Types Of Vessels Research Articles

Safety Optimization of Injections in Specific Areas of the Scalp: A Cadaveric and 3D-CT Analysis of Arterial Distribution.

An injection method called cranial ceiling elevation is used in Asian countries to reduce facial proportions. Scalp injections carry risks such as arterial embolism or compression, leading to adverse events including scalp necrosis and hair loss. No arterial studies or injection recommendations exist for the injection of specific scalp regions. We aimed to examine blood vessel types and distributions to identify relatively safe areas for scalp injections. Computed tomography scans were used to evaluate the blood vessels in the scalp of 50 cadaver heads and anatomical studies were performed. Each scalp was divided into two segments (L1/L2) and six areas (S1/S1'-S3/S3'). The total number of arteries and the probability of each named artery occurring in each section were recorded. The total number of arteries in L1 was higher than that in L2 (L1, 78.76 ± 31.07; L2, 75.28 ± 28.68). The most frequently distributed artery in both L1 and L2 was the parietal branch of the superficial temporal artery. No significant difference was observed between the total number of arteries and the number of each named artery in the S1/S1'-S3/S3' segments. Except for S2' and S3', the number of named arteries in L1 was higher than that in L2. Large-volume scalp injections are not recommended. For injections within 30° above the ear, it is advisable to inject at L2. For other regions, it is also recommended to inject at L2. The periosteal layer should be selected for injection.

Numerical analysis of the effect of tunnel hydrofoil - stern flap on the motion stability of a double M-craft in regular waves

Abstract The double M-craft is a new type of high-performance multi-hull vessel that combines the gliding characteristics of a planing boat with the resistance-reducing characteristics of a hovercraft. But it also suffers from motion instability in regular waves. At present, there is scarce study on the effect of appendage on the motion stability of double M-craft in regular waves. By using the software STAR-CCM+ to numerically simulate the pitching and heaving motions of a double M-craft installed with tunnel hydrofoils and stern flaps in regular waves. Based on the overset mesh technology, the volume of fluid (VOF) method is used to capture the water-gas two-phase flow field. The 2-degree of freedom (2-DOF) motion of the rigid body is simulated by dynamic fluid body Interaction (DFBI). After investigating the effects of these combined appendages on the hydrodynamic performance, running attitude, and motion response of a double M-craft in regular waves, the optimal mounting parameters of the combined appendage have been obtained. The results have shown that all nine types of combined appendages can reduce the heave and pitch. The optimal combined appendage installation parameters include a hydrofoil longitudinal mounting position of 1/8L, angle of attack of 3°, stern flap length of 1.5%L, and flap angle of 5°, which can effectively reduce the pitching response by about 8% and reduce the swaying response by about 2.6%, and enhance its longitudinal motion stability.

Military and Ethnic Identity Through Pottery: A Study of Batavian Units in Dacia and Pannonia

Abstract Natives of the Low Rhine region, the Batavi were a community of ethnic soldiers engaged in a treaty with Rome, overseeing a heavy supply of men to the Roman auxiliary units. The present article examines the pottery discovered at and retrieved from three sites associated with Batavian auxilia: Războieni, Adony, and Romita. Their status as military sites shaped around the consumption habits of Batavian auxiliary troops makes them comparable. The comprehensive examination of pottery consumption patterns provides valuable insights into the dynamics of material culture in Dacia and Pannonia, facilitating our understanding of supply networks, consumption preferences, and cultural interactions within these frontier regions. The quantitative analyses of fabric and form distributions reveal distinctive trends at each site, reflecting variations in local production, regional trade networks, and social practices. The qualitative interpretations highlight the significance of certain vessel types and their cultural associations. While in the overall perspective, they emphasise the similarity between pottery consumption at the three forts shaped by military presence and regional trade networks, they also highlight potential markers of Batavian identity within the auxiliary units stationed there. By contextualising pottery within broader historical and archaeological frameworks, this research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the cultural aspects of auxilia.

