Vertical Type Research Articles

Design, development and performance evaluation of manual planter for system of wheat intensification

System of wheat intensification (SWI), a new planting method, has shown promising results. Manual planting in SWI is cumbersome, labored and time-consuming. Hence, a manually operated planter for SWI was designed and developed at ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, for precise planting of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed. Field experiment was conducted to optimize design parameters i.e. plant spacing, number of seed/hill, treated/untreated and result was compared for conventional wheat cultivation with and without SWI management during winter season of 2015-16. The estimated labour requirements for manual planting under SWI method was 4–5 times more than the traditional drilling of wheat. The bulk density, true density, 1,000 seed weight, max. and min. dimensions and sphericity of the wheat seed were computed as 768 kg/m3, 1376 kg/m3, 39.9 g, 6.0 and 2.6 mm and 3.7, respectively. Based on these physical properties of wheat seed, a vertical cell type metering unit for single-row SWI planter was designed and fabricated. The metering unit of the planter was evaluated on a sticky belt at different speeds for distribution uniformity of seed per hill. It dropped 2-seeds per hill for 56% hills (points), 3 and 1 seeds per hill in 20% hills and missed-out seeds for 4–5% hills. The developed SWI planter was evaluated at IARI-Agronomy research field and its performance was compared with manual sowing and manual SWI planting. Number of hills germinated was found to be 22–24/m2. The distribution of plant per hill was found 69% double, 23% single, 5% triple and 3% nil. Overall, germination of seed, plant growth and yield were significantly better (> 25% higher) in the plots sown by SWI planter compared to conventional wheat sowing.

Geospatial Analysis of Building Structures in Megacity Dhaka: the Use of Spatial Statistics for Promoting Data-driven Decision-making

Information on spatial building structures is limited, but it can support efficient planning and management in the context of fast-growing big cities in many developing countries. In this paper, we present a spatial analysis approach that includes an estimate of building intensity in the megacity of Dhaka and a spatial analysis using spatial statistics. The entire city was divided into regular grids and the building intensity (both horizontal and vertical) was extracted using vector type building information; the spatial statistics were calculated on the basis of Moran’s I and Gini indices. The variability of the estimated spatial statistics is interpreted according to co-relationship or clustering patterns with the location of the central business district (CBD) area as well as the public bus transit infrastructure (routes and stops). The results show that the residential building structure intensity is prominent and the concentrations are distributed all over the city. The mixed-use type building structures show highest clustering, with fewer outliers in the old part of the city. The vertical-use intensities indicate extreme clustering within highly intensified building activity in the nearby CBD area. The higher presence of low-low clustering of horizontal intensity indicated low development at the suburban area. However, the strongly clustered grid cells within residential sector as well as horizontal development classes are less accessible by bus transit within a defined catchment area, whereas the service sector and vertical development type seem to be more accessible. This type of geographic approach, visualization, and statistical information can help in making data-driven planning decisions with the advantage of monitoring urban development; however, the modeling sensitivity and uncertainties in the building data set remain open for further investigation.

Current Activites for Commercialization of Oxyfuel Power Plant

IHI has been developing oxyfuel technology as one of the CO2 capture technologies from coal fired power plants since 1989. For the demonstration of oxyfuel combustion technology, IHI jointly formed and participated in “Callide Oxyfuel Project” with Australian and Japanese partners in 2008. In the Project, the applicability of the technology to an existing power plant, the reliability and the effectiveness for CCS were demonstrated through achievement of more than 10,000 hours oxyfuel operation and underground injection of CO2 that captured from oxyfuel coal power plant. After completion of the demonstration, additional tests were carried out in the laboratory and at the pilot-scale combustion test facilities in IHI’s Aioi Works. The additional test purpose is to check the performance of the equipment mostly used in current power plants in order for the technology to be flexibly applied to them. For example, the vertical type roller mill and the ESP were tested. In vertical type roller mill test, it was made clear that the effect of moisture concentrated in the flue gas in oxyfuel system was not so big for the pulverization of coal. In ESP test, it was clearly found that the dust collection efficiency in oxyfiring combustion is higher than that in airfiring combustion.

