Vertical Connections Research Articles

VERNACULAR LANGUAGE WITHIN THE TRADITIONAL BELL TOWERS: BETWEEN STAIRS, LANDINGS AND FLOORS

Abstract. The monumental heritage of European historic centres is characterised by special building types that have drawn, more than others, on the vernacular language of the local traditional architecture. The traditional bell towers, even if built by a specific (but not always known) designer, often have some building elements transliterated from the construction tradition of poor and rural buildings. This language can be found in many examples from different historical periods and in faraway areas, such as Italy and Spain. The external monumentality may not correspond to a complex spatial articulation inside the towers. Instead, it is usual to find belfries in which the vertical connections and any horizontal structures are solved by wooden stairs and floors to reach the bell cell. The used materials and building techniques reveal the design simplicity but also the evidence of a lost “know-how”. Due to the nature of the materials, possible damages and lack of maintenance, many of these structures have undergone restoration or transformation works, also whit their replacement for the benefit of most modern construction systems. The research aims to underline the central importance of preventive knowledge of these traditional structures and illustrate some significant cases in Eastern Sicily, a high seismic risk area. These case studies are emblematic for the evidence of several original structures or the extreme effects of the 20th-century interventions. These last works have often compromised the historical and documentary trait of the wooden structures, introducing new vulnerabilities due to the excessive stiffening of the masonry.

Competitiveness of the University as a Hybrid Structure in the Regional Educational Space

Introduction. Managing the competitiveness of higher education organizations has been considered as a means of improving the quality of education and a tool for developing the innovative component of the domestic economy. The purpose of this paper, based on the materials of the conducted study, is to identify the factors determining the competitive position of the regional university and the opportunities to increase its competitiveness. Materials and Methods. The study employed the methods of logical, systemic, economic and statistical analysis, as well as the methods of sociological survey, expert assessments, structural analysis and design. The research methodology included comparison using the available data as well as graphical data visualization displaying the most common trends and showing the patterns of competitiveness of regional universities. Results. The regional university has been considered as a hybrid structure including horizontal and vertical connections of independent elements and interdependent ones. The phenomena of interaction, partnership and continuity of the organization of the regional education system have been analyzed. The effectiveness of the partnership between universities and secondary schools within the framework of hybrid educational systems formed by universities has been substantiated. Based on the empirical study, two functional models of the regional university have been developed which include its significant relationships in the regional educational space. Discussion and Conclusion. The study has confirmed the hypothesis of the importance of integrating the university into the regional educational space. The development of the university as a hybrid educational structure, its partnership with other educational organizations strengthens its competitive position. The functional models of the regional university as a hybrid structure and the methods for assessing its competitiveness, proposed by the author, may be useful for heads of educational organizations and regional authorities.

Seismic performance of shear-critical prefabricated reinforced masonry shear walls with innovative vertical joint connections

The in-plane seismic behavior was investigated for five single-story reinforced masonry shear walls (RMSWs) (four prefabricated and one cast-in-place) subjected to an axial compressive load and reverse lateral excitation. An innovative vertical joint connection method for the prefabricated RMSWs was developed. The variables under study were the level of axial compressive stress, horizontal reinforcement ratio, and construction method. The experimental results showed that all walls had a similar failure mode with diagonal cracking. However, the crack distribution depended strongly on the construction method. The bearing capacity of the walls increased with the applied axial compressive stress and amount of horizontal reinforcement. The prefabricated walls showed better post-cracking performance than the cast-in-place wall. The wall secant stiffness decreased rapidly to approximately 60% of the initial stiffness when the first major diagonal crack occurred. The idealized equivalent elastic–plastic system indicated that the prefabricated RMSWs had greater displacement ductility of 2.6–4.7 than the cast-in-place RMSW. The equivalent viscous damping for the walls was 0.10–0.20 at 0.32% drift, which indicates that RMSW buildings can be expected to provide a high level of damping to reduce the seismic demand.