A data-driven ISM-BN model for safety analysis of inland shipping in the Pearl River Basin

Inland shipping of the Pearl River plays an important role in the Chinese shipping system. To ensure navigation safety, we collect reports of maritime accidents from 2015 to 2022 in the Pearl River basin. This article extracts influencing factors by collecting the experience of inland waterway safety navigation and analyzing accident reports. Then, this paper uses the interpretative structural modeling method (ISM) to build a correlation model. Using a data-driven Bayesian network (BN), it analyzes the impact of various factors on the safety navigation in the Pearl River. The model validation is completed by compared with tree augmented naive Bayes classifiers (TAN) network using the same validation samples, through validation with the test set, the prediction accuracy has improved by 25%. The results indicate factors such as vessel type, accident month, accident day and time, etc. have a significant impact on the safety of navigation in the inland Pearl River waterway. The method used can identify important risk factors for accidents and the average predictive probability of validation samples reaches 87.03%. These research results could be extended to maritime management efforts in the Pearl River Basin.

On a Hunt for the "True" Septocutaneous Perforator: A Histology Cross-Section Study.

Modern trends in reconstructive surgery involve the use of free perforator flaps to reduce the donor site morbidity. The course of perforator vessels has a great anatomic variability and demands detailed knowledge of the anatomical relationships and the variability of the course of the perforators. The numerous modifications to perforator nomenclature proposed by various authors resulted in confusion rather than simplification. In our study, we focused on the hypothesis that a septocutaneous perforator traverses from the given source vessel to the deep fascia adherent to but not to within the septum itself. Sixty-nine septocutaneous perforators from three different limb donor sites (lateral arm flap, anterolateral thigh flap, and radial forearm free flap) were collected from the gross pathology specimens of 14 fresh cadavers. The gross picture and the cross-sections with the histological cross-sections on different levels were examined to determine the position of the vessel to the septal tissue. Of the observed 69 septal perforators, 61 (88.5%) perforators were adherent to but not within the septum. The remaining eight (12.5%) perforators passed through the septum. All these eight perforators were found in multiple different cross-section levels (2 of 19 in lateral arm flap, 3 of 27 in anterolateral thigh flap, and 3 of 23 in radial forearm free flap). Although septocutaneous vessels appear identical macroscopically, microscopically two types of vessels with paraseptal and intraseptal pathways are observed. The majority of these vessels are merely adherent to the septum having a paraseptal pathway, while a minority are within the septum and are "true" septocutaneous perforators. It is advisable to dissect with a piece of the septum in order to avoid damage or injury to the perforator.

Changes in Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Goryeo Dynasty Bronze Vessels with Manufacturing Process

Bronze vessels are manufactured using casting and forging techniques, and various microstructures can be observed depending on the manufacturing process. In this study, we confirmed mechanical properties and microstructural evolution in the manufacturing process by observing the microstructures and composition analysis of 18 bronze vessels in the Goryeo Dynasty excavated from historical sites. The results show that 13 of the bronze vessels were manufactured using a Cu-Sn alloy with a Sn content of 20 to 24 wt%. The α phase and β(M) phase were observed, indicating that hot forging and quenching treatment were performed after casting. 3 bronze vessels were produced from a Cu-Sn-Pb alloy, and considering that the α phase and α+δ phase were observed, it could be seen that the process was completed by slow cooling after casting. The correlation between the type of bronze vessel and the manufacturing process has not been confirmed, except of ewer. It was confirmed that various microstructures were created depending on the manufacturing process and that the mechanical properties also changed. Bronze vessels composed of the α phase and α+δ phase due to the casting process had lower Vickers hardness values compared to bronze vessels that showed the quenched β(M) or γ phase. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) phase analysis and kernel average misorientation (KAM) were performed using six bronze vessels composed of α and β(M) phases. The results showed that the factors affecting hardness were the ratio of the β(M) phase and the KAM value. However, it could not be confirmed to what extent the ratio of the β(M) phase and KAM value affected the improvement in mechanical properties.

Effects of Neoadjuvant Radiation and Recipient Vessel Characteristics on Microvascular Complication Rates in Reconstruction of Lower Extremity Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Defects.