Vertical steam generators for VVER NPPs

Steam generators for NPPs are the important large-sized metal consuming equipment of nuclear power installations. Efficiency of steam generator operation determines the overall service life of the whole nuclear facility. The main aim of the current study is to analyze advantages and shortcomings of horizontal and vertical types of steam generator design. This analysis is aimed at the development of recommendations for designing advanced steam generators for future Russian units of NPPs with VVER reactors of increased power. Design solutions and fifty-year experience of operation of 400 steam generators of horizontal type accepted in Russia and of vertical type applied by Westinghouse, Combustion Engineering, Siemens, Mitsubishi, Doosan were analyzed within the framework of the present study. Advantages and drawbacks of both types of equipment determining the development of conditions of the operating processes were also identified and systematized. Currently NPPs equipped with VVER are characterized with extended surface area of containment shells due to the application of four-loop design configuration and horizontal-type steam generators. It was established that steam generator equipment of horizontal type is characterized by such inherent disadvantages of design, technological and operational nature as the following: 1) small height and volume of the vapor space above the evaporation surface reducing separation capabilities and the capacity of the equipment as a whole; 2) impossibility of organizing separate single-phase pre-boiling section. Because of the above, horizontal steam generators with dimensions permissible for railroad transportation and, for VVER-1200 with reactor vessel diameter equal to 5 m, by water transport as well, have exhausted the possibilities for further significant increase of the per unit electric power. The demonstrated advantages of vertical-type steam generators were as follows: 1) absence of stagnant zones within the second cooling circuit, and, consequently, of hold-ups in them; 2) uniformity of heat absorption efficiency of the heating surface ensuring, as well, improved conditions for moisture separation; 3) high degree of moisture removal from steam-water mixture due to the combination of moisture separating elements of chevron and swirl-vane types; 4) increased temperature drop with parameters of generated steam elevated by 0.3 – 0.4 MPa. Conclusion was made on the advisability of introduction of steam generators with vertical-type layout in the Russian nuclear power generation. Practical tasks that need to be addressed in order to ensure introduction of vertical steam generators at NPPs with high-power VVER reactors were formulated.

HISTORICAL EVALUATION, REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF URANIUM MINING IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

Meteorological elements affecting radioactive contamination of the environment, each indicator has a different weight in the formation of the radioactive background. The strongest influence on the spread of radioactive contamination have winds. Influenced also different rainfall and the permeability of the atmospheric layer to solar radiation reaching us. The other meteorological components have a negligible impact on the spread of radioactive rays, particles and isotopes and therefore in further research we will ignore them and will not recognize their influence on climate radioactive background. In the analysis of meteorological elements that influence the spread of radioactive particles and radioactive isotopes in Bulgaria are mainly analyzed winds and air currents that form in the airspace over Bulgaria. These are the main weather elements that most influence the climate of the radioactive background. Another element that influences is precipitation in its various manifestations - horizontal and vertical type and depending on the physical condition of the water. The other meteorological elements because of their vile influence of the radiation situation will exclude them from the factors shaping the natural indicators of the state of the atmosphere, water and pochvata.Analizat is made on the basis of detailed statistics on the direction and strength of the wind and air currents over the territory of Bulgaria in the last 30 years. In addition to daily data for the period after 2009 have used aggregated figures on the direction and strength of winds, and near the concerned areas and over throughout our country and in adjacent border areas. This data is used for a period of 20 years, which is enough to capture the trends of change of atmospheric masses and neighboring aquatic and terrestrial surfaces. I must point out that monitoring of air masses over the past 25 years gives us only the main trends and directions, but as we all know, these processes are too dynamic and not subject to cyclic steady repetition and prediction. So at the same time made extensive research and data processing should not disable the constant monitoring of our environment and its parametri.Kato main potential sources of radioactive contamination are discussed nuclear power in Europe. In analyzing the results of the forecast movements of air masses and spreading radioactive particles consequently observed that apart from the NPP "Kozloduy" and adjacent to Bulgaria Kozloduy "Black Water" at different intervals of time radioactive contamination may occur and result of an accident in other NPPs in Europe.

Poly(vinyl alcohol) gate dielectric in organic field-effect transistors

The use of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the gate dielectric in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) constitutes an effective solution for lowering the operating voltage and for the realization of next-generation flexible electronic applications. This article reviews the progress of both planar and vertical type OFETs that utilize PVA as the gate dielectric. It presents a systematic study, highlighting the major advantages, disadvantages and limitations related to the use of PVA in OFETs. Most importantly, this review discusses the physical mechanisms related to charge trapping at the dielectric/semiconductor interface of OFETs and the several mechanisms that influence the effective charge transport. In this context, the recent advances dedicated to the improvement of charge transport and performance in PVA OFETs will also be presented and discussed.