FORMATION OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL STRUCTURES OF THE RUSSIAN LEGISLATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

The purpose of the research. The article discusses the problems of forming horizontal and vertical ties in Russian legislation system. The process of transformation of the Russian legal system in the context of the development of digital technologies, the ongoing changes in the modern mechanism of legal regulation are analyzed. The purpose of the research is to establish and identify the features of existing horizontal and vertical relationships that exist and arise between normative acts included in the system of legislation. This is necessary to determine the main directions for the development of the Russian legal system in the context of digital technologies. Results. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that vertical and horizontal connections can be distinguished in the system of Russian legislation. The subject of legal regulation and the system of public administration are singled out as grounds. In the context of the development of digital technologies, it is advisable to supplement these criteria with a more subjective approach and the legal regime used in the field of legislation. The author comes to the conclusion that vertical and horizontal links between normative acts are formed at the level of the legal system, while the legal system is characterized by the presence of only horizontal links. The legal system is much larger than the legislative system. The legislative system includes not only normative legal acts, but also various technical rules and regulations. In the system of legislation, it is possible to distinguish separate complex entities that regulate a certain sphere of public relations. Having a man-made nature, the legislative system can respond more quickly to changes in public life. The author concludes that it is necessary to use a more differentiated approach in determining the branches of the legislative system. Here, too, the subject approach can be used as a solution.

Stikhotvornyi perenos (enjambement) v russkoi poezii (ocherki teorii i istorii) by S. A. Matiash (review)

Slavonic and East European Review, 98, 2, 2020 Reviews Matiash, S. A. Stikhotvornyi perenos (enjambement) v russkoi poezii (ocherki teorii i istorii). Izdatel´stvo RGPU im. A. I. Gertsena, St Petersburg, 2017. 464 pp. Tables. Bibliography. Price unknown. Enjambement, the poetic technique whereby one verse-line is made to run on into another verse-line in syntax and sense, was decisively rejected by V. K. Trediakovskii, Russia’s first verse theoretician, in his Aid (Sposob) of 1735. He called it a ‘hideous’ (merzkii) fault (pp. 6, 307) and explained that it obscured the effect of another poetic technique, rhyme. However, his warning was not heeded by his Russian contemporaries and, surprisingly, he did not observe it consistently himself. After this faltering start the use of enjambement by Russian poets has waxed and waned from the second half of the eighteenth century right up to the present day. Enjambement presents its investigator with many problems, and chief among them is the difficulty of deciding whether it occurs or not. Whereas rhyme is confined to the end of the verse-line, enjambement involves one part or parts or the whole of two or more consecutive verse-lines. How can an investigator be sure that he is right in identifying an enjambement? A measure of the difficulty of this process are the disagreements among investigators about the numbers of enjambements which they identify in a particular body of verse (pp. 13, 36). The obvious solution to this problem is to improve the definition of the enjambement, and one of Prof. Svetlana Matiash’s achievements is that she confronts this problem head on. In the first place she refers to two parameters which she terms ‘traditional’. The first defines three linguistic levels, syllabic, verse-line and stanzaic, in which cases of enjambement are found. The second outlines three ways in which the components of an enjambement can be arranged: the whole upper line precedes the first part of the lower line; the last part of the upper line is followed by the whole of the lower line; and the last part of the upper line is followed by the first part of the lower line. To these two parameters Prof. Matiash adds five new parameters. The first two of these new parameters specify the endings (masculine, feminine or dactylic) both of the upper lines and of the word-divisions in the lower lines. These two new parameters cannot help an investigator decide whether he has to do with an enjambement or not, but they enable him to refine his perception of the rhythmic features of the lines and so enhance his characterization of a particular enjambement as a rhythmic-syntactic phenomenon. The last three of Prof. Matiash’s five new parameters enable the investigator to decide whether two (or more) consecutive verse-lines contain an enjambement or not. They do this by gauging the strengths of the syntactic connections REVIEWS 357 between the components of the enjambement located in the upper lines and the components of the enjambement located in the lower lines. If these syntactic connections are strong enough, we have an undoubted enjambement. If they are not strong enough, we have simply two or more verse-lines which follow one another but which do not run into one another. As Prof. Matiash writes: ‘An enjambement arises if the vertical syntactic connections turn out to be stronger than the horizontal ones, and it does not arise if the vertical connections are less in strength or equal to the horizontal ones’ (p. 36). The key element in this process is the assessment of the relative strengths of the syntactic connections concerned. Here Prof. Matiash relies upon the list of the relative strengths of syntactic connections drawn up by the late Academician M. L. Gasparov and his collaborator T. V. Skulacheva (pp. 16–26, 31–34). These improvements in the definition of the enjambement made by Prof. Matiash allow her to trace its evolution in Russian poetry more fully and with more certainty than any previous investigator. Her observations are therefore of great interest and significance. To attempt to examine the use of enjambements in the whole corpus of Russian poetry from the end of...

