Veterinary Drug Residues In Food Research Articles

Ocorrência de cloranfenicol em leite pasteurizado comercializado no Estado do Paraná, Brasil

The presence of chloramphenicol residues in milk can cause toxic effects on the exposed population. The aim of this work was to investigate the occurrence of chloramphenicol in milk samples commercialized in the state of Parana, Brazil. 151 pasteurized milk samples, type B and C of 61 different marks, commercialized in 35 cities were analyzed. Chloramphenicol residues were examined by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Chloramphenicol residues were detected in four (2.6%) out of the milk samples analyzed, being two samples of type B and two of type C. These data show that either this antibiotic is still being used in animals destined to human consumption or there is environmental contamination. Thus, monitoring programs are needed to verify veterinary drug residues in food to certify its quality and, consequently, protection of human health.

Evaluation of the limit of performance of an analytical method based on a statistical calculation of its critical concentrations according to iso standard 11843: Application to routine control of banned veterinary drug residues in food according to European Decision 657/2002/EC

Evaluation of the limit of performance of an analytical method based on a statistical calculation of its critical concentrations according to iso standard 11843: Application to routine control of banned veterinary drug residues in food according to European Decision 657/2002/EC

Simultaneous multiresidue determination of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones in catfish muscle using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Efficient methods are needed for analysis of veterinary drug residues in food. A number of methods are available for single analytes. Multiresidue methods are now increasingly available. It is still rare, however, to find methods not involving mass spectrometry which allow for analysis of more than one class of drug residue. An efficient multiresidue method for the simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolones (FQs) and tetracyclines (TCs) in catfish muscle has now been developed. This method involves an extraction of the analytes with a mixture of acetonitrile and citrate buffer containing magnesium chloride. After centrifugation and evaporation of the supernatants, the residues are determined using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. With this method, five fluoroquinolones and three tetracyclines were determined in fortified catfish muscle at levels of 20, 50, and 100ngg−1. Average recoveries for ciprofloxacin (CIP), sarafloxacin (SAR), danofloxacin (DANO), enrofloxacin (ENRO), difloxacin (DIF), oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), and chlortetracycline (CTC) were in the range of 60–92% with good relative standard deviations. The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.15 to 1.5ngg−1. Utilization of the method to successfully analyze catfish muscle samples incurred with enrofloxacin and with oxytetracycline is described.

Methods for rapid detection of chemical and veterinary drug residues in animal foods

Rapid methods and automation for the detection and characterisation of chemical and veterinary drug residues in foods of animal origin constitutes a dynamic area in food processing and is experiencing important developments mainly from the standpoint of food safety. Residues from these substances may be present in edible tissues, milk and eggs for human consumption and may exert different levels of toxicity on consumers when consuming them. Thus, easy, rapid and sensitive tests are really needed for an effective at-line use. This manuscript is presenting latest developments for rapid detection of chemical and veterinary drugs residues in foods of animal origin.

Evaluation of the limit of performance of an analytical method based on a statistical calculation of its critical concentrations according to ISO standard 11843: Application to routine control of banned veterinary drug residues in food according to European Decision 657/2002/EC

Traceability of the measurement of analytical parameters capable of evaluating the performance of methods is an important concept for the assessment of quality for the routine control, especially for residue monitoring of non-authorized medicinal substances in food from animal origin. The European Decision no. 657/2002/EC recommends to calculate two statistical limits, CCα and CCβ, which allow to evaluate the critical concentrations above which the method reliably distinguish and quantify a substance taking into account the variability of the method and the statistical risk to take a wrong decision. The calculation, which can be derived from the ISO standard no. 11843 is applied on a routine basis. An example displays a very simple way for evaluating the performance of an LC-MSMS method which has been validated a few years ago and is qualified onto a Micromass Quattro LCZ tandem mass spectrometer to monitor and confirm the nitrofuran metabolite residues in food from animal origin.

