Vertical Zoning Research Articles

Material composition and geochemical characteristics of ores of the Malinovskoe gold-ore deposit (Primorskii Krai, Russia)

The mineral composition and geochemical characteristics of the ores of the Malinovskoe gold-ore deposit are studied by the data from mining works (ditches, cleanings, and boreholes). It is found that the ore–magma system of the deposit was formed in several stages of mineralization characterized by two phases of magmatism differing in age. In terms of the set of features (the geological–structural position of the deposit, as well as the material composition and geochemical characteristics of the ores), the deposit is attributed to the gold–tourmaline type of mineralization associated spatially and genetically with the “raremetal” granitoid magmatism. This type has not previously been found in Primorskii Krai. The studies of the material composition and geochemical characteristics of the ores allow us to ascertain the correlations between the elements along with the reasons of their origination. By analogy with other gold-ore formations of the Russian Far East, the mineralogical and geochemical model of the deposit is developed (Be–Sn–Cr–Ba–Au–Cu–Mo–Pb–V–Ti–Co–W–Ag–Bi–Ni–Mn–Sr–Zn–Sb–As modeling element series of vertical zoning), which enables us to estimate the levels of the erosion section of the ore bodies and to evaluate their prospects. It is found that the most productive associations in the deposit are the gold–bismuth geochemical association (Au–Ag–Bi–Cu–As–Co) and, to a lesser degree, the gold–tungsten association (W–Au–Ag–Cu–Bi–As).

Genesis of the giant Zijinshan epithermal Cu-Au and Luoboling porphyry Cu–Mo deposits in the Zijinshan ore district, Fujian Province, SE China: A multi-isotope and trace element investigation

The Zijinshan ore district occurs as one of the largest porphyry-epithermal Cu–Au–Mo ore systems in South China, including the giant Zijinshan epithermal Cu–Au deposit and the large Luoboling porphyry Cu–Mo deposit. The mineralization is intimately related to Late Mesozoic large-scale tectono-magmatic and hydrothermal events. The Cu–Au–Mo mineralization occurs around intermediate-felsic volcanic rocks and hypabyssal porphyry intrusions. In this study, we summarize previously available Re–Os isotopes, zircon U–Pb age and trace elements, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data, and present new Pb–S and Re–Os isotope data and zircon trace elements data for ore-related granitoids from the Zijinshan high-sulfidation epithermal Cu–Au deposit and the Luoboling porphyry Cu–Mo deposit, in an attempt to explore the relationship between the two ore systems for a better understanding of their geneses. The ore-bearing porphyritic dacite from the Zijinshan deposit shows a zircon U-Pb age of 108–106Ma and has higher zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios (92–1568, average 609) but lower Ti-in-zircon temperatures (588–753°C, average 666°C) when compared with the barren intrusions in the Zijinshan ore district. Relative to the Zijinshan porphyritic dacite, the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyry from the Luoboling deposit show a slightly younger zircon U–Pb age of 103Ma, but has similar or even higher zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios (213–2621, average 786) and similar Ti-in-zircon temperatures (595–752°C, average 675°C). These data suggest that the ore-bearing magmatic rocks crystallized from relatively oxidized and hydrous magmas. Combined with the high rhenium contents (78.6–451ppm) of molybdenites, the Pb and S isotopic compositions of magmatic feldspars and sulfides suggest that the porphyry and ore-forming materials in the Luoboling Cu–Mo deposit mainly originated from an enriched mantle source. In contrast, the ore-bearing porphyritic dacite in the Zijinshan Cu–Au deposit might be derived from crustal materials mixing with the Cathaysia enriched mantle. The fact that the Zijinshan Cu–Au deposit and the Luoboling Cu–Mo deposit show different origin of ore-forming materials and slightly different metallogenic timing indicates that these two deposits may have been formed from two separate magmatic-hydrothermal systems. Crustal materials might provide the dominant Cu and Au in the Zijinshan epithermal deposit. Cu and Au show vertical zoning and different fertility because the gold transports at low oxygen fugacity and precipitates during the decreasing of temperature, pressure and changing of pH conditions. It is suggested that there is a large Cu–Mo potential for the deeper part of the Zijinshan epithermal Cu–Au deposit, where further deep drilling and exploration are encouraged.

