Horizontal And Vertical Research Articles

Determining infrared radiation intensity characteristics for the exhaust manifold of gas turbine engine ТВ3-117 in МІ-8МSB-B helicopter

The object of this study is the screen-exhaust device in the TV3-117 engine of the Mi-8MSB-B helicopter. To reduce visibility in the thermal range, a system of mixing hot engine exhaust gases with ambient air is used; this technique makes it possible to reduce the infrared radiation of engines. For this purpose, a new sample of screen-exhaust device was designed for testing. A thermal imaging survey of the helicopter was conducted. Three variants of thermal images were acquired: a helicopter without installation of a thermal visibility reduction system, a helicopter with standard exhaust shields installed, and a helicopter with newly developed shield exhaust devices installed. Based on the obtained experimental results, the characteristics of the intensity of infrared radiation were determined for three variants of research in the range of thermal waves of 3–5 μm. The study uses a comprehensive approach to solving the tasks, which includes a statistical analysis of known and promising ways to protect a helicopter from guided missiles with infrared homing heads based on reduced radiation forces and a theoretical method for calculating flow and temperature fields. The advantages of placing the section of the exhaust channel of the designed screen-exhaust device in the horizontal plane for complete shielding of infrared radiation in the lower hemisphere have been experimentally proven. The benefits of directing the flow of exhaust gases from the screen-exhaust device into the space above the helicopter propeller and dividing this flow into four separate flows were shown. The results of experimental research could be used to design new or improve existing screen-exhaust devices by the developers of military aviation

The Frequency Characteristics of Vibration Events in an Underground Coal Mine and Their Implications on Rock Burst Monitoring and Prevention

The main frequency of microseismic signals has recently been identified as a dominant indicator for characterizing vibration events because it reflects the energy level of these events. Frequency information directly determines whether effective signals can be collected, which has a significant impact on the accuracy of predicting rock burst disasters. In this study, we adopted a characterizing method and developed a monitoring system for capturing rock failure events at various strata in an underground coal mine. Based on the rock break mechanism and energy release level, three types of rock failure events, namely, high roof breaking, low roof breaking, and coal fracture events, were evaluated separately using specific sensors and monitoring systems to optimize the monitoring accuracy and reduce the general cost. The captured vibration signals were processed and statistically analyzed to characterize the main frequency features for different rock failure events. It was found that the main frequency distribution ranges of low roof breaking, high roof breaking, and coal fracture events are 20–400 Hz, 1–180 Hz, and 1–800 Hz, respectively. Therefore, these frequency ranges are proposed to monitor different vibration events to improve detection accuracy and reduce the test and analysis times. The failure mechanism in a high roof is quite different from that of low roof failure and coal fracturing, with the main frequency and amplitude clustering in a limited zone close to the origin. Coal fracturing and lower roof failure show a synergistic effect both in the maximum amplitude and main frequency, which could be an indicator to distinguish failure locations in the vertical direction. This result can support the selection and optimization of the measurement range and main frequency parameters of microseismic monitoring systems. This study also discussed the distribution law of the maximum amplitude and main frequency of different events and the variation in test values with the measurement distance, which are of great significance in expanding the application of optimized microseismic monitoring systems for rock burst monitoring and prevention.

Effect of different lumbar–iliac fixation and sacral slope for Tile C1.3 pelvic fractures: a biomechanical study

BackgroundLumbar–iliac fixation (LIF) is a common treatment for Tile C1.3 pelvic fractures, but different techniques, including L4–L5/L5 unilateral LIF (L4–L5/L5 ULIF), bilateral LIF (BLIF), and L4–L5/L5 triangular osteosynthesis (L4–L5/L5 TOS), still lack biomechanical evaluation. The sacral slope (SS) is key to the vertical shear of the sacrum but has not been investigated for its biomechanical role in lumbar–iliac fixation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the biomechanical effects of different LIF and SS on Tile C1.3 pelvic fracture under two-legged standing load in human cadavers.MethodsEight male fresh-frozen human lumbar–pelvic specimens were used in this study. Compressive force of 500 N was applied to the L4 vertebrae in the two-legged standing position of the pelvis. The Tile C1.3 pelvic fracture was prepared, and the posterior pelvic ring was fixed with L5 ULIF, L4–L5 ULIF, L5 TOS, L4–L5 TOS, and L4–L5 BLIF, respectively. Displacement and rotation of the anterior S1 foramen at 30° and 40° sacral slope (SS) were analyzed.ResultsThe displacement of L4–L5/L5 TOS in the left–right and vertical direction, total displacement, and rotation in lateral bending decreased significantly, which is more pronounced at 40° SS. The difference in stability between L4–L5 and L5 ULIF was not significant. BLIF significantly limited left–right displacement. The ULIF vertical displacement at 40° SS was significantly higher than that at 30° SS.ConclusionsThis study developed an in vitro two-legged standing pelvic model and demonstrated that TOS enhanced pelvic stability in the coronal plane and cephalad–caudal direction, and BLIF enhanced stability in the left–right direction. L4–L5 ULIF did not further improve the immediate stability, whereas TOS is required to increase the vertical stability at greater SS.

