Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels Research Articles

Effect of Additional Prebiotics on Glycemia and Lipid Profile in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

This study was conducted to determine the effect of prebiotic fiber intake on glycemia and lipemia in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 DM). Over a 8-week period, 14 individuals with Type 2 DM between the ages of 20-50 with a Body Mass Index (BMI) above 25 kg/m² were randomly assigned to either an intervention group, in which participants were given additional prebiotic fiber with diabetic diet (n = 8, consuming 10 g/d of oligofructose-enriched inulin to diabetic diet) or to a control group, in which participants were given only with a diabetic diet (n = 6, consuming only diabetic diet). Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), fasting insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (Total-C), High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) and Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C) values were measured at the beginning and end of the study. There was no significant difference between the initial and last measurements in HbA1c, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and HDL-C values only in the diabetic diet group (p>0.05); whereas FPG, TG, Total-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C levels decreased (p

The Effect of Tirzepatide on Weight, Lipid Metabolism and Blood Pressure in Overweight/Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To explore the effects of Tirzepatide (TZP), a new hypoglycemic drug, on weight, blood lipids and blood pressure in overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Relevant studies investigating the influence of TZP therapy on weight, lipid profiles and blood pressure in overweight/obese T2DM patients were selected from the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane databases from establishment until November 2022. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effect of TZP on weight, blood lipids and blood pressure in overweight/obese patients with T2DM. Eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comprising 7491 patients with T2DM, were included in the meta-analysis. Results showed that compared with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), insulin, and placebo groups, body weight, triglycerides (TG), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were significantly decreased in the TZP-treated groups, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels increased. With the gradual increase of TZP doses, the proportions of T2DM patients with weight loss >5% gradually increased. The 10 mg and 15 mg TZP doses had a stronger effect on the levels of TG, VLDL-C, and HDL-C. Moreover, the reduction in SBP levels in the 15 mg TZP-treated group was more pronounced than those in the 10 mg and 5 mg TZP-treated groups [MD=-2.07, 95% CI (-2.52, -1.63) and MD=-3.14, 95% CI (-4.42, -1.87)]. Compared with GLP-1RA, insulin, and placebo groups, the proportions of patients with HbA1c<7% in 10mg and 15mg TZP-treated groups were significantly higher than in the 5mg TZP-treated group [OR=1.53, 95% CI (1.25, 1.8)], OR=1.7, 95% CI (1.15, 2.50)].There was no significant difference regarding the risk of adverse reactions.

Effect of Speed Agility Quickness and Circuit Training on Lipid Profile of Soccer Players: An Observational Study

Study purpose. This observational study aims to investigate the impact of a Speed Agility Quickness (SAQ) and Circuit training program on the lipid profile of soccer players. The study focuses on analyzing changes in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol concentrations after the intervention. Materials and methods. The study involved a total of 30 elite soccer players with the mean (Sd) of age 16.93 (1.20) years; stature 5.66 (0.16) feet; weight 59.93 (5.47) kg. All the players selected for the study were registered players of Poloi Academy, Imphal, Manipur. The participants were divided into two groups, i.e., the SAQ and Circuit groups, and underwent a 12 weeks SAQ and Circuit training program respectively, which was conducted 3 days per weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after the intervention to measure HDL, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol levels. The participants’ lipid profiles were assessed using standard laboratory techniques. Results. The results of this study demonstrated significant changes in the lipid profiles of the elite soccer players following the SAQ and Circuit training program. The intervention resulted in a significant increase in HDL cholesterol levels. Simultaneously, there was a substantial decrease in LDL and VLDL cholesterol concentrations. Conclusions. The increase in HDL cholesterol and reduction in LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels indicate a potential decrease in the risk of cardiovascular diseases and related health issues. Considering the importance of lipid metabolism in athletic performance and overall well-being, this study provides valuable insights for coaches, athletes, and sports professionals in designing targeted training regimens to optimize cardiovascular health among soccer players. However, further research with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-ups is warranted to validate and generalize these findings across diverse populations and sports disciplines.

Association of Fish Oil Supplementation with Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Individuals with Diabetes and Prediabetes: A Prospective Study in the UK Biobank.