The Effect of Cyclic Load Characteristics on Unbound Granular Materials

Vertical load characteristics used in laboratory repeated load triaxial tests (RLTT) have a significant impact on evaluating unbound granular materials (UGMs) for the flexible road pavements. Many studies and standard testing protocols suggest a diverse range of these characteristics (i.e. stress magnitude, pulse shape type, loading period and rest period). Several studies have been conducted to identify the factors that affect the permanent deformation (PD) and resilient modulus (Mr) of UGMs. However, the effect of the pulse shape types has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study is to experimentally investigate the effect of vertical stress pulse shape type on the PD and Mr behaviour of the UGMs using RLTT. For further assessment, a parametric analysis was also conducted using eight existing PD and Mr constitutive models. Three typical vertical stress pulse shape types were investigated, namely trapezoidal, haversine and triangular, as suggested by several international testing protocols. The results show that tested UGMs, using trapezoidal stress pulse, produced higher PD and lower Mr than haversine and triangular pulses under controlled experimental conditions. As the loading span of the pulse increased, the amount of PD also increased, and Mr decreased. Some of the regression parameters of the investigated constitutive models for both PD and Mr showed correlations with the type of applied stress pulses. Moreover, it was found that the PD and Mr models were material dependent, as a better statistical fit was achieved for the granite than the basalt samples. It is recommended to take extra precautions while adopting a particular type of vertical stress pulse shape as the results may vary widely.

Optimization of high temperature furnace system as one of the spray pyrolisis subsystems based on R type thermocouples and PID control

One method that can produce nanoparticle material is the spray pyrolysis method, but the use of a spray system requires a high temperature heating or pyrolisis system therefore a furnace is needed which can reach high temperatures. The built furnace has a vertical elongated turbular type with dimensions measuring 60 cm × 50 cm × 150 cm. For this furnace used nickell type windings which are loosely shaped, and given type R thermocouples that are able to measure up to 1600 °C, using a PID control system. The design scheme of the furnace is divided into 3 blocks, with heaters arranged in series to obtain the best efficiency when using electric power. The results obtained are that the furnace is able to reach a maximum temperature of 1000 °C with high accuracy in all three blocks, but the achievement time of the maximum temperature in each block is only the best block 2 compared to other blocks, this is due to the heat induction arising from blocks 1 and 2.

Mobility analysis of AmpuTees (MAAT 5): Impact of five common prosthetic ankle-foot categories for individuals with diabetic/dysvascular amputation.

IntroductionDiabetes and vascular disease represent the most common etiologies for lower limb amputations. In lower limb loss rehabilitation, the prosthetic ankle-foot mechanism is the most common major component needed to restore function. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of five common prosthetic ankle-foot mechanisms on functional mobility in a large sample of individuals with amputation due to diabetes/dysvascular disease.MethodsA retrospective analysis of the Prosthetic Limb Users' Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M®) captured in the patient care setting. A total of 738 individuals were included and subsequently subdivided into five groups based on the ankle-foot mechanism of their current prosthesis. Groups were compared using a general linear univariate model with age, body mass index, comorbid health status, time since amputation, and amputation level entered as covariates.ResultsThe microprocessor ankle-foot group had the highest mobility (F4,728 = 3.845, p=0.004), which was followed by the vertical loading pylon type ankle-foot, the hydraulic ankle-foot, the flex-walk-type ankle-foot, and lastly the flex-foot-type ankle-foot.ConclusionThese results demonstrate that the selection of different prosthetic ankle-foot technology directly impacts functional mobility for the patient with an amputation due to diabetes and/or vascular disease.

Numerical simulation of detached breakwaters for mangrove restoration in Bengkalis Island, Indonesia

This paper presents the application of detached breakwater to reduce wave energy for protecting mangrove planting site. Initial planting of mangroves still needs seawater for their growth, but they will be distracted by the big wave. How is the detached breakwater should be designed for this purpose is the objective of this research. This research simulated the wave propagation at the existing condition and under some alternative designs of detached breakwater to find out the optimum design of detached breakwater for mangrove planting site. The CADMAS-SURF is a numerical model that was used for the simulation. Bengkalis coast in Indonesia was picked up as study area of this research. The mangrove degradation and the severe coastal abrasion have occurred in this area for long period. The simulation result shows that in the high tide condition, the wave height and wave velocity at the mangrove plantation area are about 1.12 m and 3.86 m/s respectively in the case of the existing condition. In this case, the initial mangrove plantation cannot be applied because it will be destroyed by the wave. By applying breakwater both for rubble mound type and vertical wall type, the wave height and the wave velocity were reduced to 0.69 m, 2.39 m/s and 0.72 m, 2.31 m/s respectively. In this case, the initial mangrove plantation can be applied because it will not be destroyed by the wave.