Evolution of spatial structure patterns of city networks in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from the perspective of corporate pledge linkage

AbstractThe pledge of stock rights is a method for measuring the external horizontal connections of enterprises, which is more suitable to represent the city network compared with the vertical connections of enterprises. Meanwhile, it is greatly significant to express the relationships of regional spaces. The paper characterizes and explores the evolution of urban spatial structure with complex network research methods to enrich the relevant works on city networks in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2011 to 2017. The results are as follows: First, from 2011 to 2017, the pledge of stock rights among cities was enhanced significantly, and the trend of the city networks' characteristics become strengthened and more complicated. Second, cities in the Yangtze River Delta have relatively high connection values, however, cities in the western area are holding peripheral positions within the city network. Third, due to the advantages of economic agglomeration and radiation, the provincial capital have become the core nodes in the city network. Fourth, Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Nanjing have dominant positions within city networks in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Particularly, Shanghai, as one of the leading financial centers in China, has a growing influence on other cities and gradually evolved into a regional growth pole city and the first core city.

Influence of friction-bearing devices on seismic behavior of PC shear walls with end columns

A novel Precast Concrete (PC) shear wall system was developed to achieve a dry and convenient assembly method, with the system consisting of bolted connections between precast wall panels. T-connectors were utilized for horizontal connection of the panels, friction-bearing devices and end columns were utilized for vertical connection. A series of pseudo-static reversed cyclic loading tests were conducted on four shear walls, including one conventional cast-in-situ wall and three novel PC shear walls. The test results indicated that the performance of the PC wall containing friction-bearing devices was generally superior in terms of strength, drift capacity, energy dissipation and ductility. It is concluded that the vertical connections delayed stiffness degradation and led to increased lateral drift capacity. Furthermore, study of the vertical connections provided further insight into the elongation of ductile reinforced concrete members.

A Borehole-Based Approach for Seawater Intrusion in Heterogeneous Coastal Aquifers, Eastern Part of Jeju Island, Korea

Understanding the basaltic aquifer system and seawater intrusion on the volcanic island of Jeju, Korea, has received significant attention over the years, and various methodologies have been suggested in the contributions. Nevertheless, it is still difficult to effectively characterize groundwater systems due to the long period of volcanic activity and the lithological variability of basalt. In this study, geophysical well logging in seawater intrusion monitoring boreholes detected a sudden decrease of electrical conductivity within the saltwater zone in the eastern part of Jeju Island. This anomalous condition cannot be explained by the Ghyben-Herzberg model, which has historically been considered as the basic groundwater model of Jeju Island. This paper focuses on fine-scale temporal and spatial variability of groundwater flow using electrical conductivity and temperature logs and borehole temperature monitoring by a thermal line sensor. On the basis of the results, we evaluate an alternative model to replace the traditional conceptual model in the eastern part of Jeju Island. It is revealed that the area consists of heterogeneous aquifer systems, and the behavior of freshwater and saltwater is understood by temperature monitoring over the entire depth of boreholes. Coastal aquifers flow through two or more independent channels with weak vertical connections. In addition, seawater intrusion does not occur continuously in the vertical direction from the bottom depth, but instead occurs through these multilayered aquifers. In particular, the multilayered aquifers that are responsible for flow pathway, as well as the freshwater–saltwater interface form mainly at lithological boundaries. Our preliminary conceptual model is expected to be improved and revised by various measurements of hydrodynamic parameters such as flowmeter or packer test.