This study aimed to explore the association between habitual intake of fish oil supplementation and the risk of developing CHD in patients with prediabetes and diabetes. Habitual use of fish oil was assessed by repeated questionnaires. Cox proportional hazard models were applied to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Over a median follow-up of 11.6 years, 4304 and 3294 CHD cases were documented among 47,663 individuals with prediabetes and 22,146 patients with diabetes in the UK Biobank, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, the HRs (95% CI) of CHD were 0.91 (0.85-0.98) and 0.87 (0.80-0.95) for individuals utilizing fish oil supplementation compared with non-users among the participants with prediabetes and diabetes, respectively. Furthermore, we identified an inverse relationship between fish oil use and CHD incidence, which was significantly mediated by serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in individuals with prediabetes and by very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) in patients with diabetes at baseline. The inverse associations were consistent in the analyses stratified by potential confounders. In conclusion, the consumption of fish oil supplements was linked to decreased serum CRP and VLDL-C levels and subsequent CHD risk among adults with prediabetes and diabetes. Our findings highlight the important role of the habitual intake of fish oil supplements in preventing CHD in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism.

Hyperlipidaemia elicits an atypical, T helper 1-like CD4+ T-cell response: a key role for very low-density lipoprotein.

Hyperlipidemia and T cell driven inflammation are important drivers of atherosclerosis, the main underlying cause of cardiovascular disease. Here, we detailed the effects of hyperlipidemia on T cells. In vitro, exposure of human and murine CD4+ T cells to very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), but not to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) resulted in upregulation of Th1 associated pathways. VLDL was taken up via a CD36-dependent pathway and resulted in membrane stiffening and a reduction in lipid rafts. To further detail this response in vivo, T cells of mice lacking the LDL receptor (LDLr), which develop a strong increase in VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels upon high cholesterol feeding were investigated. CD4+ T cells of hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice exhibited an increased expression of the C-X-C-chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) and produced more interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Gene set enrichment analysis identified IFN-γ-mediated signaling as the most upregulated pathway in hyperlipidemic T cells. However, the classical Th1 associated transcription factor profile with strong upregulation of Tbet and Il12rb2 was not observed. Hyperlipidemia did not affect levels of the CD4+ T cell's metabolites involved in glycolysis or other canonical metabolic pathways but enhanced amino acids levels. However, CD4+ T cells of hyperlipidemic mice showed increased cholesterol accumulation and an increased arachidonic acid (AA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ratio, which was associated with inflammatory T cell activation. Hyperlipidemia, and especially its VLDL component induces an atypical Th1 response in CD4+ T cells. Underlying mechanisms include CD36 mediated uptake of VLDL, and an altered AA/DHA ratio.

Glycative Stress, Glycated Hemoglobin, and Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Patients with Hyperlipidemia.

(1) Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant health problem and is associated with dyslipidemia; however, the association between glycative stress, in terms of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and atherogenic dyslipidemia in hyperlipidemic patients with and without DM has rarely been reported. (2) Methods: We prospectively recruited 949 hyperlipidemic patients from the Lipid Clinic of the National Taiwan University Hospital. HbA1c and fasting serum lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), small dense LDL-C (sdLDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), triglycerides, and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), were measured. After fasting for 10-14 h, all subjects except those with DM underwent a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with 75 g of glucose loading. All subjects were asked to discontinue the use of lipid-lowering agents for 8 weeks before recruitment. (3) Results: Patients with DM had a higher prevalence of hypertension and higher levels of triglyceride, TC/HDL-C ratio, AGEs, VLDL-C, and sdLDL-C. Among patients with higher HbA1c, the serum VLDL-C, AGEs, and TC/HDL-C ratio were significantly higher than those with lower HbA1c. After adjustment for covariates, multiple logistic regression analyses revealed different groups of dysglycemia with higher HbA1c had a higher odds ratio for TC/HDL-C ≥ 5, sdLDL-C ≥ 75th percentile, VLDL-C ≥ 75th percentile and AGEs ≥ 75th percentile. (4) Conclusions: A higher HbA1c was associated with a significant increase in the risk of atherogenic dyslipidemia and AGEs levels in patients with hyperlipidemia. The findings can be very promising in clinical application.

Acute Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Exendin-4 in Ldlr-/- and C57BL/6J Mice.

