Vertical Type Research Articles

Lag screw with DHS (LSD) for vertical angle femoral neck fractures in young adults

Vertical Pauwels Type III fractures of the neck of femur in young patients are difficult fractures to treat. These are usually as a result of high energy trauma which are associated with a significant degree of fracture comminution in the neck of femur. This makes the fracture reduction and fixation difficult. Many fixation methods and implants have been described for use in these fractures but are not without reported complications such as non-union and varus collapse. In this article, we highlight the incidence of fracture comminution in both the anterior and posterior cortices of the femoral neck, better visualised with axial computed tomography scanning and describe a simple technique utilizing lag screws and a DHS implant to adequately address these fractures.

STRUCTURAL, STRATIGRAPHIC AND METALLOGENETIC ASPECTS OF THE PARAGUAY FOLD AND THRUST BELT: IMPLICATIONS FOR GOLD MINERALIZATION AND COLLAGE OF THE GONDWANA

ABSTRACT - Paraguay Belt occupies the western portion of the Tocantins Province, surrounding the Southeast of the Amazonian Craton and the eastern border of the Rio Apa Block, suggesting continuity with Tucavaca Belt in Bolivia. The rocks of the Paraguay belt were initially deposited in a glaciomarine environment in sites proximal to the cratonic area and deeper marine under the influence of turbidite flows in distal sites (Cuiabá Group, Bauxi and Puga Formation). The cap carbonates, thick limestone and dolostone succession of the Araras Group and siltstones and diamictites of the Serra Azul Formation related to Glaskiers glaciation overlay these diamictites (related to Marinoan glaciation). On the top there are terrigenous sediments of the Alto Paraguay Group, represented by sandstones of Raizama and claystones of Diamantino formations, respectively. The belt can be divided into three distinct structural zones: The Internal Domain is comprised of turbidite and glaciogenic sequences. Glaciogenic rocks on the base and carbonaceous and terrigenous sediments on the top occur in the External Domain. Horizontal platformal cover on the Amazonian Craton rocks are characterized by open folds. Structural studies allowed characterization of continuous deformational phases: the main deformational phase generated regional inverse folds with a NE-SW trend and fan geometry. Several regionally widespread lode-type gold deposits related to four types of the quartz veins were identified: type 1 is in concordance to bedding, type 2 is parallel to Sn, type 3 is parallel to Sn+2, and vertical Type 4 (Au-rich) is orthogonal to Sn. Late deformation developed in the Cuiabá region, recorded the closure of the ocean and the invertion where the hydrothermal fluids are the responsible for the orebodies formation.
 Keywords: Paraguay Belt, Structural, Stratigraphy, Metalogenesis.

Direct chemical synthesis of PbS on large-area CVD-graphene for high-performance photovoltaic infrared photo-detectors

The need for bendable, flexible and high performance optoelectronic devices has led to various functional materials/graphene hybridized structures. PbS thin films were successfully synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method directly on large area CVD-graphene and strong preferential growth of PbS along [200] was obtained. We fabricated vertical type Ti/PbS photovoltaic devices with graphene and discussed their photocurrent transient characteristics. Photocurrent spectra of graphene/Ti/PbS device were recorded at 0 V at various temperatures using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer.

Can CT predict the development of oroantral fistula in patients undergoing maxillary third molar removal?

In maxillary wisdom tooth extraction, the necessity of CT is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether CT adding to orthopantomography is useful for predicting oroantral perforation during maxillary third molar extraction. Various risk factors for oroantral perforation during maxillary third molar extraction were investigated by univariate and multivariate analyses. We analyzed those of all patients and the patients who underwent CT, respectively. The proximity of the roots to the maxillary sinus floor (root-sinus [RS] classification) and Archer classification were assessed using panoramic radiography. The number of roots and vertical relationship were assessed using CT. A total of 604 out of 3299 patients underwent CT adding to orthopantomography. In all cases, multivariate analyses except for CT findings showed that the RS classification type III/IV and the Archer classification Type B/C/D in panoramic findings were significantly correlated with oroantral perforation as radiological findings. In cases for which CT was performed, multivariate analyses showed that one root (OR 12.87) and the vertical relationship Type D (OR 5.63) in CT findings, besides the RS classification type III/IV (OR 4.47) in panoramic findings, were significantly related to oroantral perforation. The RS classification and the Archer classification in panoramic findings can predict the risk of oroantral perforation. The usefulness of CT adding to orthopantomography is limited. However, when the relationship between the upper wisdom tooth and maxillary sinus floor (RS classification) is unclear, to check whether the number of roots is one and the apex of one root is projecting into the maxillary sinus in CT findings, is useful for the prediction.