Cultural Types of Partnership in Education in the 21st Century

The article analyzes the logic of transformation of social connections in modern society, the impact of new technologies of communication and continuous education on the diminishing reliance on vertical connections, increased demand for mediation and partnership building both in education and social life in general. Partnership is studied as a key paradigm of modernity, the technology of reproduction of system stability in the conditions of globalization. The authors reviewed the history of the changing attitudes to competition and partnership and the modern correlation of these approaches within the social and cultural process. The diversity of partnership cultures is shown as an attribute of societal sustainable development, the creation of a system of stable reproduction of social and cultural process. At the same time, the expanded reproduction of subjectivity makes it necessary to develop the ability and desire to maintain constant dialogue interaction in educational sphere, joint development of goals and forms of partnership. The development of mediation practices and partnerships in various areas of modern social life is studied on the basis of examples from Poland

Study on Curriculum Improvement for Fostering “Practical Abilities” for the Department of Architecture in National Institute of Technology

Because of the crucial transitional phase of curriculum improvement and the importance of fostering “practical abilities” in National Institute of Technology, we conducted a survey on basic information for architecture education and “practical abilities” for all 13 departments of architecture in National Institute of Technology. Also, we interviewed some departments about “practical abilities,” especially related to education in different age students for curriculum improvement. The survey and interviews reveal that education in different age students such as Co+work and Incubation Work could develop skills associated with the “practical abilities.” In addition, the paper describes the importance of making vertical connections for different age students in classes and having social connections with various people. The paper also identifies not only some other positive educational effects but also common issues and problems for implementing education in different age students.

«Демократия малых пространств»: эволюция института местного самоуправления в России в контексте идей А.И. Солженицына

The institute of local self-government in modern Russia stay in a plight of permanent transformation and clarification of its organizational, social, political and legal foundations. These conditions require defining the ideological basis of the local self-government development, which underlies the interaction of local authorities with regional and federal state power, as well as with the folk. The modern Russian system of autonomous local self-government was created as the opposite to the Soviet system of unified state power. A.I. Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Laureate and public figure, defined local self-government as a depoliticized institution based on the settlement principle and personal trust, closest to the residents. Solzhenitsyn's term «democracy of small spaces» is often used in official speeches in relation to local self-government. Up to now, the current task of state policy in the field of local self-government is to involve residents in local self-government and increase the responsibility of local authorities to residents. The authors conclude that the further evolution of the local self-government institution should be determined by the balance of vertical connections in the system of public power and horizontal network interactions.

Modelling of connections and lateral behavior of high-rise modular steel buildings

Prefabricated Prefinished Volumetric Construction (PPVC), which is a form of modular construction, has been promoted recently for high-rise buildings to raise construction productivity. The flexibility of the inter-module connections and discontinuity of floor slabs of individual modules need to be modelled correctly in the structural analysis since they have direct effect on the building stiffness and its corresponding responses under lateral loads. In this paper, translational spring models are proposed to model the load transfer behavior of the vertical modules connections which are crucial for the structural behavior of high-rise modular buildings. The accuracy of the proposed spring models is investigated by comparing the force distribution and load displacement behavior of modular braced frames with conventional frame model established based on assumptions that the beams are either pin or rigidity connected to the columns. To enhance the productivity and work efficiency of high-rise modular construction, the feasibility of connecting the modules at the corners rather than tying the abutting beams or slabs is proposed. A more realistic approach of modelling the floor slab consisting of multiple modules inter-connected at the corners is recommended. The effectiveness of the corner connected modules in transferring the horizontal forces to the building's lateral load resisting systems is evaluated.