A Prediction Method of Vertical Lifting Loads Based on Long-term Time Series Analysis for High-rise Building Construction

As recent building have been getting higher and larger, vertical lift planning and operation are key factor for successful project. Although many studies have been trying to set up a construction lift planning system at early stage before lift installation, but there are not regarding lift management for on-going project using operation data from the field. In this study In this study, to predict lifting event which may be generated during remained construction schedule, long-term time-series based data analysis was conducted. Data was collected embedded lift monitoring sensor and database. The pattern analysis was carried out reflecting characteristics of Tact based finishing work control. And this study shows an effective value of activity oriented time-series analysis to lift management on high-rise building construction. Lastly, this study has served as a key lead of lift monitoring based decision-making for vertical lift zoning. Therefore, it is anticipated to settle as a system based data-centric construction management technique in the field.

HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR THE PRESENCE OF OIL AND GAS IN THE WESTERN SEGMENT OF THE YENISEI-KHATANGA REGIONAL TROUGH

This article describes the petroleum potential of the Mesozoic deposits in the western segment of the Yenisei-Khatanga regional trough, as assessed from the hydrogeological data. The study area includes the Krasnoyarskregion and neighbouring zones of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District (Fig. 1). In tectonic terms, it is confined to the Yenisei-Khatanga regional trough and separates the Taimyr system of tectonic dislocations from the Siberian Platform [ Kontorovich, 2011; Pronkin et al ., 2012 ]. The Meso-Cenozoic section (up to 6–12 km) [ Dolmatova, Peshkova , 2001 ] is limited by the Malokhet-Rassokhin-Balakhnin deep fault and the same name system of mega-ramparts in the east. In the west, it opens up and merges with the structures of the West Siberian megabasin. The hydrogeological materials collected in the study area for almost 40 years, since 1977, remained unconsolidated, and our study did so for the first time. To date, more than 200 deep wells have been drilled in this area, and more than 25 hydrocarbon fields have been discovered. Most geologists acknowledge the leading role of water in the processes of formation, migration, accumulation and degradation of hydrocarbons: water is a medium and an active participant in mass transfer. In this regard, the compositions of groundwater, water-soluble gas and organic matter are widely discussed as hydrogeological criteria that may suggest the presence of oil and gas. The hydrogeological criteria for petroleum prospecting have been classified, and it is now possible to take into account the origin and significance of each indicator, integrate their impacts and attempt at forecasting the regional, zonal and local oil and gas fields. In the Mesozoic section, sodium chloride ground waters predominate. The inversion type of vertical hydrogeochemical zoning is dominant in the study area, and involves the entire complex of deposits: the mineralization decreases from 16–20 g/dm 3 in the Apt-Alb-Senoman complex to 5–10 g/dm 3 or less in the Jurassic aquifers (Fig. 4). The inversion is accompanied by a change in the ion-salt composition of groundwater. The concentration of HCO 3 ion increases with depth; the type of groundwater changes from predominantly sodium chloride (at a depth of ~2300 m) to chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium and hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium. Using the hydrogeological data, we assessed the petroleum potential of the sedimentary cover in the western segment of the Yenisei-Khatanga regional trough. Based on the analysis of the set of criteria and their individual contributions to the overall assessment of the prospects, we have identified 16 highly promising and 20 medium-potential structures that can substantiate further oil-and-gas prospecting, which may discover skipped and new fields. Prospecting can prove highly effective in the Cretaceous reservoirs (Upper Sukhodudinka and Lower Kheta) located in the Nadadyan, Middle Yarov, Tokachin, Turkov, Yarov and other areas (Fig. 6). The Jurassic deposits are promising for small- and medium-sized oil-and-gas reservoirs, as suggested by the geological exploration of previous years, which discovered the Zima (1966) and Khabei (1982) fields. According to the proposed set of the hydrogeological criteria, the most promising among the Jurassic reservoirs is the Malyshev reservoir in the Deryabin, Pelyatkin, Middle Yarov, Tampei and Turkov areas. Promising to a lesser extent are the Sigov (Rassokhin and Sukhodudinka areas) and Nadoyakh (Sukhodudinka area) reservoirs.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ТА МЕТОДИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ЕКОЛОГО-ГЕОМОРФОЛОГІЧНОГО ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ҐРУНТОВОГО ПОКРИВУ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЇ ЧАСТИНИ ПІВНІЧНОГО ПРИЧОРНОМОР'Я