A new improved vertical comb type differential capacitive sensing micro accelerometer using silicon-on-insulator wafer technology

A new and improved approach using vertical combs for the differential capacitive sensing of acceleration using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer technology is presented. The design, which supports a ± 30 g operational range demonstrates the enhanced linear range that is achievable using an SOI approach, which overcomes the limitations of the dissolved wafer process (DWP) technology based on the diffusion layer depth in silicon, used for the fabrication of MEMS accelerometers. Two technological approaches are compared, one having the same thicknesses of fixed and movable interdigitated fingers (DWP) and the other having different thicknesses, using an SOI wafer. A remarkable sensitivity improvement, by a factor of up to two, is achieved for the capacitance change per unit g (deltaC g−1) using the new differential SOI design presented here. The bandwidth of the device is also improved significantly in the SOI design, compared to the DWP design. Furthermore, the effect of temperature (−40 °C to 125 °C) has an almost negligible influence on (deltaC) due to the built-in differential concept of comb-type fingers compared to DWP technology. Cross-axis sensitivity is also very low due to the stable, robust design of the accelerometer offering less stiction sideways and better pull-in stability. Simple analytical relations for dynamically changing overlap capacitance are derived and presented. These analytical results are compared with simulations using Coventorware software and are in agreement to within 1.8% in a linear range of operation up to a tip deflection of 8.5 µm. The effects of fabrication tolerances, including all the process steps, on the sensitivity (deltaC g−1) and bandwidth (BW), are also studied and the results presented. An overall figure of merit (FOM) is included which is better in this study compared to the available literature. Furthermore, only two wafers are needed to fabricate the proposed differential capacitive sensors, compared to conventional push–pull three plate systems using three wafers. A separate deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) step on two different wafers offers better debris removal as compared to the interdigitated fingers cut by a single DRIE step.

Endoscopic Assisted First Rib Resection for Thoracic Outlet Syndromes in Overhead Throwing Athletes

Objectives:Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a complex of signs and symptoms resulting from compression of the nerves and vessels supplying the upper limb. Repetitive and cumulative stress of the upper extremity in athletes are associated with TOS. Despite of several previous reports, TOS is incompletely understood, difficult to diagnose, and often poorly managed. Especially, etiology and pathology on throwing athletes with TOS have not been still unknown. Recent articles showed that with the help of the endoscope, more safety and less invasive surgery has been achieved. We consider that intraoperative observations will lead to analyses the pathology of TOS in athletes. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate characteristic clinical features, objective imaging, intraoperative findings, and surgical outcomes of patients with TOS in overhead throwing athletes.Methods:This study analyzed 158 cases of TOS (47 women and 111 men) who underwent endoscopic assisted first rib partial resection. Patients were divided into 2 group: athletes (89 patients) and non-athletes (69 patients). The diagnosis of TOS was based on clinical features, plane radiographs, ultrasonography, three-dimensional computed tomography angiography, and MRI. Indications for this surgery included failure of more than 6 months of conservative treatment or evidence on artery interruption on 3D angiography or obvious narrowing of interscalene region on ultrasound. Conventional transaxially approach described by Roos with endoscopic assist was underwent for partial resection of the first rib and decompression of neurovascular bundle. Intraoperative findings involved as follows; Interscalene distance (ISD): the distance between the posterior edge of the anterior scalene and the anterior edge of the middle scalene, Neurovascular bundle (NVB) patterns: based on alignment of the nerve, artery, and vein, following three types; parallel type, oblique type, and vertical type. Evaluation was performed through use of the clinical rating system of Roos’s classification, DASH, intraoperative endoscopic findings, plain radiographs, and ultrasonography. The mean follow-up period was 17.4 (from 6.4 to 42.4) months.Results:We found characteristic clinical features in athletes with TOS compared with non-athletes as follows; younger (16.7 years vs 36.3 years), shorter duration of symptoms (7.8 vs 26.0), and better outcomes (excellent or good percentage in Roos score; 91.0 % vs 73.9 %). Intraoperative findings showed no significant differences of ISD and NVB patterns between athletes and non-athletes. On the other hand, anatomical variation including abnormal bundle was found more frequently in athletes compared with non-athletes (Figure 1, Table1). There were no major complications.Conclusions:In conclusion, endoscopic assisted transaxially approach for first rib resection in TOS provided a superior magnified clear visualization and safely sufficient decompression of neurovascular bundle. The current study showed better clinical outcomes in athletes compared with non-athletes. Several factors including younger, shorter duration of symptoms, and anatomical variation would reflect to the result. The orthopaedic surgeon should be aware of the possibility of TOS in an adolescent who plays an overhead throwing sport. Appropriate surgical indication would provide them superior clinical outcomes.