Conversationally and Monologically-Produced Narratives: A Complex Story of Horizontal Décalages

Abstract Theory-of- mind-related abilities present a long development characterized by both vertical and horizontal décalages. A vertical type of décalage can be seen in children’s abilities to take into account, on a practical level, others’ intentional and mental states and use internal state terms to talk about them before they are able to succeed, at the dominant representational level of functioning, in false belief tasks. Several horizontal décalages can also be observed. It is only after success in FB tasks that children can talk about the mental states of characters in fictional stories. Moreover, ToM-related and other inferential elements are expressed earlier and more frequently in conversationally-constructed than in monologically-produced narratives. This paper examines in particular this type of horizontal décalage by comparing the types of explanations produced by eighty 6- and 7-year-old French-speaking children during a short conversational intervention (SCI) focused on the causes of the story events to those expressed in monological narratives, about the same wordless picture story, produced immediately after or before the SCI. The results confirm that children expressed more ToM-related and other inferential elements during the SCI than in the two monologically-produced narratives. However, the comparison between explanations produced during the SCI and in the immediately following monological narrative also reveals complex relations among understanding, knowing and expressing this knowledge. The reasons and the significance of the horizontal décalages found in the study are discussed.

The effect of brine mass rate on circumferential and longitudinal stress in vertical type separator design

AbstractThe geothermal power plant is converting steam to electricity. The evaporation process in the evaporator produces wet steam (brine). The Brine has a high temperature and contains water, whi...

Cephalometric evaluation of patients with β-thalassemia major living in Azerbaijan

The aim of the study was to evaluate cephalometric rates in transfusion dependent patients with β-thalassemia major living in Azerbaijan. The study group included 21 adolescents (mean age 12.7±0.6 years) with β-thalassemia major while 23 patients (mean age 13.3±0.5 years) with no congenital pathology served as controls. The study results showed that adolescent with β-thalassemia major have class II malocclusion (<SNA=79.0±0.9°, <SNB=72.4±0.8°, <ANB=6.6±0.7°). Increased vertical cephalometric rates (Bjork angle <NSL-ML, <ML-NL, <NGoMe) revealed vertical type of facial growth.

Isomerism in Titanium‐Oxo Clusters: Molecular Anatase Model with Atomic Structure and Improved Photocatalytic Activity

AbstractPhase isomerism is a common and important phenomenon in inorganic materials, but the molecular isomerism of their nanocluster models is still rare. In this work, we report the first pair of isomeric titanium‐oxo clusters. Through combining pentagonal {Ti(Ti5)} building units in corner‐sharing or edge‐sharing forms, the two obtained Ti20‐oxo clusters take vertical and horizontal core configurations, respectively, which are both functionalized by the same organic ligands. More interestingly, the vertical type Ti20‐oxo core contains an identical {Ti8O14} moiety as anatase, making it the first molecular model of anatase TiO2. As a result, the vertical type cluster exhibits better photocatalytic H2 evolution activity, higher photocurrent response and faster charge transfer to external acceptors than its horizontal isomer. Thus, this work provides a cluster isomer method to understand the structure–property relationship of import titanium oxide materials.

Isomerism in Titanium-Oxo Clusters: Molecular Anatase Model with Atomic Structure and Improved Photocatalytic Activity.

Phase isomerism is a common and important phenomenon in inorganic materials, but the molecular isomerism of their nanocluster models is still rare. In this work, we report the first pair of isomeric titanium-oxo clusters. Through combining pentagonal {Ti(Ti5 )} building units in corner-sharing or edge-sharing forms, the two obtained Ti20 -oxo clusters take vertical and horizontal core configurations, respectively, which are both functionalized by the same organic ligands. More interestingly, the vertical type Ti20 -oxo core contains an identical {Ti8 O14 } moiety as anatase, making it the first molecular model of anatase TiO2 . As a result, the vertical type cluster exhibits better photocatalytic H2 evolution activity, higher photocurrent response and faster charge transfer to external acceptors than its horizontal isomer. Thus, this work provides a cluster isomer method to understand the structure-property relationship of import titanium oxide materials.

Factors Influencing ASEAN FDI and the Policy Implications

This study examines the characteristics of ASEAN FDI and doing business conditions by income level, and conducts an empirical analysis of the determinants of ASEAN FDI to draw policy implications for further eco-nomic cooperation between Korea and ASEAN. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of ASEAN FDI, most ASEAN FDI in all income groups is of the vertical type. Only FDI in Singapore showed a market-seeking, horizontal FDI pattern among the ASEAN high-income group. Based on the primary component analysis to determine factors influencing the FDI inflow of 10 ASEAN countries between 2003 and 2014, Factor 1 includes four variables of starting a business: time, time to import, time to export, and resolving insolvency: recovery rate and Factor 2 includes four variables of enforcing contract: time, starting a business: procedures, trade openness, and exports of goods and services. Finally the paper suggests the following three policy recommendations. Firstly, the Korean government should make efforts for standardization of Rules of Origin thorugh RCEP negotiations. Secondly, the Korean government could provide institutional support via FTA and BITs to strengthen Korea-ASEAN economic cooperation. Thirdly, the Korean government should pursue a strategy of focus to enhance the ASEAN business environment.