Field Compaction Characteristics of Ultra-Thin Porous Friction Course Based on Laboratory Simulation

As a preventive maintenance treatment, the ultra-thin porous friction course (UPFC) has been widely recognized and used in road maintenance because of its excellent performance and cost effectiveness. The Marshall compaction method (MCM) has been adopted to design UPFC mixtures worldwide, particularly in China. However, there are few studies concerning the field compaction properties of MCM-designed UPFCs. The laboratory test results of this study from simulating on-site compaction showed that all UPFC specimens with thicknesses of less than 20 mm barely achieved the target compaction thickness, and all UPFC specimens with different thicknesses failed to meet the air void (AV) requirements of UPFC mixes designed using the MCM. According to the results of a virtual compaction test, and using the discrete element method, the strong force chains were strengthened as the UPFC thickness decreased inside the specimen, making it difficult to evenly diffuse and transfer inside the specimen and resulting in insufficient compaction of the UPFC. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the MCM-designed UPFC specimens showed significant differences in the AV distributions along the vertical and lateral directions from those of the UPFC specimens that simulated field compaction. The UPFCs designed using the MCM had a poor correlation with field compaction.

Control of edgewise vibration of a pre-twisted rotating beam with shunted piezoelectric tuned mass damper

The edgewise vibration control of a pre-twisted beam, rotating in the vertical plane, is considered in this study. A piezoelectric tuned mass damper (PTMD) comprising a spring–mass–damper system and a piezoelectric transducer with its associated shunt circuit is considered the control device. A finite element formulation of the pre-twisted rotating beam with the attached PTMD is developed while considering the effect of centrifugal stiffening due to rotation and the effect of gravity force. The natural frequencies of the beam (without PTMD) obtained using the present formulation are corroborated by comparing them with the results derived from Ansys. A single PTMD attached at the tip end of the beam can effectively suppress the response of the beam subjected to a distributed load in the edgewise direction. The best values of resistance and inductance of the shunt circuit are obtained through a parametric study on the peak and root mean square value of the beam tip response. A qualitative difference in the uncontrolled as well as in the controlled responses can be noticed while considering the effect of the gravity load component in the edgewise direction. Further, it has been observed that the conventional Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) provides better control than the PTMD system for ideally tuned conditions, however, the control performance of TMD degrades rapidly as compared to the PTMD in the presence of detuning. This demonstrates the effectiveness of PTMD in a practical implementation where achieving the perfectly tuned condition is seldom realized. The control performance of PTMD marginally degrades when the beam is subjected to multi-directional excitation. Hence, the proposed control system has the potential for application in rotating beam-type structures, such as wind turbine blades.

Virtual Sound Image Reconstruction Method for Multi-objective Optimization of Folk Music Based on Evolutionary Algorithm

At present, the exchanges in various fields such as culture, economy, and politics are becoming more and more close in the world. From the perspective of the relationship between national music and cultural development, the development of national music has also received more and more attention, and it has become an inevitable trend in the development of today's era. The purpose of this paper was to perform virtual reconstruction of the sound image of folk music through multiple objective optimizations, and to model the virtual sound image of folk music as a multi-objective optimization problem. According to the research on sound image positioning, the relevant noise factors were removed, so as to achieve the playback of ethnic music that enhanced the surround effect and visual enjoyment. The evolutionary algorithm in this paper was mainly based on the multi-objective optimized sound image localization technology. For the music virtual sound image, an improved FCM algorithm and an evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm combining local and non-local information of the sound image were proposed, respectively. Through the analysis of the traditional sound image algorithm method, the accuracy of the sound image localization on the horizontal plane could be effectively improved. After the conversion, the audience could feel the better stereo image and surround feeling of the folk music. Through experimental analysis, it can be seen that the system can not only perform virtual conversion of audio-visual signals of different frequencies, but also provide data for different audio playback systems. The feature point registration error is low, and the reconstruction effect is good, especially the random delay processing in the range of 0∼20m, and the performance is better than the traditional method. Finally, virtual left and right surround sound image signals were obtained, which effectively improved the three-dimensional surround feeling of folk music.