We previously reported that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) reduced serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving statins, which increased LDL receptor (LDLR) expression. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how much LDLR expression contributes to the LDL-C-lowering effect of GLP-1RAs. We examined the effect of a GLP-1RA, namely, exendin-4, on serum LDL-C levels and its mechanism in Ldlr-/- and C57BL/6J mice. Ten-week-old Ldlr-/- and C57BL/6J mice received exendin-4 or saline for 5 days, and serum lipid profiles and hepatic lipid levels were examined. Cholesterol metabolism-related gene expression and protein levels in the liver and ileum and the fecal bile acid (BA) composition were also examined. Exendin-4 treatment significantly decreased serum very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and LDL-C levels and mature hepatic SREBP2 levels and increased hepatic Insig1/2 mRNA expression in both mouse strains. In Ldlr-/- mice, exendin-4 treatment also significantly decreased hepatic cholesterol levels and fecal BA excretion, decreased hepatic Cyp7a1 mRNA expression, and increased small intestinal Fgf15 mRNA expression. In C57BL/6J mice, exendin-4 treatment significantly decreased small intestinal NPC1L1 levels. Our findings demonstrate that exendin-4 treatment decreased serum VLDL-C and LDL-C levels in a manner that was independent of LDLR. Exendin-4 treatment might decrease serum cholesterol levels by lowering hepatic SREBP2 levels and cholesterol absorption in Ldlr-/- and C57BL/6J mice. Exendin-4 treatment might decrease cholesterol absorption by different mechanisms in Ldlr-/- and C57BL/6J mice.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LIPID PROFILE AND COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT PARAMETERS

Aim. Given that blood cells play an important role in both atherogenesis and lipid metabolism, the research aimed to assess the specifics of the relationship between the parameters of the blood lipid spectrum and the complete blood count (CBC).&#x0D; Materials and Methods. A total of 475 individuals (245 female and 230 male) were included in the study, who simultaneously underwent CBC and determination of lipid profile, namely: total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the "Statistica for Windows 6.0" software package (Statsoft, USA).&#x0D; Results. An increase in levels of TC and LDL-C was associated with an increase in the count of lymphocytes and erythrocytes. A rise in VLDL-C and, accordingly, TG levels, as well as a decrease in the level of HDL-C, were associated with an increase in the total leukocyte count in the blood without a significant change in the ratio of their different types, and an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The count of platelets was directly related to the level of LDL-C and increased in the case of a combination of elevated levels of LDL-C and TG.&#x0D; Discussion. The obtained results indicate that the disposal of excess lipoproteins is based on various types of immune reactions. An increase in the levels of VLDL-C and TG is associated with the development of a nonspecific leukocyte reaction, and an increase in LDL-C levels is associated with a more specific platelet-lymphocytic response. A simultaneous increase in LDL-C and TG levels can be associated with the development of both specific and non-specific immune reactions. An increase in the level of HDL-C leads to a decrease in the intensity of innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, the lipid profile of patients should be evaluated by taking into account the blood cell counts, especially in the process of hypolipidemic treatment.&#x0D; Conclusions. An atherogenic lipid profile is associated with increased counts of all blood cells, reflecting specific and nonspecific immune reactions in response to elevated levels of various lipid groups. Platelets play an important role in lipid metabolism.&#x0D; Connection of the research with scientific programs, plans, and topics. The study is a fragment of the planned scientific research of the Department of Internal Medicine No. 2 of the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University: "Peculiarities and markers of the course of internal diseases under conditions of combination with metabolic syndrome and metabolically associated fatty liver disease", state registration number: 0122U000165.

Triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol are lower in cognitively healthy individuals with Amyloid pathologies than those without

AbstractBackgroundFramingham, or cardiovascular (CVD) risk score, as a composite score can accurately predict long‐term CVD risk in the general population. General lipid profiles contribute to CVD risk and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with inconsistent reports: both high and low triglyceride or body mass index (BMI) have been linked with AD risk. However, the knowledge of their contribution to early AD is limited. To study the changes of CVD risk score and lipid in early AD, we explored the CVD risk score and lipid profile risk factors in our aging cohort.MethodWe compared estimated CVD risk score (Erisk) between cognitively healthy (CH, n=137) individuals, in participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n=54), AD (n=42), and other dementia (OD) (n=23). We also compared lipid profile risk factors (BMI, triglyceride, cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol). Furthermore, we compared those risk factors in CH participants subgroups with different status of CSF amyloid (A), phospho‐tau (T), and total‐tau (N): between those with AD risk (A+T±N±: ChA+) and those without (ChA‐T‐N‐). Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons.ResultErisk and lipid profiles were not different between CH, MCI, AD, or OD. We observed lower triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol, and marginally lower BMI, in ChA+ group than in ChA‐T‐N‐ group (p&lt;0.008, Fig 1).ConclusionThese pilot results suggest that CH participants with amyloid pathology presented with lower triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol values, and marginally lower BMI. Although these data need to be confirmed in a larger population, our study supports the concept that lower levels of triglycerides, VLDL cholesterol, or BMI may be linked to amyloid pathology in the CH stage. Further studies examining related factors and pathways that contribute to amyloid pathology such as APOE genotype and VLDL‐receptor expression are needed to fully understand the implications of our findings.