The treatment approach for soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) of the lower extremity has shifted toward the use of neoadjuvant radiation combined with limb-sparing surgery (LSS). The resulting defects often require reconstruction with free tissue transfer for adequate outcomes. Data has demonstrated a potential increased risk of microvascular complications for free flaps performed using irradiated recipient vessels. Similarly, certain anatomic areas of the lower extremity have a high proportion of unnamed perforators that are available as recipient vessels, increasing the technical difficulty. We aimed to determine if the characteristics of recipient vessels that were used for reconstruction of STS defects influenced rates of microvascular complications in our patients. A retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent reconstruction of lower extremity STS defects with free tissue transfer from 2009-2020 was conducted. Data regarding recipient vessel type (axial vessel vs. unnamed perforator), radiation status of the recipient vessels (irradiated vs. non-irradiated), and microvascular complications was compared across groups. A total of 204 free flaps were included. The overall microvascular complication rate was 13.7% (28 cases). Most microvascular complications were detected postoperatively (82.1%) rather than intraoperatively, with the majority involving venous congestion/thrombosis (20 cases, 71.4%). While there was a trend toward increased microvascular complications with the use of irradiated recipient vessels (27 cases, 96.4%), this did not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.98, p = 0.52). The use of perforating branches as recipient vessels did not confer increased risk of microvascular complications (OR = 0.87, p = 0.75). Reconstruction of irradiated lower extremity STS defects represents a particularly challenging issue. This analysis demonstrates that free tissue transfer can be safely performed using irradiated vessels without significant increased risk of microvascular complications. Furthermore, unnamed perforating branches can also be successfully used for reconstruction in anatomically challenging areas of the lower extremity.

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ СОСТАВА ПИТАТЕЛЬНОЙ СРЕДЫ И УСЛОВИЙ КУЛЬТИВИРОВАНИЯ ДЛЯ МИКРОРАЗМНОЖЕНИЯ IN VITRO THYMUS SERPYLLUM L. И THYMUS CAUCASICUS WILLD.

The study was conducted to optimize the cultivation conditions for the second stage of clonal micropropagation of Thymus caucasicus Willd. and Thymus serpullum L. Stem segments with one node (8…10 mm), obtained by microcutting of shoots, were cultured on 10 different Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient media containing 2% sucrose and 0.8% agar-agar, with the addition of kinetin, thidiazuron, benzylaminopurine (BAP), indoleacetic and gibberellic acids. Various culture vessels (jars, flasks, test tubes) were used for micropropagation. The duration of the cultivation cycle varied from 40 to 70 days. The highest reproduction coefficient of T. serpyllum was noted on the MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l BAP and was 6.7, while that of T. caucasicus was on the MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l kinetin (16.1). The highest efficiency of culturing both thyme species was achieved in jars, with the use of which the reproduction coefficient was 1.4…2.1 times higher than when grown in test tubes or flasks. It is advisable to cultivate the studied thyme species with a standard cycle of 40 days. The best combinations of various thyme reproduction factors contributed to the maximum manifestation of the morphogenetic potential in in vitro experiments. The greatest influence on the multiplication coefficient was exerted by the type of culture vessel, the interaction of the composition of the nutrient medium and the genotype, as well as the composition of the nutrient medium (the shares of the influence of factors ranged from 20.0% to 25.3%). The results of the studies served as the basis for the development of a protocol that can be used for accelerated micropropagation of T. caucasicus and T. serpullum.

ABOUT THE DISHES OF THE MONUMENT DJARKUTAN

In this article, the study of pan vessels recorded as a result of the research conducted in the Djarkutan monument of the Sopolli culture of the Bronze Age, the size, functions, stages of development, distribution geography of these types of vessels is compared with the findings of the Bronze and later periods of other cultures, and at the same time, their In addition to making brief comments about the periodic dates, it was mentioned that pans were the same, i.e. circular, in all stages of the Sopolli culture, and pans, like pots, did not change in shape at all stages of the Sopolli culture.

Goal-driven long-term marine vessel trajectory prediction with a memory-enhanced network

Enhancing the precision of marine vessel trajectory prediction (VTP) is crucial for collision avoidance, intelligent navigation, and crisis alert in maritime safety. Most RNN-based methods typically face memory weakening issues during long-sequence propagation, leading to the discarding of some key features and significant predictive error accumulation over extended time intervals. Moreover, they struggle to forecast those complex trajectories involving abnormal maneuvers such as sudden acceleration or deceleration, sharp turns, or U-turns, resulting in poor generalization capabilities. To address these pivotal challenges, this paper proposes a novel Memory-Enhanced Network (MENet) for VTP, catering to intricate sailing intention modeling with long-term motion pattern perception. Specifically, we design an embeddable memory-enhanced block (MEB) that adaptively aggregates memory vectors across multiple temporal scales to assist in better prediction without disrupting the original backbone structure. Also, a goal-driven vessel trajectory decoder (GD-VTD) is developed to facilitate reliable model inferences by combining vessel type and destination variables as guidance information. Furthermore, we reconstruct the traditional loss function based on relative distance metrics, incorporating predicted headings into the optimization process to generate consistent trajectories that comply with realistic vessel dynamics. Ultimately, MENet could learn diverse sailing intentions by assembling the above parts to predict long-term marine vessel trajectories. Extensive experimental results on Automatic Identification System (AIS) datasets from three coastal regions in the US demonstrate that our model exhibits superior accuracy and robustness compared to other baselines. Specifically, on the Everglades Port (EP) dataset, our method reduces MAE, RMSE, and MAPE errors by 7.25%, 7.82%, and 7.62%, respectively, compared to the existing best results during this experiment. This is another piece of evidence for the effectiveness of goal-driven trajectory prediction in real-world maritime settings.