A study on the morphology of iliac crest based on the objectives of jaw bone defect reconstruction.

to understand the morphological characteristics of iliac crest and provide advice and assistance for jaw bone reconstruction with iliac bone flap by evaluating the thickness and curvature of iliac crest. 100 patients who had taken Spiral CT of the Abdominal region before surgeries between 2020 and 2022 were included in this study. 3D reconstruction images of the iliac bones were created. 5 vertical planes perpendicular to the iliac crest were made every 2cm along the centerline of the iliac crest (VP2 ~ VP10). On these vertical planes, 4 perpendicular lines were made every 1cm along the long axis of the iliac crest (D1 ~ D4). The thicknesses at these sites, horizontal angle (HA) of iliac crest and the distance between inflection point and the central point of anterior superior iliac spine (DIA) were measured. The thickness of iliac bone decreased significantly from D1 ~ D4 on VP6 ~ VP10 and from VP2 ~ VP10 on D3 and D4 level (P<0.05). HA of iliac crests was 149.13 ± 6.92°, and DIA was 7.36 ± 1.01cm. Iliac bone thickness, HA and DIA had very weak or weak correlation with patient's age, height and weight. The average thicknesses of iliac crest were decreased approximately from front to back, from top to bottom. The thickness and curvature of the iliac crest were difficult to predict by age, height and weight. Virtual surgical planning is recommended before jaw bone reconstruction surgery with iliac bone flap, and iliac crest process towards alveolar process might be a better choice.

Microscopic deformation mechanism and characteristics of carbonaceous slate during the creep process

Carbonaceous slate exhibits a significant creep deformation that seriously affects the construction and operation of underground projects. To investigate the microstructural changes characteristics and reveal the microscopic deformation mechanism of the carbonaceous slate during the creep process, multiple methods were performed, including the triaxial creep test, SEM and MIP. The following conclusions were drawn: The rock samples underwent three stages during the creep test: microporosity closure at a low-stress level, material densification at an intermediate stress level, and microcracks emerging and expanding to failure at the high stress. The creep deformation was particularly significant in the first and third processes. The lamellar particles are compressed or bent under stress in parallel and vertical directions, showing the anisotropic properties of deformation. The deformation of the rock sample is related to the angle between the bedding and the orientation of major principal stress, and the effect of the anisotropy decreases with the increased stress level. The sprouting and expansion of microfractures occur at high-stress levels, showing pressure dissolution of mineral particles, migration of very fine particles, and cement damage between lamellar particles. Finally, the horizontal samples formed a combined rupture surface composed of the laminar surface and the fracture surface intersecting it, showing brittle damage, while the vertical samples formed a fracture surface parallel to the laminar surface, showing a ductile damage pattern. Those results could provide the basis for a further understanding of the mechanical properties of carbonaceous slate and the improvement of its creep model and parameters. It was significant for the stability analysis and deformation prediction of engineering structures using numerical simulation.

Experimental study on dynamic deformation and breaking mechanism of high-temperature hard rock cutting by abrasive water jet