Triglyceride Lowering with Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk

BackgroundHigh triglyceride levels are associated with increased cardiovascular risk, but whether reductions in these levels would lower the incidence of cardiovascular events is uncertain. Pemafibrate, a selective peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α modulator, reduces triglyceride levels and improves other lipid levels.MethodsIn a multinational, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes, mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia (triglyceride level, 200 to 499 mg per deciliter), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels of 40 mg per deciliter or lower to receive pemafibrate (0.2-mg tablets twice daily) or matching placebo. Eligible patients were receiving guideline-directed lipid-lowering therapy or could not receive statin therapy without adverse effects and had low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels of 100 mg per deciliter or lower. The primary efficacy end point was a composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, coronary revascularization, or death from cardiovascular causes.ResultsAmong 10,497 patients (66.9% with previous cardiovascular disease), the median baseline fasting triglyceride level was 271 mg per deciliter, HDL cholesterol level 33 mg per deciliter, and LDL cholesterol level 78 mg per deciliter. The median follow-up was 3.4 years. As compared with placebo, the effects of pemafibrate on lipid levels at 4 months were −26.2% for triglycerides, −25.8% for very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, −25.6% for remnant cholesterol (cholesterol transported in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins after lipolysis and lipoprotein remodeling), −27.6% for apolipoprotein C-III, and 4.8% for apolipoprotein B. A primary end-point event occurred in 572 patients in the pemafibrate group and in 560 of those in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.15), with no apparent effect modification in any prespecified subgroup. The overall incidence of serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the groups, but pemafibrate was associated with a higher incidence of adverse renal events and venous thromboembolism and a lower incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.ConclusionsAmong patients with type 2 diabetes, mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL and LDL cholesterol levels, the incidence of cardiovascular events was not lower among those who received pemafibrate than among those who received placebo, although pemafibrate lowered triglyceride, VLDL cholesterol, remnant cholesterol, and apolipoprotein C-III levels. (Funded by the Kowa Research Institute; PROMINENT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03071692.)

Cholesterol Content of Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins Is Associated with 1-Year Mortality in Acute Heart Failure Patients.

Considering the relationship between the extent of metabolic derangement and the disease severity in heart failure, we hypothesized that the lipid content of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) may have prognostic value for 1 year mortality in acute heart failure (AHF). Baseline serum levels of VLDL cholesterol (VLDL-C), VLDL triglycerides (VLDL-TG), VLDL phospholipids (VLDL-PL), and VLDL apolipoprotein B (VLDL-apoB) were measured using NMR spectroscopy. We calculated the ratios of the respective VLDL lipids and VLDL apoB (VLDL-C/VLDL-apoB, VLDL-TG/VLDL-apoB, and VLDL-PL/VLDL-apoB), as estimators of the cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid content of VLDL particles and tested their association with mortality. Out of 315 AHF patients, 118 (37.5%) patients died within 1 year after hospitalization for AHF. Univariable Cox regression analyses revealed a significant inverse association of VLDL-C/VLDL-apoB (hazard ratio (HR) 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29–0.64, p < 0.001), VLDL-TG/VLDL-apoB (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.71–0.88, p < 0.001), and VLDL-PL/VLDL-apoB (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.25–0.56, p < 0.001) with 1 year mortality. Of the tested parameters, only VLDL-C/VLDL-apoB remained significant after adjustment for age and sex, as well as other clinical and laboratory parameters that showed a significant association with 1 year mortality in the univariable analyses. We conclude that cholesterol content of circulating VLDL (VLDL-C/VLDL-apoB) might be of prognostic value in AHF.

Does pathological type of primary nephrotic syndrome affect serum concentrations of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9?