The questions of possibilities of ecological and geomorphological study of the soil formation, using and transformation of soil cover northern Black Sea region in the context of theoretical ideas general geomorphology are shown. The significant role of the relief as a factor of soil formation and as a factor, that leads to the spreading of soils in nature (the law of vertical zoning) is noted. It allows us to assert that the formation of soil science as a science began; the relief is included in the range of its objects of investigation, the scientific interweaving of soil and geomorphological ideas. In article the role of the basic properties of the relief – morphology, genesis, age and dynamics, as well as the general conditions in the geographic possibilities of interpretation at the establishment of the laws of the formation of the general properties of the soil cover of the region are analyzed. It is indicated that an attempt to depart from the traditional approaches to the study of geographical objects, to study the soil cover precisely from the position of the subject of geomorphology are the methodological principles of geomorphological science. The role of morphological and morphometric properties of the relief of the earth’s surface in relations with the soil cover, regional differences in the morphometric parameters of the relief of the earth’s surface, the role of the genesis of certain forms of the relief of the earth’s surface in the formation and changes in the soil cover, the influence of the relief age on the formation of the soil cover, earth`s surface in changes in soil properties are represented. This material show`s that the basis for our comprehensive geomorphological and soil studies of the territory of the Northern Black Sea Region, which for the first time illustrates the possibility of using the theoretical and methodological foundations of general geomorphology in the study of the origin, spread, degradation and protection of the soil cover of Ukraine’s most important agricultural region.

Ore Mineralogical and Geochemical Studies on El-Daghbag-I Gold Deposit, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt

El-Daghbag-I gold mineralization is a part of El-Daghbag gold deposit, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. It is represented by several NW-trending quartz veins cutting across highly sheared granodiorite rocks along NW-trending shear zone. The recorded ore mineral assemblage is magnetite, ilmenite, native gold, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena. Bornite, covellite and goethite are the secondary ore minerals. Statistical parameters, Clark of Concentration, linear productivity, contrast coefficient, zonality index and zoning coefficient were calculated to investigate the geochemical association and whether there are factors controlling distribution of its members. The geochemical primary distribution patterns of gold and the elements properly forming the mineralization revealed that the gold associated elements are (Cu, As, Zn, Ni, Co, Ag and Pb). These elements occur as proper ore sulfide-minerals. The recorded lateral zoning sequence of deposition along the NW-SE extension of the main quartz vein is (Ag-Co-Ni-Cr-Cu-As-Zn-Pb). The lateral zoning sequence along the SW-NE trend crossing the quartz vein exhibits variable depositional sequence is (Ag-Co-Cr-Ni-Cu-As-Pb-Zn). With regard to position of the ore metals in the general sequence of zoning, the gold potential of the central and southeastern parts, due to its probable accumulation at deeper levels of the mineralization, are expected to be promising. Drilling is recommended for studying the vertical zoning of these elements to reveal the site of gold accumulation.

Changes in composition and pore space of sand rocks in the oil water contact zone (section YU13-4, Klyuchevskaya area, Tomsk region)

The article provides an analysis of specific features in changes of rocks in the oil water contact zone. The object of study is the formation YU13-4 (J3o1) of Klyuchevskaya oil deposit (West Siberian oil-gas province, Tomsk region). The research data allow the authors to determine vertical zoning of the surface structure and identify the following zones: oil saturation (weak alteration), bitumen-content dissolution, non-bitumen-content dissolution, cementation, including rocks not affected by hydrocarbon deposit. The rocks under investigation are characterized by different changes in composition, pore space, as well as reservoir filtration and volumetric parameters. Detection of irregularity in distribution of void- pore space in oil-water contact zones is of great practical importance. It helps to avoid the errors in differential pressure drawdown and explain the origin of low-resistivity collectors.