Ship Type Selection and Cost Optimization of Marine Container Ships Based on Genetic Algorithm

In the context of the deep-sea transportation supply chain, this paper addresses the complex decision-making problem of vessel allocation and carbon emission optimization for container shipping routes. A bi-level programming model is established, with the upper level aiming to minimize the total operational cost and the lower level focusing on minimizing carbon emissions. Using an example of an operator with five different types of vessels, a genetic algorithm is employed to determine the optimal vessel allocation scheme. The results indicate that the vessel allocation scheme obtained through multiple iterations of the model effectively reduces both carbon emissions and operational costs. Under the condition that the preset labor cost increases year by year, the use of model optimization can significantly reduce the growth of total operating costs. This paper provides theoretical support and practical guidance for shipping companies aiming to optimize decision-making in order to reduce operational costs and carbon emissions.

Data-driven Bayesian risk assessment of factors influencing the severity of marine accidents in port areas

The most prevalent types of ship accidents in port areas are allisions, collisions, and groundings. A comprehensive risk assessment is needed to prevent and mitigate these accidents and their consequences. This study evaluates the risk of such accidents in port areas by presenting a model that elucidates the relationship between risk-identifying factors (RIFs) and accident severity. In this context, the RIFs are determined by analyszing the reports of 528 accidents that occurred in port areas between 1995 and 2023. Subsequently, the model is created by analysing the data derived from these reports using the Tree Augmented Naive Bayes (TAN) algorithm, which is an approach of the data-driven Bayesian network method. The findings of the study indicate that accident type, wind, ship age, and vessel type are the most influential factors in predicting the severity of accidents in port areas. It is thought that the model will assist port authorities in identifying operational risks contributing to accidents and in formulating preventive regulations.

Analysis of Angiographic Patterns in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Correlation With HbA1c Levels.

Background The relation of diabetes mellitus with cardiovascular diseases is well-known, even acute coronary syndrome (ACS). High levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) are used is a sign oflong-term glycemic control and may be associated with severity in coronary artery disease (CAD). In this particular setting, the aim of this investigation was to examine the relationship between the HbA1c values and the angiographic patterns of patients who were admitted with an ACS diagnosis. Methodology A cross-sectional study included 120 patients diagnosed with ACS. The criteria for eligibility included patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction with history of documented diabetes mellitus. Every patient had a suitable clinical examination, had their HbA1c checked, and had coronary angiography to determine the severity of their CAD. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA were performed for statistical analyses to determine the connection between angiographic patterns and HbA1c. Results Patients with elevated HbA1c levels demonstrated a strong association with severe coronary artery disease. Notably, those with HbA1c exceeding 10.5% exhibited significant triple vessel disease and Type C lesions, indicative of advanced coronary artery disease. Statistical analyses revealed a marked difference in angiographic patterns across various HbA1c categories (p < 0.05). Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that maintaining optimal HbA1c levels is essential for mitigating the severity of coronary artery disease in patients with ACS. Moreover, effective glycemic control may be protective against advanced coronary atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular complications in both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals.

Molecular Structure and Properties of Resistant Dextrins from Potato Starch Prepared by Microwave Heating.