The development of deep geothermal resources encounters challenges related to high temperatures and hard reservoir rocks. Abrasive water jets (AWJ) offer a potential solution to enhance the efficiency of breaking high-temperature hard rocks in deep ground. This mainly originated from their combined characteristics of jet cooling impact and high-speed abrasive grinding. In order to investigate the dynamic deformation process and rock-breaking mechanism of high-temperature hard rocks cut by AWJ, laboratory tests were conducted on high-pressure abrasive water jets cutting granite, sandstone, and marble. Rock strains were monitored using dynamic strain gauges and the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The results indicate that in the process of abrasive jet cutting high-temperature hard rock, the rock strain is divided into three stages: compression deformation, deformation release, and stable deformation. The strain response zone can be divided into strain concentration zone, strain transition zone, and strain weak response zone. The high strain region and heat exchange region of high-temperature hard rock during AWJ cutting process are almost consistent. Jet vaporization weakens the water cushion effect during the water hammer stage, leading to high strain concentration at the stagnation point of the jet. During the stagnation stage, the fluid weakens the binding of particles, the abrasive becomes more divergent, and the range of high strain response region expands. Unlike the dynamic strain generated by jet erosion of hard rock, when jet cutting rocks, the strain in the vertical jet direction is generally greater than that along the jet direction. The cutting effect increases with the increase of rock temperature. When the rock temperature is 300 °C, the cutting depth of sandstone, granite, and marble increases by 50 %, 120 %, and 180 %, respectively. Under the combined effects of high-frequency jet impact, high-speed abrasive grinding, and thermal stress, hard rock undergoes varying degrees of damage and failure.

Deteksi Tepi Sederhana Pada Citra Menggunakan Operator Sobel

implemented and evaluated the edge detection method using the Sobel Operator, which calculates the gradient of image intensity through two convoluted kernels for horizontal (Gx) and vertical directions. (Gy). The magnitudo gradient is obtained from the combination of both such directional gradients to represent the edge force on each pixel. The main steps include image pre-processing, the application of the Sobel kernel, the calculation of magnitudo gradients, and the filtering of results to extract significant edges. The results show that the Sobel Operator is effective in highlighting intensity differences that indicate the boundary of the object, although it is sensitive to noise and less accurate for fine edges. Despite its limitations, this method is simple to implement and useful as an initial step in image processing applications such as segmentation, pattern identification, and object shape analysis.

Characteristics and effectiveness of deep and ultradeep tight sandstone fractures: Insights from geological and geophysical data analysis

“Effective” natural fractures are those that contribute to reservoir storage and conductivity. In this paper, the effectiveness of fractures in deep and ultradeep reservoirs (gt;6 km depth) is evaluated by using geophysical image log data, core, microstructures, mechanical tests, and geological evidence of tectonic context (including current in situ stress) and sedimentary faces and diagenesis. Intraformational open mode fractures are the most common type in this tectonically active region, and their effectiveness is affected by the coupling between past tectonic activity, in situ stress, and chemical reactions such as mineral precipitation or dissolution (diagenesis). Our results show that the effectiveness of fractures is mainly related to the aperture and filling, and fractures formed by early tectonic movement are more likely to be filled by minerals, reducing their effectiveness. Near orogenic belts in strongly cemented tight diagenetic facies exhibit a greater abundance of mineral-filled fractures, while dissolution can increase the fracture aperture and produces secondary pores in host rocks and roughen fracture walls. The effective normal stress acting on the fracture surface decreases when the fracture is parallel to the maximum horizontal stress component, so the fracture has a large aperture and therefore is more effective. The laboratory measurement results reveal that the contribution of fractures to reservoir space is limited, and the reservoir space provided by fractures accounts for only 13% of all types of reservoir space, while the development of fractures increases reservoir permeability by 1-2 orders of magnitude. Fractures improve the effectiveness of reservoir by connecting the dispersed pores in the reservoir matrix. Fractures with a low angle to the maximum horizontal stress component direction have greater apertures and permeabilities, and are the main channels for fluid flow.

Changes of cerebrospinal fluid pressure gradient in different body positions under experimental impairment of cerebrospinal fluid pathway: new insight into hydrocephalus development

Changes of cerebrospinal fluid pressure gradient in different body positions under experimental impairment of cerebrospinal fluid pathway: new insight into hydrocephalus development

The Spatial Development Characteristics of High-Pressure Methane Jet Impinging on Methane Lean-Burn Premixed Flame

This work investigated the effect of high-pressure (10 MPa) methane gas jet impinging on the methane lean-burn premixed flame (equivalent ratio of 0.7) based on a three-dimensional numerical simulation by CONVERGE software. The results show that laminar premixed flame is accelerated to develop into a stable turbulent flame under the action of the methane jet, the whole process of flame front development is divided into three stages: laminar (Reynolds number maintains stable, 1–1.3 ms), transition (Reynolds number shows an increasing trend, 1.4–8 ms), and turbulent (Reynolds number tends to stabilize at a high value, 1.9–3 ms). The effect of high-pressure jet on flame development along jet direction (Z axis) is greater than that on vertical direction (Y axis). During turbulence stage, the momentum and kinetic energy of Z axis are 2.7 and 6.3 times greater than that of Y axis, respectively. The high-pressure methane jet causes a change in heat distribution, resulting in local flameout. The rate of change in the local flameout area is greater than that in the flame area, causing a temperature drop in Z axis. This temperature drop increases with the increase in equivalence ratio and with the decrease in distance between cross-section position and ignition center.