Role of oxbow lakes in controlling redox geochemistry of shallow groundwater under a heterogeneous fluvial sedimentary environment in an agricultural field: Coexistence of iron and sulfate reduction

This study aimed to extend the knowledge of the vertical distribution of redox conditions of shallow groundwater in heterogeneous fluvial sediments near oxbow lakes. For this study, we revisited the study area of Kim et al. (2009) to examine the redox zoning in details. Three multi-level samplers were installed along a flow path near two oxbow lakes to obtain vertical profiles of the subsurface geology and hydrochemical and isotopic data (δ18O and δD of water, δ15N and δ18O of nitrate, and δ34S of sulfate) of groundwater. Geologic logging showed that characteristics of the heterogeneous subsurface geology are closely related to the pattern of vertical redox zoning. Hydrochemical data in conjunction with nitrogen and sulfur isotope data show that the redox status of groundwater near oxbow lakes is controlled by denitrification, iron reduction, and sulfate reduction. The oxidizing condition of groundwater occurs in the sand-dominant alluvium located in the up-gradient of oxbow lakes, whereas the reducing condition accompanying denitrification, iron reduction, and local sulfate reduction is developed in silt-rich alluvium in and the downgradient of oxbow lakes. The occurrence of sulfate reduction was newly found in this study. However, the vertical profiles of redox-sensitive parameters show that iron reduction and sulfate reduction occur concurrently near oxbow lakes, although the measured redox potentials suggest that thermodynamic conditions are controlled by the stability of Fe2+/Fe-oxides. Therefore, this study shows that the redox condition of groundwater in the iron-rich zone should be carefully interpreted. For this purpose, depth-specific sampling and careful examination of sulfur isotope data will be very useful for identifying the redox processes occurring in the zone with overlapping iron reduction and sulfate reduction in heterogeneous fluvial sediments.

Using hydrochemical data to estimate the components of the water balance (the Bodrak river basin, southwestern Crimea)

The assessment of the individual elements of the water balance in the catchment area of a small river was made. The water balance equation of Bodrak Basin (north-western slopes of the Crimean Mountains) based on hydro-chemical data was proposed. When calculating the incoming articles of precipitation the authors used data of the weather station located in the village Pochtovie. The corrections to the vertical zoning were inputted when calculating. Estimation of the condensation flow was based on long-term observations of the karst spring during the low-flow period. Estimations of evaporation were based on the calculation methods, recommended in the special publications.

HYDROCHEMISTRY OF THE MOUNTAIN RIVERS WITH FOREST-GRASSLAND TYPES OF THE VERTICAL ZONING

The article analyzes the spatial-temporal characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM), pH, and salinity (∑m) natural river water of provinces and countries of mountains with forest-grassland types of the vertical zoning of the CIS. The work is based on the results of many years experimental studies and observations in the network of hydrometeorological service. The reaction of river water of forest-meadow mountains during the year is neutral and slightly alkaline, in a few provinces it is weak-acid and alkaline, and in the Amur-Primorye country it is slightly acidic and neutral. The salinity of the water changes dramatically from very low in the Amur-Primorye country, Pribaikalia and Transbaikalia (40–100 mg/ dm 3 ), small in the Alpine-Carpathian country and in the Altai-Sayan mountains (120–200 mg/dm 3 ) to the average values (200–400 mg/dm 3 ) on the rest of the territory. The color of river water varies from small (15–20°) in the mountains of Western and Central Asian types of zoning to average values (30–45 o ) in the mountains of Central and Far Eastern types of zoning. The magnitude of the permanganate oxidizability of water ranges from small (4–5 mg/dm 3 ) to the average (7–8 mg/dm3 ), the bichromate oxidizability has mostly average values (14–20 mg/dm 3 ); for forest-meadow mountains of the CIS they are equal to 7 and 18 mg/dm3 , PO/BO – 41%, DOM/∑m – 10%. Extreme average concentrations of humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids in the water of the rivers of forest-meadow mountains vary from 0.005–0.035 in winter and 0.015–0.055 in summer low-water periods up to 0.090–0.230 mg/dm 3 of carbon in high water, FA – respectively from 0.150–0.350 and 0.460–0.620 to 0.930–1.29 mg/dm 3 . Hydrochemical zoning of river water is developed very well in mountains with forest-grassland types of vertical zoning with optimally formed geomorphological and landscape storeyed structure.

