concept that the health of humans, animals, and the environment are inextricably linked. This approach can be applied to food safety, sustainable food production and environmental stewardship by bringing together interdisciplinary teams to create a One Health network to address these challenges. Farmers, consumers, researchers, government agencies, and consumer advocacy groups play an important role in influencing food safety policies and sustainable food production practices. To make progress towards improving food safety and best practices for sustainable food production, scientific research is vital to shape and inform policies, practices and advance technological applications to increase food production, improve sustainable practices, and assess environmental impact in order to meet global health challenges, safeguard the environment, and provide an economic benefit to agriculture producers. Incorporating One Health education into curriculum for medical, veterinary, and scientific programs to develop one health competencies and networks is needed for improving public health, food safety and sustainable agriculture.