ANALISIS ENERGI PENGERINGAN PADI MENGGUNAKAN VERTICAL DRYER TYPE VRD60 DI DESA BIGO SELATAN KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW UTARA

The purpose of this study is calculating the total energy needed during the rice drying process by using a vertical dryer VRD60 type in Bigo Selatan Village, Kaidipang Subdistrict, North Bolaang Mongondow District, and determining the efficiency of energy use during the rice drying process. The tools used were: AGRINDO dryer VRD60 type, Danoplus infrared thermometer THE-223, Sima brand weighing scale with the capacity of 500 kg, and CROWN digital grain moisture meter. Materials used were: 5,202 kg (5.2 tons) of Sultan rice variety, diesel fuel, and rice husks. The study was conducted with experimental and survey methods. Data was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the total energy used by the dryer is 1,531,560 kcal consist of 6,300 kcal labor (humans) energy, 683,760 kcal of diesel fuel and 841,500 kcal of energy from husk usage. The biggest energy is obtained from the husk used as much as 255 kg with a calorific value of 841,500 kcal and the biggest use is to evaporate water from materials that is 450,293.1 kcal. The energy efficiency of drying from a vertical dryer VRD60 type is found to be 38.29%.

VERTICAL TYPE OF SCYTHIAN CATACOMBS OF THE 5th—4th CEN¬TURY BC IN THE NORTHERN PONTIC STEPPE

The vertical type of catacomb graves unusual for Scythian funeral practises is discussed in the paper. If numerous types of Scythian catacombs and their subcategories in the Northern Pontic Region have the vertical-horizontal layout, where the entrance pit has the vertical-horizontal layout, and the dromos and the connected catacomb have exclusively horizontal layout, the burials under discussion have only the vertical layout. The oval entrance pit to these small burials is located directly above the large oval or sub-rectangular chamber. From our viewpoint in these cases we have the catacombs of fundamentally different construction which we term the «vertical type» of Scythian catacombs. Only 25 vertical-catacomb burials have been discovered so far. Taking into account the total number of about 4500 burials dated to the 5th—4th cent. BC discovered in the steppe region, the infrequence of this type of burial type constituting only 0.6 % of the total number of burials becomes quite obvious. Eleven burials are concentrated in the Lower Dnieper region, whereas one is located in the Lower Dniester region and thirteen in the Crimea. This type of catacombs belonges to the common population, the females and children burials predominate, males grave are very few. This type of burials appears in the Crimea in the first half of the 5th cent. BC and no later than the end of 5th — beginning of 4th cent. BC appears in the Lower Dnieper region. For most of the 4th cent. BC exists both in the Crimea and in the Lower Dnieper region. During the almost whole 4th cent. BC such graves exist both in the Crimea and in the Lower Dnieper region. Apparently, the group of Crimean Scythians who practiced the burial rite in vertical catacombs, to the beginning of the 4th cent. BC has completely developed the stable route of seasonal migrations of the circulation type in the meridional direction.