Geological, geochemical, and geochronological characteristics of Caledonian W–Sn mineralization in the Baiganhu orefield, southeastern Xinjiang, China

The newly discovered large-scale Baiganhu W–Sn orefield, consisting of the Kekekaerde, Baiganhu, Bashierxi, and Awaer deposits, is located in Ruoqiang County, southeastern Xinjiang, China. These deposits comprise mainly three types of W–Sn mineralization: early-stage skarn-type, middle-stage greisen-type, and late-stage quartz-vein-type. In this study, we classified seven major vertical zones on the basis of petrographic characteristics, roughly from the bottom of the parental granitic intrusions upward, as (A) fresh syenogranite, (B) argillic alteration, (C) muscovite-dominated greisenization, (D) tourmaline-dominated greisenization, (E) marginal facies (including K-feldspar pegmatite and fine-grained granite), (F) aplitic apophysis, and (G1) skarn or (G2) infilled silification zones. According to the alteration–mineralization assemblages and cross-cutting relationships, five stages of mineralization are recognized in the orefield (I, skarn stage; II, greisen stage; III, quartz vein stage; IV, argillic alteration stage; and V, supergene stage), and reverse alteration zonation in the altered intrusion is also observed.The W–Sn deposits are spatially associated with syenogranite, which is part of the Caledonian Bashierxi magmatic series. Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb dating of the syenogranite yields a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 413.6±2.4Ma (MSWD=0.36, n=30). Hydrothermal muscovite from three samples associated with W–Sn mineralization yields plateau 40Ar/39Ar ages of 411.7±2.6Ma (MSWD=0.21), 412.8±2.4Ma (MSWD=0.22), and 413.8±2.6Ma (MSWD=0.22), which is consistent with the zircon U–Pb age, thus indicating a temporal link between the emplacement of the syenogranite and the W–Sn mineralization. Our age data and previously published ages, along with geochemical data, for the granitoids in the Bashierxi magmatic series show a nearly contemporaneous evolution of A- and S-type granites, which were emplaced in a post-orogenic setting at ca. 432–413Ma. As compared with the A-type granites, the syenogranites with S-type affinities probably resulted from a lower degree of partial melting of metagreywackes, which was more likely to be enriched in the ore-forming elements W and Sn, as well as volatiles such as B and H2O. In addition, the syenogranites exhibit low oxidation states and underwent high degrees of factional crystallization, both of which favor post-magmatic W–Sn mineralization. We suggest that more attention should be given to buried syenogranites of S-type affinities during mineral exploration in this area, and that the proposed model of a vertical alteration zoning can act as a guide to the targeting of similar ore systems.

Variscan thrusting in I- and S-type granitic rocks of the Tribeč Mountains, Western Carpathians (Slovakia): evidence from mineral compositions and monazite dating