Subsurface characterization of Cenozoic igneous activity at Cerro Dragón area (Golfo San Jorge Basin, central Patagonia): Implications for basin evolution and hydrocarbon prospectivity

We use a 3D seismic dataset and wireline logs obtained during hydrocarbon exploration to describe the three-dimensional geometry and characteristics of mafic igneous rocks in the Cerro Dragón oilfield, Golfo San Jorge Basin, southern Argentina. Igneous intrusions occur within Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene sedimentary rocks at depths ranging from 2600 m to a ~200 m below of contemporaneous surface. Three distinctive types of shallow intrusions were recognized (layer-parallel, saucer-shaped, and transgressive sills). The largest sills are layer-parallel, some with estimated volumes up to 9,5 km3, whereas saucer-shaped sills and transgressive sills show widely variable intrusion geometries due to interaction with previous extensional tectonic structures and intrusion-related dikes. Sill intrusions were sourced either through vertical mafic dikes of NNW to NNE orientation, some up to 19 km in length and by sill-sill vertical connections. The presence of three imaged lava flows documents subaerial volcanic events coincident with the deposition of the Sarmiento Formation (late Eocene to early Miocene), whose trajectories were traced for 25–46 km of length.Cenozoic igneous intrusions produce both changes in the temperature history of the basin, and the remobilization of hosted hydrocarbon through the creation of supra-intrusion forced folds and new pathways generated during the igneous emplacement. Besides, sills and dikes act as barriers to both lateral and vertical fluid migration, and thus they need to be considered in petroleum prospect analysis.

Governing a complex socio-ecological system: the case of the ‘Golden Corridor Program’ in Taiwan

This study proposes a framework of multilevel governing networks to analyse issues of multiple-use common-pool resource management in a complex socio-ecological system. By exploring the case study of the Golden Corridor Program in Yunlin, Taiwan, we found that self-governance at the community level is a partial way to govern multiple-use common-pool resources. Farmland here is facing the impact of land subsidence, and the high-speed rail construction has overweighted the surface. Although the Golden Corridor Program attempts to mitigate this effect of land subsidence on rail traffic safety through rewards for water-saving farming activities for farmers, the implementation lacks the intensive vertical integration and horizontal connections required to promote the collaborative platform among stakeholders. Local farmers still care about agricultural revenue. Thus, the loose self-governing capacity cannot generate institutional collective actions to improve the agri-environment here. The premature multilevel governing network has caused the governance failure to regulate this multiple-use common-pool resource.

Cluster approach in ensuring the development of the sports industry in Ukraine

The purpose of the research. There is a substantiation of a cluster approach to ensuring the development of a sports industry in Ukraine. Methodology. Investigated general scientific methods, in particular: theoretical generalization - to determine theoretical bases and tendencies of content and components of the principles, cluster approach in providing the development of the Sports industry; system approach - for generalization of properties and conditions for the formation of clusters and techno-parks; methods of positive and normative analysis - for the development of recommendations and conclusions. Results. The article considers the experience of implementing a cluster approach to the organization of the economy on the example of leading countries. It is determined that the most effective in building a system of economic governance is a cluster. The advantage of this approach is the ability to concentrate the efforts of economic entities in creating added value, creating new conditions for the development of traditional and new sectors of the economy. Global experience in the development of the cluster approach shows the positive dynamics taking place in certain sectors. This development will be exacerbated by the intensification of competition between large organizations and small and medium-sized businesses, on the one hand, scientific discoveries on the other. In order to develop a cluster model of economic organization in the construction of public policy, the mechanisms of stimulating innovation, job creation, the level of infrastructure development, tax benefits are taken into account. Therefore, the introduction of a cluster approach in the practice of public administration is an urgent issue in the process of forming the state Ukrainian policy, focused on economic growth and sustainable development in the long run. Definitely, a sports cluster is a network structure with vertical and horizontal connections between organizations of the sports industry (main) and service industries (sporting goods, inventory, equipment, etc.) and infrastructure services. It should be noted that the state does not initiate the creation of a cluster, but creates conditions for the development of the cluster ("rules of the game") through tax, budget, credit policy, customs, the creation of research centers, sports infrastructure. Prospects for further research. Investigation of the principles of a cluster approach to ensuring the development of the sports industry in Ukraine give grounds for further improvement of the tools for the development of the sports industry and why will be devoted to further exploration of the author.