Seismoelectric numerical simulation in 2D vertical transverse isotropic poroelastic medium

ABSTRACTSeismoelectric coupling in an electric isotropic and elastic anisotropic medium is developed using a primary–secondary formulation. The anisotropy is of vertical transverse isotropic type and concerns only the poroelastic parameters. Based on our finite difference time domain algorithm, we solve the seismoelectric response to an explosive source. The seismic wavefields are computed as the primary field. The electric field is then obtained as a secondary field by solving the Poisson equation for the electric potential. To test our numerical algorithm, we compared our seismoelectric numerical results with analytical results obtained from Pride's equation. The comparison shows that the numerical solution gives a good approximation to the analytical solution. We then simulate the seismoelectric wavefields in different models. Simulated results show that four types of seismic waves are generated in anisotropic poroelastic medium. These are the fast and slow longitudinal waves and two separable transverse waves. All of these seismic waves generate coseismic electric fields in a homogenous anisotropic poroelastic medium. The tortuosity has an effect on the propagation of the slow longitudinal wave. The snapshot of the slow longitudinal wave has an oval shape when the tortuosity is anisotropic, whereas it has a circular shape when the tortuosity is isotropic. In terms of the Thomsen parameters, the radiation anisotropy of the fast longitudinal wave is more sensitive to the value of ε, while the radiation anisotropy of the transverse wave is more sensitive to the value of δ.

The Biophysics is a Borderlan Science

From the philosophical point of view, the real world is of stratified construction. It contains five main strata: the inorganic, the organic, the social, the intellectual and the spiritual one. The specific character of the respective strata is constituted by their governing principles, categories which are fundamental predicates related to the existing entity as such, determinants (definitenesses) but not simple intellectual concepts or statements. Biophysics, by virtue of its character, creates connections between the inorganic, organic and spiritual stratum searching for their regularities. The predicamental (categorical) laws may be of horizontal type, connecting fields within the same stratum, and of vertical type when they create connections between different strata. The biophysics is moving in vertical dimensions which, however is not characteristic for every borderline science. Biophysics is a border science which deals with physical processes taking place in the living organisms and systems as well as with tools and methods used of their study.

A study of the symbiotic relationship between tectonic fissures and faults in the Fenwei Graben System, China

The Fenwei Graben System is an important extensional fault-depression zone, which is the tectonic boundary between the Ordos Block and the South China Block and the North China Block. The graben system presents an “S” shape, with a total length of 1200 km and a width of 30–60 km and an overall strike of NNE. Due to complex tectonic background and active faults, nearly 612 ground fissures develop in these basins, and more than 90% of these ground fissures are tectonic fissures, which are closely associated with fault activities. To reveal the plane symbiotic phenomena, profile symbiotic modes and symbiotic mechanism between tectonic fissures and faults in the Fenwei Graben System, the developmental characteristics were investigated in detail by surveying, mapping, trenching and drilling in the study area. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) The tectonic fissures of the Fenwei Graben System are mainly distributed along the margin faults of basins, the boundary faults between blocks and the hidden faults within blocks, causing serious damages to farmlands, houses and roads. The symbiosis between these fissures and faults is obvious on the surface. (2) The profile symbiotic morphology includes vertical extension type, syncline and anticline “y” type, and stepped type. (3) The symbiotic mechanisms include vertical growth, lateral rupture and clustery derivation. (4) The activities of underlying faults give impetus to the formation and expansion of tectonic fissures. The exposure of the fissures makes underlying faults continue to develop in the form of surface fractures.

Quantification of sub-surface railhead material damage due to composite endpost materials of insulated rail joints for cyclic wheel loadings

This study focusses on a 3D finite element analysis to investigate damage of sub-surface railhead material at insulated rail joints (IRJs) considering different composite endpost materials (fibreglass, nylon 66 and polytetrafluoroethylene). At the wheel/rail contact patch on IRJs, vertical wheel impacts up to a total of 2000 cycles are applied. Damage parameters exhibit a vertical flat type damage pattern for a depth up to 8 mm initially and, as the cyclic loading increases, the flat damage pattern changes to a horizontal bell-shape pattern. The results indicate that fibreglass is a better endpost material to control sub-surface railhead material damage.