BackgroundDyslipidemia is a common finding in primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS). Serum PCSK9 level is also increased in PNS and is the main cause of dyslipidemia in such patients. There is a paucity of data on the relation between dyslipidemia and pathological types of PNS. We hypothesized that severity of dyslipidemia varies across different types of PNS, and this variation is due to differences in serum PCSK9 levels.MethodsFifty patients recently diagnosed with PNS were included in this cross-sectional study. Serum PCSK9, albumin, creatinine, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and 24-h urine protein were measured. Comparison of patients’ characteristics between pathological types of PNS and correlations between serum PCSK9 and other parameters were assessed.ResultsSerum PCSK9 levels were significantly higher in PNS patients compared with healthy individuals (314.58 ± 73.83 vs 253.42 ± 36.66 ng/ml, p < 0.001). No differences found between PNS types regarding serum levels of PCSK9 (p = 0.571), TC (p = 0.806), LDL-C (p = 0.950), HDL-C (p = 0.844), VLDL-C (p = 0.472), and TG (p = 0.969). Serum PCSK9 levels correlated significantly with TC (p < 0.001), LDL-C (p < 0.001), HDL-C (p = 0.003), VLDL-C (p = 0.008), TG (p = 0.005), 24-h urine protein (p = 0.005), and male sex (p = 0.014).ConclusionThe pathological type of PNS does not affect serum levels of PCSK9 and components of lipid profile.

Pattern of Lipid Profile Levels in HIV Serodiscordant Couples in Jos Plataeu State, Nigeria

This was a cross sectional study designed to determine the pattern of lipid profile levels in HIV serodiscordant couples in Jos, Nigeria. A total of 20 discordant HIV couples (40 patients) and 20 controls (40 non HIV couples) aged between 18 and 49 years were included in the study. 5ml of fasting venous blood sample was collected from each participant into plain containers for the evaluation of lipid profile. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were assayed using standard methods. The results showed that HIV discordant test group had significantly higher mean serum TG, VLDL-C, and LDL-C levels whereas HDL-C values were significantly lower than in the control (p&lt;0.05). There was no significant difference in TC levels in groups when compared to the control (p&gt;0.05). The male HIV discordant test group had higher TG and VLDL-C values (p=0.001; 0.002) and lower HDL-C (p=0.000) than in the male control group (p=0.001) while the female HIV discordant test group had significantly higher LDL-C and lower HDL-C levels (p=0.001; 0.000) than in female control group. Male HIV-exposed seronegative partners had significantly higher TG and VLDL-C with lower HDL-C levels (p&lt;0.05) compared to male control while female exposed seronegatives had significantly lower HDL-C level (p=0.000) than in the female control. Furthermore, female HIV positives had significantly higher LDL-C and lower HDL-C levels than in the female control (p&lt;0.05). This study revealed significant alterations in lipid profile levels in the HIV serodiscordant couples which warrant further studies.

A comparative evaluation of cardiac and neurological safety status of two commonly used oral hypoglycaemic agents in T2-DM Swiss albino mice model

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM), along with its associated complications, including diabetic neuropathy and hyperlipidemia, has become a global concern in the last few decades. The main objective of our study is to evaluate the comparative neuro-safety status, serum plasma glucose, and lipid-lowering potential of two widely recognized antidiabetic drugs named metformin and glimepiride. MethodsThe neurological evaluation was done by open field test, hole board test, forced swimming test, dark and lighthouse test, and elevated plus maze test by employing diazepam as standard. Serum blood glucose level of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice was determined by glucose oxidizing method using a glucometer. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels were estimated by using the reference method where atorvastatin was used as standard. ResultsIn neurological evaluation, both drugs produce almost the same anxiolytic activity in the open field test, hole board test, light and dark house test, and elevated plus maze test. However, in the forced swimming test, glimepiride produced more antidepressant activity than metformin. Glimepiride was found to remarkably reduce serum glucose and VLDL-C levels more than metformin, whereas, for other parameters, metformin takes over glimepiride sometimes took over the standard atorvastatin. ConclusionsThe results of our study indicate that both oral hypoglycaemic drugs alter the lipid index while producing some anxiolytic effects on the central nervous system. Thus, recommended to be carefully administered to patients with low BMI and might be beneficial to patients suffering from peripheral nerve function and anxiety.