Sociaal werk in stadswijken waar problemen zich opstapelen

The impact of residualisation on social work has so far hardly been explored. Based on existing literature and recently started empirical research in Amsterdam we analyze several consequences. Residualisation refers to the process whereby urban social housing is strictly allocated to the lowest income groups. What does this concentration of disadvantaged households mean for the role of social workers? Firstly, for community workers residualisation mostly implies a renewed role as instigators of residents’ participation in urban renewal trajectories for social mix. Furthermore community activities are increasingly used to offer safe havens for new and old groups of residents and also to prevent expensive treatments for several residential groups. For social workers focusing on individual support or casework residualisation results in an increasingly complex caseload. Residualisation does not imply extra formation for social work, but rather extra attention for the effortful coproduction of welfare between formal and informal actors. Within this playing field, we distinguish link work as vital for both formal and informal social work. Link work is about establishing vertical and horizontal connections between different worlds, across sectoral, professional or trust gaps. We expect that in areas of residualisation successful urban social work is dependent on strong linking skills.

Anchor Design of a Ring Joint Based on Reliability in a Precast Shear Wall Structure

Precast buildings have been widely used owing to its outstanding features. As these buildings consist of a combination of various components, the mechanical properties of the connections play a critical role in the overall performance of the structure, particularly the vertical connections in shear wall members. A new connection called ring joint is proposed for precast buildings, and test pieces were designed to analyze the anchor performance. The damage phenomena and test data were observed and recorded. The displacement, force, and strain were analyzed, and the results indicated that the anchor length was a key factor and the connection was safe and reliable under reasonable design. Numerical analysis was conducted to explore the mechanical mechanism, and a bearing capacity model was proposed combining the bond and dowel effects simultaneously. Anchor length was determined based on reliability analysis under various conditions, and other suggestions were proposed. All these could guarantee the mechanical properties of the connection, as well as safety and reliability, and promote the popularization and application.

Experimental study of lateral load behavior of H‐shaped precast reinforced concrete shear walls with bolted steel connections

SummaryThis paper presents an experimental study of H‐shaped precast reinforced concrete shear walls involving vertical connections under combined vertical and lateral loading. The H‐wall is composed of two prefabricated flange wall panels: one prefabricated web wall panel and vertical bolted steel connections between the flange and web panels. The assembling of the H‐wall is completely dry without any in situ casting. Three H‐wall specimens were constructed and tested to investigate the mechanical behavior and seismic performance of them. The lateral load‐bearing capacity, ductility, energy dissipation, lateral stiffness, strain in the connecting steel frame, and sliding within the bolted steel connections are presented and discussed to evaluate the effectiveness of the vertical connections. The ultimate shear‐resistance mechanism of the precast H‐wall assembly is also analyzed. The H‐wall assemblies generally possess high load‐bearing capacity, favorable ductility, and good energy‐dissipating capacity. The thickness of the steel plates in the connecting steel frame affects the lateral stiffness and the ultimate load‐bearing capacity of the H‐walls. Furthermore, the encasing steel plates for the web wall panel not only helps transfer the stress in the wall steel bars but also confines the concrete resulting in improved ductility.