Design of small-scale electrocoagulation reactor for non-sugar removal of sugarcane juice

The most common sugarcane juice purification method practiced in Java is liming and sulphitation. In this research, electrocoagulation method was used to purify the sugarcane juice. This research purpose is to design an electrocoagulation reactor for the non-sugar removal of sugarcane juice. The design method of the reactor is based on IR-Drop and surface area per volume ratio (S/V) optimization. Electrode type and configuration was chosen considering the characteristic of sugarcane juice. A circulated vertical flow reactor type was built to conduct the electrocoagulation. The dimension of the reactor was 10 × 10 × 24 cm and had 8 electrodes installed with 1 cm inter electrode distance. The electrode was aluminium plate and arranged in bipolar configuration. The experiment used 35, 45, and 55 volt, flow rate of 40 L/min, and 30 minutes reaction time with 5 minutes interval. The result showed that an increase in voltage and reaction time increases the non-sugar removal efficiency. The mixed juice treated by electrocoagulation with 55 volt for 5 minutes could remove the non-sugar up to 21.47% and 33.49% for 30 minutes reaction time. The average of non-sugar removal by sulphitation in Java is 11.50% and 29.00% by carbonation. This study shows that electrocoagulation is more effective than the conventional method in removing the non- sugar. With the right scaling up method, electrocoagulation is possible to be practiced in a large scale sugar industry. Future studies are needed to evaluate the performance of electrocoagulation in terms of the clear juice quality and process efficiency.

Numerical simulation of the flow in a vertical vane type tank with micro downward acceleration

Vane type propellant tank is widely used in propellant system of satellite at present for that it can be refuelled in space. The performance of a vertical vane type tank is determined by propellant management device (PMD). The VOF model with commercial code (Fluent) was used to simulate the gas-liquid distribution with micro downward acceleration. Two kinds of volume fractions of liquid were chosen for the simulation. The flow rate of the liquid can reach 1300 ml/s. The potential energy caused by gravity for the initial conditions would be released in three seconds. The liquid in the tank would keep steady state in 28 seconds. These results could provide a reference for high acceleration maneuvers of a satellite.

Investigation of Burr on Strips Cast by Vertical-Type High-Speed Twin Roll Caster

The factors affecting the shape and size of burrs that form at the edges of strips cast by a vertical type twin roll caster were investigated in this study. The size of the burr was found to be affected by the Si content of the strip. When the Si content was larger than 7 mass%, the burrs became larger. The position of the lower edge of the side dam plate also affected the shape of the burr. The burrs that formed were generally perpendicular to the strip surface but changed to being parallel to the strip surface as the position of the lower edge of the side dam plate was displaced upward from the center of the rolls.

FEATURES OF OCCLUSION ANOMALIES IN UNDIFFERENTIATED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DYSPLASIA

The article presents phenotypic signs of pathology of the maxillofacial region in patients with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia, among which are highlighted anomalies of occlusive relationships in the sagittal direction in combination with deep incising dysocclusion and narrowing of dental arcs, pathology of solid tissues of teeth (hypoplasia), vertical type of jaw growth, «gothic palate», anomalies of attachment of bridles of lips and tongue, narrowing of the roots of the roots of teeth. The results of the study can be used in clinical dentistry in the examination and treatment of patients with connective tissue dysplasia.

The Effect of the Hydrate Antiagglomerant on Hydrate Crystallization at the Oil-Water Interface.

Clathrate hydrates are ice-like compounds consisting of small gas molecules enclosed in water molecule cages. The formation of gas hydrate in oil and gas pipelines may result in flow assurance failure and serious safety and environmental concerns. Antiagglomeration is a promising method to mitigate gas hydrate risks in hydrocarbon flowlines. Morphological behavior of hydrates in the presence of antiagglomerants can provide important information on the antiagglomeration mechanisms. This study reports the visual observations of the morphology of hydrate formed with a water droplet immersed in cyclopentane with and without the presence of a hydrate antiagglomerant (AA). The effect of AA on the hydrate crystal growth was investigated. The AA exhibited a kinetic inhibition effect. With no AA, a faceted hydrate shell formed around the water droplet was observed. The subcooling can affect the rate of lateral growth. Higher subcooling facilitates hydrate growth. With the presence of 0.04 wt % AA, a hairy and porous morphology of hydrate was observed. At higher AA concentrations, a vertical type of growth after the lateral growth of the hydrate shell was observed. This is probably the first report of vertical growth of cyclopentane hydrate formed with a water droplet. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the vertical growth mechanism of the hydrate crystals.