The dextrinization of potato starch was performed using a sophisticated single-mode microwave reactor with temperature and pressure control using 10 cycles of heating with stirring between cycles. Microwave power from 150 to 250 W, a cycle time from 15 to 25 s, and two types of vessels with different internal diameters (12 and 24 mm) and therefore different thicknesses of the heated starch layer were used in order to estimate the impact of vessel size used for microwave dextrinization. The characteristics of resistant dextrins (RD) including solubility in water, total dietary fiber (TDF) content, color parameters, the share of various glycosidic bonds, and pasting and rheological properties were carried out. The applied conditions allowed us to obtain RDs with water solubility up to 74% at 20 °C, as well as TDF content up to 47%, with a predominance of low-molecular-weight soluble fiber fraction, with increased content of non-starch glycosidic bonds, negligible viscosity, and a slightly beige color. The geometry of the reaction vessel influenced the properties of dextrins obtained under the same heating power, time, and repetition amounts. Among the conditions used, the most favorable conditions were heating 10 times for 20 s at 200 W in a 10 mL vessel and the least favorable were 15 s cycles.

Pottery vessels, technological knowledge, and potters at the Early Copper Age site of Polgár-Király-ér-part (Northeastern Hungary)

This paper investigates the long-debated issue of technological knowledge and potters in the Early Copper Age (4500–4000/3900 cal BC) through the analysis of the forming technology of a typical, small-scale settlement at Polgár-Király-ér-part (Northeastern Hungary). A complex technological know- ledge of forming was identified, in which most of the vessel types have their own forming technique. This technological knowledge presumably originated in the local Neolithic. However, a few smaller technological differences nuance this picture, raising the possibility of distinct learning networks and multiple potters at the settlement.

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in Fetal Growth Restriction: Do Not Forget to Consider Fetal Sex and Subcellular Compartmentation.

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common complication of pregnancy, associated with major perinatal mortality and morbidity, and with an increased risk to develop cardiometabolic diseases later in life. There is currently no effective approach to prevent or treat FGR, despite numerous animal and human studies assessing substances likely to improve fetal growth. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors appeared as promising drugs to improve FGR management. However, to date, studies have led to somewhat disappointing or controversial results. In this Opinion article, we would like to draw attention to the need to consider the biological sex and the relative reactivity of human umbilical vein and arteries when developing therapeutic interventions to improve human umbilical circulation using PDE inhibitors. Indeed, we suspect that fetal sex, vessel type and the presence of FGR may influence subcellular compartmentation, which could jeopardize beneficial effects of PDE inhibitors.

Effect of Gas Exchange Rate, Vessel Type, Planting Density, and Genotype on Growth, Photosynthetic Activity, and Ion Uptake of In Vitro Potato Plants.

The growth of high-quality in vitro potato plants (Solanum stenotomum subsp. stenotomum, Solanum stenotomum subsp. goniocalyx, and Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena) is affected by multiple biological, operational, and environmental factors. Research on in vitro culture is frequently focused on the species, explant, composition of the culture medium, and incubation conditions, but only limited information is available on the effect of the gas exchange rate and volume of in vitro culture vessels under variable planting densities. In the present study, these factors were evaluated with a set of seven diverse potato landraces. The results were compared to the plants' responses in routinely used in vitro culture vessels, i.e., 13 × 100 mm and 25 × 150 mm test tubes, and GA7® magenta vessels. In vitro potato plants grown in plastic vessels equipped with a HEPA filter delivering a high gas exchange rate developed thicker stems (0.95 mm), a higher total average leaf area (2.51 cm2), increased chlorophyll content in leaves (32.2 ppm), and lower moisture content in their tissues (90.1%) compared to filter systems with lower gas exchange rates. A high planting density of 10 × 10 plants per vessel (360 and 870 mL) negatively affected the average stem width and root length but increased the plant height (3.4 cm). High fluctuations of ion-uptake of NO3-, Ca++, K+, and Na+ were observed between genotypes, with some accessions having a 4.6-times higher Ca++-ion concentration in their tissues (190-234 ppm). The in vitro plants developed more robust stems, longer roots, and larger leaves within in vitro culture vessels equipped with a HEPA filter (high gas exchange rate) compared to the control vessels, in contrast to the chlorophyll content in leaves, which was higher in plants grown in narrow test tubes. Depending on the purpose of the subculture of in vitro plants, their growth and development can be molded using different gas exchange rates, planting densities, and vessel volumes.