A Effect of Halide on Cobalt Electrodeposition for through-Silicon-Via(TSV) Application

The size of integrated circuit (IC) devices had gradually decreased. Because of limit to reduction, 3D interconnection technology had emerged. As one of the 3D interconnection technologies, Through Silicon Via (TSV) replaced conventional wire bond by making vertical electrical connections. TSVs could increase the device performance because TSV had advantages such as higher interconnection density, shorter length of interconnection, lower power consumption, and lower electrical resistance [1]. TSV was mainly plated with copper with low resistance and low electro-migration. However, copper annealing process, metal interconnect process and bonding process between chips and chips or wafers and wafers were performed at high temperature in BEOL, which causes problems such as thermal extrusion and keep-out zone. Thermal extrusion is enough to make the defect and crack at insulating layer or metal interconnect on TSV. And the keep-out zone could cause some degradation in device performance [3]. Therefore, Cobalt was used to fill TSV as alternative material which can reduce this problem because the CTE of cobalt was lower than that of copper. However, while many studies on copper TSV filling was reported, studies on cobalt TSV filling was insufficient. For the TSV bottom-up filling, TSVs were conventionally filled with some additives such as accelerator and suppressor by using the electrochemical deposition. In addition, halide was used to enhance adsorption of suppressor. Many studies confirmed effect of halide in copper electrodeposition [2, 4]. In this study, high-aspect ratio TSVs was filled with cobalt with suppressor as the single additive using the electrochemical deposition. The filling behavior was affected by suppressor concentration and the effect was saturated. In copper electrodeposition, halide ion is added because adsorption of suppressor is affected by chloride [2, 4]. Therefore, chloride, one of the halide, was added to confirm the effect of halide on cobalt electrodeposition. In cobalt electrodeposition, the role of chloride was different from that of copper electrodeposition. Electrochemical analysis explains the effect of chloride concentration in the cobalt filling. REFERENCES [1] Sanghyun Jin, Geon Wang, and Bongyoung Yoo, “ Through-Silicon-Via (TSV) Filling by Electrodeposition of Cu with Pulse Current at Ultra-Short Duty Cycle”, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2013, 160 (12) D3300-D3305 [2] Liu Yang, Aleksandar Radisic, Johan Deconinck, and Philippe M. Vereecken, “ Modeling the Bottom-Up Filling of Through-Silicon vias Through Suppressor Adsorption/Desorption Mechanism”, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2013, 160 (12) D3051-D3056 [3] Suk-Kyu Ryu, Kuan-Hsun Lu, Tengfei Jiang, Jang-Hi Im, Senior Member, Rui Huang, and Paul S. Ho, Fellow,“ Effect of Thermal Stresses on Carrier Mobility and Keep-Out Zone Around Through-Silicon Vias for 3-D Integration”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DEVICE AND MATERIALS RELIABILITY, 2012, 6, VOL. 12, NO. 2, 255-262 [4] Ning Xiao, Deyu Li, Guofeng Cui, Ning Lia, Qing Li, Gang Wu, “Adsorption behavior of triblock copolymer suppressors during the copper electrodeposition”, Electrochimica Acta, 116 (2014) 284– 291

Adaptive 3D-IC TSV Fault Tolerance Structure Generation

In 3-D integrated circuits (3D-ICs), through silicon via (TSV) is a critical technique in providing vertical connections. However, the yield is one of the key obstacles to adopt the TSV-based 3D-ICs technology in industry. Various fault-tolerance structures using spare TSVs to repair faulty functional TSVs have been proposed in literature for yield and reliability enhancement, but a valid structure cannot always be found due to the lack of effective generation methods for fault-tolerance structures. In this paper, we focus on the problem of adaptive fault-tolerance structure (AFTS) generation. Given the relations between functional TSVs and spare TSVs, we first calculate the maximum number of tolerant faults in each TSV group. Then we propose an integer linear programming-based model to construct the AFTS with minimal multiplexer delay overhead and hardware cost. We further develop a speed-up technique through an efficient min-cost-max-flow model. All the proposed methodologies are embedded in a top-down TSV planning framework to form functional TSV groups and generate AFTSs. Experimental results show that, compared with state-of-the-art, the number of spare TSVs used for fault tolerance can be effectively reduced.