Genetic engineering of transitory starch accumulation by knockdown of OsSEX4 in rice plants for enhanced bioethanol production.

Rice straw, a common agricultural waste, is used as a potential feedstock for bioethanol production. Currently, bioethanol is made mostly from the microbial fermentation of starch-containing raw materials. Therefore, genetically engineered starch-excess rice straw through interference of starch degradation as a potential strategy to enhance bioethanol production was evaluated in this study. Arabidopsis Starch Excess 4 (SEX4) encodes a chloroplast-localized glucan phosphatase and plays a role in transitory starch degradation. Despite the identification of a SEX4 homolog in rice, OsSEX4, its biological function remains uncertain. Ectopic expression of OsSEX4 complementary DNA complemented the leaf starch-excess phenotype of the Arabidopsis sex4-4 mutant. OsSEX4-knockdown transgenic rice plants were generated using the RNA interference approach. Starch accumulation was higher in OsSEX4-knockdown suspension-cultured cells, leaves, and rice straw compared with the wild type, suggesting that OsSEX4 plays an important role in degradation of transitory starch. The OsSEX4-knockdown rice plants showed normal plant growth and no yield penalty. Starch-excess OsSEX4-knockdown rice straw used as feedstock for fermentation resulted in improved bioethanol yield, with a 50% increase in ethanol production in a vertical mass-flow type bioreactor, compared with that of the wild-type straw.

Clinical Evaluation of Corticosteroid on Post Operative Morbidity in Impacted Lower Third Molar Surgery

Introduction: Mandibular third molar is most commonly dental impacted and it’s removal is not without morbidity. Post operative pain, swelling and trismus are universal. This study was carried out to compare the effect of co-administered corticosteroid and diclofenac Na+/K+ with diclofenac Na+/K+ alone on the post operative morbidity like pain, swelling and trismus after surgical removal of impacted lower third molars.
 Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective study done over a period of 01.01.13 to 30.06.14 in Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (OMS), Military Dental Center, Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka and the department of OMS Dhaka Dental College and Hospital, Dhaka. Sixty patients were included in the study and were randomly divided into two study groups: Control group received only diclofenac Na+/K+, Experimental group received corticosteroid and diclofenac Na+/K+. Pain, swelling and trismus were evaluated before, 1st, 2nd and 7th POD after surgery.
 Results: Among the 60 cases common type of impaction was horizontal and vertical type (30%) followed by Mesioangular (23%) and Distoangular (17%). All corticosteroid groups showed statistically significant (p < 0.01) improvement in pain and trismus at 1st and 2nd pod, but statistically significant (p < 0.01) improvement of swelling occur only on 2nd pod as compared to control group.
 Conclusion: Corticosteroid and diclofenac Na+/K+ combination was found effective for early recovery and the patients who used this combination suffered less pain, swelling and trismus after impacted mandibular third molar surgery.
 Medicine Today 2020 Vol.32(1): 5-9

Russian and foreign steam generators for NPP power units with wet steam turbines

The main aim of the current study is to analyze advantages and shortcomings of horizontal and vertical types of steam generator design. Design solutions and experience of operation of steam generators of horizontal type accepted in Russia and of vertical type applied by Westinghouse, Combustion Engineering, Siemens, Mitsubishi, Doosan were analyzed within the framework of the present study. It was established that steam generator equipment of horizontal type is characterized by disadvantages of design, technological and operational nature. Thus, horizontal steam generators with dimensions permissible for railroad transportation and, for VVER-1200 with reactor vessel diameter equal to 5 m, by water transport as well, have exhausted the possibilities for further significant increase of the per unit electric power. The demonstrated advantages of vertical-type steam generators are as follows: 1) absence of stagnant zones within the second cooling circuit; 2) uniformity of heat absorption efficiency of the heating surface that ensures improved conditions for moisture separation; 3) increased temperature drop with parameters of generated steam elevated by 0.3 – 0.4 MPa. Conclusion was made on the advisability of introduction of steam generators with vertical-type layout in the Russian nuclear power generation.