Improved diagnostic accuracy of vessel-specific myocardial ischemia by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA)

BackgroundDiscrepancies between stenosis severity assessed at coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and ischemia might depend on vessel type. Coronary plaque features are associated with ischemia. Thus, we evaluated the vessel-specific correlation of CCTA-derived diameter stenosis (DS) and invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) and explored whether integrating morphological plaque features stratified by vessel might increase the predictive yield in identifying vessel-specific ischemia. MethodsObservational cohort study including patients undergoing CCTA for suspected coronary artery disease, with at least one vessel with DS ​≥ ​50 ​% at CCTA, undergoing invasive coronary angiography and FFR. Plaque analysis was performed using validated semi-automated software. Coronary vessels were stratified in left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCX), and right coronary artery (RCA). Per vessel independent predictors of ischemia among CCTA-derived anatomical and morphologic plaque features were tested at univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. The best cut-off to predict ischemia was determined by Youden's index. Ischemia was defined by FFR≤0.80. ResultsThe study population consisted of 192 patients, of whom 224 vessels (61 ​% LAD, 19 ​% LCX, 20 ​% RCA) had lesions with DS ​≥ ​50 ​% interrogated by FFR. Despite similar DS, the rate of FFR≤0.80 was higher in the LAD compared to LCX and RCA (67.2 ​% vs 43.2 ​% and 44.2 ​%, respectively, p ​= ​0.018). A significant correlation between DS and FFR was observed only in LAD (p ​= ​0.003). At multivariable analysis stratified by vessel, the vessel-specific independent predictors of positive FFR were percent atheroma volume (threshold>17 ​%) for LAD, non-calcified plaque volume (threshold >130 ​mm3) for LCX, and lumen volume (threshold <844 ​mm3) for RCA. Integrating DS and vessel-specific morphological plaque features significantly increased the predictive yield for ischemia compared to DS alone (AUC ranging from 0.51 to 0.63 to 0.76–0.80). ConclusionsIntegrating DS and vessel-specific morphological plaque features significantly increased the predictive yield for vessel-specific ischemia compared to DS alone, potentially improving patients’ referral to the catheterization laboratory.

Intramuscular vascular malformations in pediatric patients: a retrospective study in a vascular anomalies clinic.

Intramuscular vascular malformations (IVMs) are rare developmental congenital structural abnormalities. Their clinical diagnosis is difficult, and imaging studies are essential to determine the type and extent of vessels involved. Treatment can be challenging and must be managed by a multidisciplinary team. A descriptive, observational, retrospective, longitudinal study of clinical records of patients diagnosed with IVMs who were evaluated at the vascular anomalies clinic from January 2011 to December 2021 was performed. Demographic, clinical, imaging, diagnosis, treatment, and response data were collected. Seven patients (five females and two males) with a mean age of 13.66 years (standard deviation 5.82 years) were included in the study. In all cases, the clinical diagnosis was venous and lymphatic malformation. The radiological findings were dilated and tortuous vascular structures or multilobulated lesions with septa inside, with or without vascular flow; these findings allowed diagnosis in all cases. Treatment modalities included sclerotherapy in five patients, surgical resection in two, medical treatment with sirolimus in three, and surveillance in one. Subsequent clinical evolution was favorable in all patients, with decreased pain in six (partial in four and total in two) and size reduction in one patient. IVMs in our pediatric population most frequently affect the lower extremities. The main symptoms and signs were pain on exertion and volume increase. Treatment can be challenging given the extension and depth of the malformations, so a combination of therapeutic modalities may be necessary to obtain the best outcome.

Liner fleet deployment and empty container repositioning under demand uncertainty: A robust optimization approach

This paper investigates a robust optimization problem concerning the integration of fleet deployment and empty container repositioning in a shipping line network, where a fleet of vessels is dispatched to transport both laden and empty containers, aiming to fulfill a predetermined set of requests over a defined time horizon. The sizes of customer demands are uncertain and are characterized by a budgeted uncertainty set. This study aims to ascertain the vessel types assigned to each shipping route, the routing of laden containers, and the repositioning of empty containers in a manner that minimizes the total cost. Simultaneously, it ensures the feasibility of all transportation plans for any realization of demand within the uncertainty set. We introduce a path-based two-stage robust formulation for addressing the problem. In the first stage, the assignment of vessel types to each shipping route is determined, and the second stage focuses on establishing the routing of laden containers and repositioning of empty containers under a worst-case scenario. We propose the Column-and-Constraint Generation algorithm for solving the proposed robust formulation. To address large-scale size instances, we propose an acceleration technique, i.e., the piece-wise affine policy, which reduces the dimensions of the uncertainty set while maintaining a bounded compromise in solution quality. Comprehensive numerical experiments derived from real-world industries, such as the Shanghai port and CMA CGM, are conducted to validate the proposed formulation and solution methodologies.