AbstractThe Tribeč granitic core (Tatric Superunit, Western Carpathians, Slovakia) is formed by Devonian/Lower Carboniferous, calc-alkaline I- and S-type granitic rocks and their altered equivalents, which provide a rare opportunity to study the Variscan magmatic, post-magmatic and tectonic evolution. The calculatedP-T-Xpath of I-type granitic rocks, based on Fe-Ti oxides, hornblende, titanite and mica-bearing equilibria, illustrates changes in redox evolution. There is a transition from magmatic stage atTca. 800–850 °C and moderate oxygen fugacity (FMQ buffer) to an oxidation event at 600 °C between HM and NNO up to the oxidation peak at 480 °C and HM buffer, to the final reduction at ca. 470 °C at ΔNN= 3.3. Thus, the post-magmatic Variscan history recorded in I-type tonalites shows at early stage pronounced oxidation and low temperature shift back to reduction. The S-type granites originated at temperature 700–750 °C at lower water activity and temperature. TheP-Tconditions of mineral reactions in altered granitoids at Variscan time (both I and S-types) correspond to greenschist facies involving formation of secondary biotite. The Tribeč granite pluton recently shows horizontal and vertical zoning: from the west side toward the east S-type granodiorites replace I-type tonalites and these medium/coarse-grained granitoids are vertically overlain by their altered equivalents in greenschist facies. Along the Tribeč mountain ridge, younger undeformed leucocratic granite dykes in age 342±4.4 Ma cut these metasomatically altered granitic rocks and thus post-date the alteration process. The overlaying sheet of the altered granites is in a low-angle superposition on undeformed granitoids and forms “a granite duplex” within Alpine Tatric Superunit, which resulted from a syn-collisional Variscan thrusting event and melt formation ~340 Ma. The process of alteration may have been responsible for shifting the oxidation trend to the observed partial reduction.

Intermetallic compounds, copper and palladium alloys in Au–Pd ore of the Skaergaard pluton, Greenland

Copper–palladium intermetallic compounds and alloys (2314 grains) from the Au–Pd ore of the Skaergaard layered gabbroic pluton have been studied. Skaergaardite PdCu, nielsenite PdCu3, (Cu,Pd)β, (Cu,Pd)α, (Pd,Cu,Au,Pt) alloys, and native palladium have been identified as a result of 1680 microprobe analyses. The average compositions and various chemical varieties of these minerals are characterized, as well as vertical and lateral zoning in distribution of noble metals. The primary Pd–Cu alloys were formed within a wide temperature interval broadly synchronously with cooling and crystallization of host gabbro and in close association with separation of Fe–Cu sulfide liquid. In the course of crystallization of residual gabbroic melt enriched in iron, noble and heavy metals and saturated with the supercritical aqueous fluid, PGE and Au are selectively concentrated in the Fe–Cu sulfide phase as Pd–Cu and Cu–Au alloys.

Dissolved Organic Matters and Mineralization of River Water of Mountains with Tundra-Taiga Types of Vertical Zoning in Russia

Space-time characteristics of dissolved organic matters (DOM), alkaline-acidic conditions (pH) and mineralization (∑m) of river waters of natural provinces and countries of mountains with tundra-taiga types of vertical zoning of Russia are analyzed. The study is based on the results of long-term experimental hydrochemical researches and observations on the network of Hydrometeorological Service. The reaction of river water of studied mountains is neutral (pH is from 6.5 to 7.0). Water mineralization in the main area is extremely small (less than 100 mg/dm3 ), in some natural countries and provinces increases to small. The river water of mountains with the West Siberian and East Siberian tundra-taiga zoning types is quite similar by average annual chrominance, by the content of dissolved organic matters and easily oxidable fractions, while these parameters for the river water of the pacific types mountains are at 1.5 times lower. Extreme average concentrations of humic and fulvic acids in the water of the rivers of these mountains are maximal in the mountain territory of the country.

Metal transports and enrichments in iron depositions hosted in basaltic rocks: I. Case study in Mid-Lower Yangtze River Valley, China