Determinants of peak oxygen pulse in disorders of glucose metabolism

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background/Introduction Oxygen pulse reflects oxygen consumption per heart beat and it provides an information for stroke volume and peripheral oxygen extraction during exercise. Further this, oxygen pulse reported as prognostic for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Disorders of glucose metabolism (i.e., prediabetes and overt diabetes mellitus) are important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and might disrupt oxygenation. Purpose We aimed to investigate determinants of peak oxygen pulse in patients with prediabetes and overt diabetes mellitus. Methods Twenty-six patients with disorders of glucose metabolism (mean age: 48,62±7,08 years, HbA1c: 6,51±0,94) were included in the study. Laboratory parameters which very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), low and high density lipoprotein (HDL, LDL) levels, HbA1c and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels of participiants were recorded. Patient performed a symptom limited maximal cardiopulmonary test (CPET). Results There was statistically significant negative correlation between oxygen pulse with VLDL (r=-512, p=0,018), CRP (r=-665, p&amp;lt;0.001), waist circumference (r=-471, p=0,015). Based on linear regression analysis, we found that CRP and VLDL explained %40 of variance Oxygen pulse. (R=0.637, R2=0.406, F(2-26). 6.160, p=0.009, constant=0.133). Conclusion(s) CRP and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels is independent predictors of oxygen pulse. Management of VLDL levels and inflammation can improve peripheral oxygenization in prediabetes and overt diabetes mellitus.

A randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study to evaluate efficacy and safety of a synergistic multi-herbal extract blend KaraHeart™ in supporting healthy cholesterol levels

Background: Hyperlipidemia is a condition involving abnormally high levels of lipids in the blood. Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and refers to either high levels of triglycerides (TGL) or cholesterol. Herbal supplements have been used in the management of cholesterol levels in Ayurveda, a complete medical system originating in India. KaraHeart™ is a multi-herbal extract synergistic blend that may help in the management of healthy cholesterol levels. The current study tested the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of KaraHeart™ versus a placebo in the management of cholesterol levels of patients with mild hyperlipidemia.Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel, and placebo-controlled study. A total of 100 patients were divided into two groups. One group was given KaraHeart™ and the other group was given a placebo for 120 days. Treatment results were assessed by checking the lipid profile parameters such as total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and TGL.Results: The study found that the herbal supplement KaraHeart™ significantly reduced levels of LDL, VLDL, TGL, and total cholesterol, while increasing the levels of HDL in the blood. Additionally, the study concluded that KaraHeart™ was safe to use.Conclusions: KaraHeart™ was shown to be safe and effective in the management of cholesterol levels.

Differences in egg yolk precursor formation of Guangxi Ma chickens with dissimilar laying rate at the same or various ages

Egg yolk formation and deposition are quite vital for oocyte maturation and egg production in hens. There are great differences in egg production and number of preovulatory follicles among individuals in Guangxi Ma chickens at the same or various ages, however, the causes of this phenomenon remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the differences in yolk precursors formation among Guangxi Ma hens at the same or various ages with dissimilar egg laying rate via comparing the synthesis and transportation of yolk precursors, serum estradiol (E2) levels, as well as the antioxidant capacity of the liver and serum from hens of 32-week-old (32W), 50-week-old with higher laying rate (50WH), 50-week-old with lower laying rate (50WL), 72-week-old with higher laying rate (72WH), and 72-week-old with lower laying rate (72WL). The results showed that the contents of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) in the liver, serum and ovarian stroma, serum E2 levels, expression levels of proteins and genes related to yolk precursors formation, and the antioxidant capacity of liver and serum decreased significantly during aging process. TG, HDL-C and VLDL-C contents in serum and ovarian stroma, as well as HDL-C and VLDL-C levels in liver tissues of hens in 50WL and 72WL were significantly lower compared to hens in 50WH and 72WH, respectively. Meanwhile, expression levels of estrogen receptor ɑ and transcription levels of genes related to lipid transportation in liver tissues, and the antioxidant capacity of livers were remarkably lower in hens in 50WL and 72WL than those in 50WH and 72WH, respectively. However, no significant difference was detected in liver TG levels, serum E2 levels, genes related to fatty acids synthesis and serum antioxidant capacity between hens in 50WL and 50WH. In conclusion, the age-related decline of egg production in Guangxi Ma chicken maybe related to the age-related decreases in the synthesis and transportation of liver yolk precursor as well as the antioxidant capacity of liver and hens. And the non-age related decline of egg production may mainly attribute to the decreases in yolk precursors transportation ability and hepatic antioxidant capacity.