A Comparative Study on Seismic Performance of Precast Shear Walls Designed with Different Variables

In order to assess the behavior of the precast shear walls with three different variables and promote the application of the new types of precast shear walls in structures, six precast shear walls with boundary elements designed based on Chinese code for design of concrete structures were tested under quasi-static cyclic loading. The three variables are reinforcement type, horizontal connection and vertical connection. In particular, there are three types of reinforcement, which are uniform, 3 × 3 and 4 × 4; three types of horizontal connection, which are dovetail joint, T-shape slot and rough surface; two types of vertical connection, which are welding and slurry sitting. Tests results indicate that the failure mode of specimens SW-1 through SW-5 was diagonal tension failure and failure mode of specimen SW-6 was shear sliding; the three variables have effect on peak load, drift ratios and ductility; the combination of reinforcement type “4 × 4”, dovetail joint and welding make an improvement on peak load, ductility and energy dissipation; while the T-shape slot is not applicative preferentially in horizontal connection and the slurry sitting vertical connection type is not recommended in mid-rise buildings.

Simplified empirical model for shear strength of RC beam–column joints

In this study, a simplified empirical model is proposed to estimate the shear strength of reinforced concrete beam–column joint. For development of proposed model, various governing parameters affecting the joint shear strength have been identified and evaluated. The identified parameters, namely, concrete compressive strength, width of beam and column, depth of beam and column, column axial load, longitudinal reinforcement of beam and column, yield strength of reinforcement, and joint shear reinforcement, are considered. The influence of aforementioned parameters is determined from the statistical evaluation of collected 326 experimental results of interior and exterior beam–column joints from the literature. The database consists of specimens with wide range of above-mentioned parameters. Proposed model is suitable for the beam–column joints reinforced with vertical, horizontal and diagonal (X-cross) type of reinforcement. Based on experimental database, the efficacy of proposed model is compared with various joint shear strength models. Comparison shows that proposed model predicts more accurate joint shear strength than other considered models. The proposed model is simple in use and can be used for the design purpose.

Effect of Operating Parameters on the Breakage Process of Calcite in a Stirred Media Mill

One of the most energy-intensive processes for producing submicron range calcite is stirred media mill. In the present work, numerous operating parameters such as solid mass fraction, grinding media size, media filling ratio, and grinding time have been investigated using a vertical type stirred media mill. The results are evaluated on the basis of mean particle size, specific surface area, and specific energy consumption. After conducting this study, optimum experimental conditions found to be as 70% media filling ratio, 25% solid mass fraction, 1 mm grinding media size, and 120 min grinding time. Besides, energy savings up to 22% were achieved with the choice of proper media size.

Flexible Vertical p-n Diode Photodetectors with Thin N-type MoSe2 Films Solution-Processed on Water Surfaces.

Two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are of significant interest for potential photoelectronic applications. However, the fabrication of solution-processed arrays of mechanically flexible thin TMD films-based vertical type p-n junction photodetectors over a large area is a great challenge. Our method is based on controlled solvent evaporation of MoSe2 suspension spread on water surface. Single or few-layered MoSe2 nanosheets modified with the dispersant amine-terminated poly(styrene) (PS-NH2) were homogeneously deposited and stacked on water upon solvent evaporation, giving rise to uniform MoSe2/PS-NH2 composite films that can be readily transferred onto other substrates. A p-n junction vertical diode of Al/p-type Si/p-type poly(9,9-di- n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)/n-type MoSe2 composite/Au stacked from bottom to top exhibited characteristic rectifying current behavior upon voltage sweep with a rectification ratio of 103. Subsequent illumination of near-infrared light on the device resulted in a substantially enhanced dark current of approximately 103 times greater than that of the nonexposed device. The photodetection performance, that is, switching time, responsivity, and detectivity, were 100.0 ms, 2.5 AW-1, and 2.34 × 1014, respectively. Furthermore, the performance of mechanically flexible photodetectors devices was comparable with that of the devices fabricated on the hard Si substrate even after 1000 bending cycles at a bending diameter of 7.2 mm.