This study provides new information about metal transportation due to water–basaltic rock interaction experiment at temperatures from 20°C to 550°C and 23–34MPa, and a case study on water–rock interactions occurred in an iron deposit. Anhydrite–magnetite–pyroxene iron deposits hosted in basaltic rocks and the accompanying alteration zones were investigated in a Mesozoic volcanic area of the mid-lower Yangtze River Valley, China. Combined with this case study, high-temperature kinetic experiments were conducted on water–rock interactions to reveal the mechanism of metal transport in hydrothermal alterations. The dissolution rates (release rates) for various metals from the rocks are temperature-dependent, causing the various metals transported at gradational temperatures along the alteration profile to form vertical trace metal zoning. The chemical compositions of the altered rocks associated with iron deposits were investigated in detail, involving the rock-forming elements, trace elements and ore elements along the alteration zone profile from the surface to a depth of 1600m. The distribution of the metals in the altered rocks showed vertical zoning from the deep (melanocratic) alteration zone to the shallow (leucocratic) alteration zone. The locations of high metal content changes with depth, in the sequence: V, TiO2, Cr, Ni (deepest)→Cu, Ag, Pb, Zn→Th, U→Cd, As→Sr, Sb, Ba (shallowest).Experimental results indicated that the dissolution rates (release rate) for various metals vary with temperature. The maximum release rates (RMX) for Cu, Co, Ni, Zn and Ag occurred at 550–500°C (in some cases 400°C); RMXs for V, Ti, Cr, As, Be, Mo, Pb, U and Cd occurred at 400°C; RMX for Th at 200°C; RMX (Sr) at 100°C (300°C in NaCl–H2O), and RMX (Ba) at 100°C (in some cases 400°C).Comparing the compositions of altered rocks along the profile with the experimentally measured release rates for various elements provided evidence that the major trace elements (most transition elements) are dissolved from basaltic rocks by upwelling fluids at temperatures around the critical-state temperature, from 300°C to 400°C or above. The reactive fluids transport Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, As, U, Th, Ba and Sr to shallow regions, i.e., the outer part of the alteration zones, where they are precipitated as the temperature dropped from 300°C to 100°C.

Experimental study of the peridotite-H2O system at P = 3.8–4 GPa and T = 1000–1400°C: Critical relations and vertical zoning of the upper mantle

Experimental study of the peridotite-H2O system at P = 3.8–4 GPa and T = 1000–1400°C: Critical relations and vertical zoning of the upper mantle

Distribution of sublittoral vegetation at the continental coast of the Okhotsk Sea (within the limits of Khabarovsk Region)

Spatial distribution of algae vegetation is considered for the area from the Uda Bay to the Ushki Bay (1100 km along the northwestern coast of the Okhotsk Sea) on the data of 10 surveys conducted by Pacific Fish. Res. Center (TINRO) at the depth from 2 to 12-35 m in 2002-2013 (3043 stations, including about 300 diving stations made by the author personally). Dominant species of sublittoral vegetation are few: 4 species of brown algae ( Saccharina gurjanovae, Alaria marginata, Pseudolessonia laminarioides , and Stephanocystis crassipes ) and a group of red algae ( Neoptilota asplenioides, Odonthalia corymbifera, Tichocarpus crinitus, Chondrus platynus, Neohypophyllum middendorffii , and Hymenena ruthenica ), other species can form the vegetation cover in local areas only. The algae belt reaches the depth 8-13 m, sometimes 26-35 m. Its vegetation is qualitatively homogeneous, with feebly marked vertical zoning and tier structure; the dominant species don’t change by latitude and topical conditions. Mean biomass of the sublittoral algae is about 2 kg/m 2 , with the greatest contribution of Saccharina gurjanovae (annual mean 41 %) and the minimal one of Pseudolessonia laminarioides (13 %). The species composition is relatively stable in time, as well. The features of vegetation homogeneity are shown in over 900 km of the coastal zone. However, the sublittoral vegetation changes significantly southwestward and northeastward from the investigated area.