Boldenone Undecylenate-Mediated Hepatorenal Impairment by Oxidative Damage and Dysregulation of Heat Shock Protein 90 and Androgen Receptors Expressions: Vitamin C Preventive Role.

Boldenone Undecylenate (BLD) is a synthetic derivative of testosterone and a widely used anabolic androgenic steroid. The health risk of BLD use as a pharmaceutical or dietary supplement is still underestimated and under-reported. Vitamin C (VC) has been recognized as an antioxidant with prominent hepatorenal protective effects. This study investigated the possible preventive activity of VC against BLD-induced hepatorenal damage. Forty adult male Wistar rats were classified into five groups: control, vehicle control, VC (orally given 120 mg/kg b. wt./day), BLD (intramuscularly injected 5 mg/kg b. wt./week), and BLD + VC-treated groups. The experiment continued for eight weeks. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. Serum contents of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and very-low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (VLDL-C) were also assayed. Urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels were determined together with sodium and potassium electrolytes measuring. Moreover, oxidative stress indicators including reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GSR) as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in both hepatic and renal tissues. Corresponding histological examination of renal and hepatic tissues was conducted. Besides, immunohistochemical evaluations for androgen receptors protein (AR) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp 90) expressions were performed. BLD caused significant rises in serum ALT, AST, TP, ALB, TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, urea, creatinine, uric acid, potassium, and MDA levels. Further, BLD-injected rats showed significant declines in the serum levels of HDL-C, sodium, GSH, GPx, GST, and GSR. Besides, distinct histopathological perturbations were detected in renal and hepatic tissues of BLD-injected rats. AR and Hsp 90 immunoexpression were increased in hepatic and renal tissues. In contrast, VC significantly reversed the BLD-induced hepatorenal damage in co-treated rats but not ameliorated AR protein overexpression. VC could be an efficient preventive supplement for mitigating BLD-induced hepatorenal damage, possibly via controlling oxidative stress events.

PCSK9 Levels and Metabolic Profiles in Elderly Subjects with Different Glucose Tolerance under Statin Therapy.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) degrades low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) receptors, and thus regulates the LDL-C levels in the circulation. Type 2 diabetics often have elevated LDL-C levels. However, the functions of PCSK9 in patients with alterations of glu-cose metabolism and statin therapy are still unclear. Method: we investigated a large cohort of 608 subjects, born in 1945 in Oulu, Finland (Oulu Cohort 1945). We studied the effects of PSCK9 lev-els with different glucose tolerances (normal glucose tolerance (NGT), prediabetes (PreDM) or type 2 diabetes (T2D)) with and without statin medication, and analyzed clinical data, NMR metabolomics and PCSK9 plasma levels. Results: PCSK9 plasma levels did not significantly differ between the three groups. Statin therapy significantly increased the PCSK9 levels in NGT, PreDM and T2D groups compared with subjects with no statins. In the NGT group, negative associations between PCSK9 and LDL-C, intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol (IDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), total cholesterol and LDL and IDL triglycerides were observed under statin medication. In contrast, in the PreDM and T2D groups, these associa-tions were lost. Conclusions: our data suggest that in subjects with abnormal glucose metabolism and statin therapy, the significant PCSK9-mediated effects on the lipid metabolites are lost com-pared to NGT subjects, but statins reduced the LDL-C and VLDL-C levels.

The effect of 6-gingerol on biochemical and histological parameters in cholesterol-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in NMRI mice

Fatty liver contains a range of clinical symptoms, including the accumulation of fat in the liver parenchyma and it varies from a simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Using natural therapies has always been a great concern for such health-related diseases. Herein, 6-gingerol, as a natural compound, was applied to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver induced in NMRI mice. The assessment included histological studies of the liver along with measurement of biochemical parameters, including insulin, glucose, adiponectin, leptin, HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), VLDL-C (very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), SOD (superoxide dismutase), and catalase. The results demonstrated that treatment with 6-gingerol (800 mg/kg) modified the fatty liver indices by significantly reducing (p<0.001) the levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL-C, and VLDL-C, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and leptin, whereas this treatment notably increased (p<0.001) the levels of liver antioxidant enzymes, HDL-c, and adiponectin. Therefore, 6-gingerol, in a dose-dependent mode, showed capability of improving non-alcoholic fatty liver and could offer a reliable remedy.