The effect of cooking on veterinary drug residues in food: Nicarbazin (Dinitrocarbanilide component)

The change of concentration of residues of the marker compound for the anti-coccidial drug nicarbazin, N,N′-bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea (dinitrocarbanilide, DNC), was investigated in model oil and aqueous solutions and in chicken muscle and egg. In model aqueous solutions, DNC decreased rapidly in concentration upon heating followed by a much more gradual decomposition. The curves produced when this information was plotted were not typical of exponential decay. In model cooking oil solutions, DNC generally showed a slower decrease in concentration over time when compared with aqueous solutions. DNC residues in egg were stable to microwave cooking and residues in chicken muscle were stable to stewing and microwaving. Other cooking procedures led to a decrease in amount of DNC by 22% to 48% of the total amount of analyte present. Only a small amount (< 2%) of residue leached with juices which exuded as the food was cooked.

Book Review: Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food. Sixty-Second Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives

Book Review: Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food. Sixty-Second Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives

The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the evaluation of food additives at the international level through the establishment of an expert committee or committees. These committees evaluated the safety of food additives present as residues resulting from the use of pesticides or veterinary pharmaceuticals. The results of these meetings include international harmonization on acceptable daily intake of these compounds and the maximum residue limit that is permitted to be present within any food of animal or plant origin. The decisions rendered by these committees provide a key element in the elimination of international trade barriers associated with products intended for human consumption.

Quantitative determination of four nitrofuran metabolites in meat by isotope dilution liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation–tandem mass spectrometry

A confirmatory method based on isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) has been developed for the low-level determination of residues of four nitrofuran veterinary drugs in meat, e.g., furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin, and nitrofurazone. The procedure entails an acid-catalysed release of protein-bound metabolites, followed by their in situ conversion into the 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (NBA) imine-type derivatives. Liquid–liquid extraction and clean-up on a polymeric solid phase extraction cartridge are then performed before LC–MS/MS analysis by positive electrospray ionisation (ESI) applying multiple reaction monitoring of three transition reactions for each compound. Reliable quantitation is obtained by using one deuterated analogue per analyte (d 4-NBA derivative) as internal standard (IS). Validation of the method in chicken meat was conducted following the European Union (EU) criteria for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in foods. The decision limits (CCα) were 0.11–0.21 μg/kg, and the detection capabilities (CCβ) 0.19–0.36 μg/kg, thus below the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) set at 1 μg/kg by the EU. The method is robust and suitable for routine quality control operations, and more than 200 sample injections were performed without excessive pollution of the mass spectrometer or loss of LC column performance.

Analysis of matrix-bound nitrofuran residues in worldwide-originated honeys by isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A sensitive and selective isotope dilution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESIMS/MS) method is presented for the simultaneous analysis of the metabolites of four nitrofuran veterinary drugs, that is, furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin, and nitrofurazone, in honey samples. The method entails a combined hydrolysis of protein-bound drug metabolites and derivatization of the resulting metabolites with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (NBA) during an overnight incubation, followed by a liquid-liquid extraction and a cleanup on a polymeric solid-phase extraction cartridge. Mass spectral acquisition is carried out in the positive ion mode by applying multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of three diagnostic transition reactions for each analyte under survey. A reliable quantification is obtained by the use of one deuterated analogue per analyte (NBA-d(4) derivative). The method has been validated in honey according to the European Union criteria for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in food. Expressed in underivatized nitrofuran metabolite concentrations, the decision limits (CCalpha) ranged within 0.07-0.46 microg/kg, and the detection capabilities (CCbeta) were within 0.12-0.56 microg/kg. The method has been successfully applied in a survey of honeys of various geographical origins, showing that furazolidone is the main nitrofuran antibiotic administered to treat bacterial diseases of bees.

Analysis of chloramphenicol in honeys of different geographical origin by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to detect trace amounts of the antibiotic chloramphenicol (CAP) in honey. The methodology entailed a solid-phase extraction of aqueous honey solutions followed by liquid-liquid partitioning, filtration and direct injection onto the LC-MS/MS system. Honey extracts were spiked with an isotopically labelled internal standard (d5-CAP) to compensate for analyte loss and potential ion suppression during the MS stage. Detection of the analyte was achieved by negative ionization electrospray in the selected reaction monitoring (SAM) mode. For confirmation, four characteristic mass transitions were monitored each for the analyte and the surrogate standard. The method was validated according to the latest European Union criteria for the analyses of veterinary drug residues in food. At all three fortification levels studied (0.1, 0.2, 0.5 μg kg-1) the method was accurate to within 15%. The repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibilities were <12 and 18%, respectively. The decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) were both <0.1 μg kg-1. The procedure provides a sensitive and reliable method for the determination of residues of chloramphenicol in honey. Numerous raw honeys of various geographical origins were analysed, showing extensive contamination particularly those of Chinese origin.