Some legal aspects of complex development of underground space of megapolis

Analysis of current legislation and jurisprudence practiceshows that the use of underground space of cities creates a significant number ofproblems. In this article, we try to describe most typical of them.Recent research and publications analysis. The choice of the article's subjectdefined by importance of problems raised in it, some aspects of which are submittedin works members of land law study as P.F. Kulinich, R.I. Marusenko,A.M. Miroshnichenko A.I. Ripenko, N.V. Shulga and others.Paper objective. The article's subject is studying of a number of law issues forcomplex development of underground space.Paper main body. Today is a time to solve problems in the field of citydevelopment, we should refuse old forms of thinking and switch to the reasonablelimits of vertical zoning, by increasing the permissible storeys, on the basis of deepspaceorganization of the whole system objects of development as the organic whole,which consists housing and all necessary social, industrial and engineeringinfrastructure, created in the underground level.Vertical zoning should be included in the zoning plans. It should be noted thatin zoning plans must consider typology and characteristics of underground structuresthrough the adoption of urban planning regulations.Except making changes in the zoning plans provisions about undergrounddevelopment, should also adopt plenty of standart acts or making additions to existingones for underground construction. Since the law allows to decide the simultaneousoperation of aboveground and underground parts of the land area, but only "to acertain extent", without giving specific and exhaustive answers to all questions thatarise in this regard.There is also need to develop engineering-geological mapping of urbanunderground space that will allow to evaluate the possibility of a secure building in aparticular location objects of underground space and significantly reduce the lengthof the stage frills building cycle.Underground spaces with objects placed on them are not subjects toregistration as land and can not be displayed in the cadastral system. Thus, revealeditself the need to use some 3D features in existing cadastral system. The first step forintroduction of this system are alreadey maded, in particular, introduced by the StateLand Cadastre and the State registry, the next step will be introduction of accountingand registration of realty objects in three dimensions.Conclusions of the research. In Ukraine there are several problems that holdscomplex development of underground space. First of all, it is a complete lack offundamental documents defining prospects in elaboration of undergroundconstruction. A lot of problems are in the technical regulation: there is no regulationrequirements for construction of large number of objects just because earlier inUkraine there were not built at all. In addition, there are no legislative acts regulatinginvestment in the construction of underground structures, allocation of plots,obtaining ownership of the facility and more.

The geochemical zoning of the Nakhodka porphyry-epithermal system (West Chukotka)

Based on a factor analysis of the geochemical and mineralogical data on drill holes, the geochemical associations that allow the localization of the areas of mineralization at different stages of the formation of the Nakhodka porphyry-epithermal system were determined. The lateral and vertical geochemical zoning of mineralization was described. Geochemical indicators of vertical zoning (AgPbZn/CuBiMo and AgAsSb/CuBiMo) that provide estimates of the erosion level of porphyry-epithermal systems and porphyry copper stockorks were suggested.

Mineral assemblages of the porphyry tin-polymetallic ores of Mount Krasnaya paleovolcano of the Krasnogorsky deposit in the Dal’negorsk ore district

This paper presents the results of the detailed mineralogical study of the pocket-disseminated tinzinc (cassiterite-sulfide) and vein-metasomatic tin-silver-polymetallic ores localized in the vent of the Mount Krasnaya paleovolcano (Krasnogorsky polymetallic deposit). The tin-zinc ores of the early Late Maastrichtian stage of the ore formation are associated with pipelike bodies of explosion breccias, were formed at a temperature of around 300°C, and include three mineral assemblages: the (1) pyrite, (2) productive quartz-cassiterite-sphalerite, and (3) late sulfosalt-galena-chalcopyrite ones. The vein-metasomatic tin-silver-polymetallic ores of the late Paleocene stage are associated with rhyolite bodies, controlled by the NW-oriented faults, and cut mineralized breccia. These ores were formed during a full two-stage hydrothermal cycle within the temperature interval from 500 to 1000°C and include five consecutive ore mineral assemblages: (1) wolframite-arsenopyrite, (2) cassiterite-sphalerite-pyrite-chalcopyrite, (3) stannite-Ag-bearing sulfosalt, (4) freibergite-galena, and (5) native silver-stephanite-acanthite. The tin-silver-polymetallic ores are assumed to have formed simultaneously with the extended silver-bearing galena-sphalerite veins cutting the Primorskaya Group volcanic rocks around the paleovolcano. In the extended vein zones, the tinsilver-polymetallic ores correspond to the uppermost (closest to the paleosurface) part of the vertical zoning.