Proposal for a tiered approach to developmental toxicity testing for veterinary pharmaceutical products for food-producing animals

In order to establish the safety of veterinary drug residues in human food, a number of toxicological evaluations are required, including the assessment of potential risks to development. In the light of the use of developmental toxicity testing for risk characterization, we evaluated whether conducting these tests in more than one species was redundant. Review of the published Summary Reports of recommendations of the EU Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products supplemented with data from the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) reports on veterinary drug residues in food identified 120 compounds, of which 105 had teratogenicity information in more than one species. The analysis of these compounds, representing a variety of chemical and pharmacological classes, provided justification for consideration of the use of a tiered approach for developmental toxicity evaluation of veterinary drugs for food-producing animals. The tiered approach begins with developmental toxicity testing in a rodent species, preferably the rat. If teratogenicity is observed, no testing in a second species would be required, except under specific circumstances where the ADI is determined based on the NOEL from this study. If a negative or an equivocal result for teratogenicity were observed in the rodent, then a developmental test in a second species, preferably the rabbit, would be conducted. The tiered approach provides thorough hazard identification, based on the use of a second species for compounds negative for teratogenicity in the rodent, and maintains maximum public protection based on the extremely low potential for human exposure to these compounds, while making a genuine attempt to limit unnecessary animal testing.

Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food. (WHO Technical Report Series 888)

Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food. (WHO Technical Report Series 888)

Historical Perspective on the Regulation of Antimicrobial Residues in Food

When we think about international regulation of veterinary drug residues in foods, three entities come to mind. These are the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) and the Veterinary International Cooperation on Harmonization (VICH). Because this workshop is more scientific than regulatory in nature, the history and activities of the scientific advisory bodies that serve these entities will be described. These are the Joint FAO:WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), the Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products and the Safety Working Group. These scientific working groups provide support to the CAC, EMEA and VICH, respectively, on matters related to the safety of veterinary drug residues in food and the appropriate tests needed to determine safety.

Book Review: Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food

Book Review: Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food

Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food : book review

The Journal of the South African Veterinary Association (JSAVA), is a contemporary multi-disciplinary scientific mouthpiece for Veterinary Science in South African and abroad. It provides veterinarians in South Africa and elsewhere in the world with current scientific information across the full spectrum of veterinary science, diseases or other conditions that are endemic in, or particularly relevant to sub-Saharan Africa.

Evaluation of veterinary drug residues in food for their potential to affect human intestinal microflora.

The use of veterinary drugs in food-producing animals may result in trace quantities of the drugs or their metabolites being present as residues in food. The effects of veterinary drugs intended for use in food-producing animals on intestinal microflora are evaluated in drug registration since these residues may pose a risk due to their antibiotic activity. This article reviews the different in vivo and in vitro experimental test systems and approaches used by animal health industries, contract laboratories, and regulatory authorities to assess the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods for human consumption. Furthermore, we propose a systematic approach to assess the effects and safety of veterinary drug residues on the human intestinal microflora.

Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food Prepared by the Forty-eighth Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) WHO Food Additives Geneva, Switzerland, Series No. 39, 1997

Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food Prepared by the Forty-eighth Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) WHO Food Additives Geneva, Switzerland, Series No. 39, 1997

The effect of cooking on veterinary drug residues in food: 7. ivermectin

The stability to heat and cooking of ivermectin was investigated. The drug was insufficiently soluble in water to allow the effect of heating in simple aqueous solutions to be studied. The effect of a range of cooking processes was investigated on pig muscle and liver, cattle muscle and liver and salmon muscle. The drug was found to be stable to the effect of cooking. Some leaching of ivermectin with juices as they exuded from the foods as they were cooked was observed; in one case this amounted to about 50% of the total residue.

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Healthy Free Range Hens, A guide to disease control for the free range egg farmer , NH Christensen Living with Dogs , H Wirth and R Yallop International Aquatic Animal Health Code, Fish, Molluscs and Crustaceans , OIE International Aquatic Animal Health Code Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food