Assessment of Early Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy in the Dog by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT).

Inherited primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in Beagle dogs is a well-established large animal model of glaucoma and is caused by a G661R missense mutation in the ADAMTS10 gene. Using this model, the study describes early clinical disease markers for canine glaucoma. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was used to assess nine adult, ADAMTS10-mutant (median age 45.6 months, range 28.8-52.8 months; mean diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP): 29.9 +/- SEM 0.44 mmHg) and three related age-matched control Beagles (mean diurnal IOP: 18.0 +/- SEM 0.53 mmHg). Of all the optic nerve head (ONH) parameters evaluated, the loss of myelin peak height in the horizontal plane was most significant (from 154 +/- SEM 38.4 μm to 9.3 +/- SEM 22.1 μm; p < 0.01). There was a strong significant negative correlation between myelin peak height and IOP (Spearman correlation: -0.78; p < 0.003). There were no significant differences in the thickness of any retinal layers evaluated. SD-OCT is a useful tool to detect early glaucomatous damage to the ONH in dogs before vision loss. Loss in myelin peak height without inner retinal thinning was identified as an early clinical disease marker. This suggests that initial degenerative changes are mostly due to the loss of myelin.

Research on the Deformation Mechanism of Railway Subgrade under Buried Strike–Slip Fault Dislocation

With the gradual densification of China’s railway network, more and more railways are inevitably crossing active fault zones. Creep dislocation and stick–slip dislocation of the fault zones can lead to uneven deformation and cracks in the railway subgrade, threatening the sustainability of the railway. Therefore, a model test and numerical simulation were used to analyze the deformation mechanism and sustainability of the subgrade and foundation induced by a strike–slip fault dislocation in a flat site under different angles between the subgrade and fault strikes. The test and simulation results show that (1) under the influence of strike–slip fault dislocation, the horizontal direction of the subgrade appeared to have an S–shaped displacement. The top surface of the subgrade appeared to have a vertical settlement. Further, tension–shear cracks and compression crush zones appeared on the subgrade’s surface. (2) When the angle between the fault and subgrade strikes increased, the subgrade’s uneven deformations induced by fault dislocation first decreased and then increased. The angle between the main tension–shear crack on the top surface of the subgrade and the fault strike showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing. In addition, the compressive stress along the subgrade strike decreased, while the tensile stress along the subgrade strike gradually increased. (3) The tension–shear cracks in the subgrade and foundation were spiral and converged to the basement strike–slip fault along the depth direction. This study provides a reference for the safe operation and sustainability of railways near faults.

Novel Eyelid Supraorbital Pretemporal Approach to the Anterior Communicating Artery Complex: A Quantitative Cadaveric Comparative Study

Abstract Objectives Access to the anterior communicating artery (ACom) complex may be achieved via the modified orbito-zygomatic (mOZ) or eyelid supraorbital (ES) approaches. Further, the ES approach may improve cosmesis at the cost of decreased exposure and maneuverability. Thus, a novel eyelid supraorbital pretemporal (ESP) approach, a combination of the ES approach with a pretemporal dissection, may optimize the shortcomings of the ES approach. Design This is a cadaveric study. Setting Five ES, ESP, and mOZ approaches were performed on cadaveric heads and compared. Participants Cadaveric specimens were provided under the University of Oklahoma Health Science Center's Willed Body Program. Main Outcome Measures Quantitative measures of exposure, maneuverability, and angles of attack in horizontal and vertical planes were compared between approaches. Results The ESP approach was superior in terms of exposure and deep maneuverability when compared with the ES approach (p &lt; 0.01). In addition, this approach demonstrated superior angles of attack in vertical (p &lt; 0.01) and horizontal (p = 0.045) planes. When compared with the mOZ approach, the ESP approach provided significantly greater exposure to the contralateral A2 (p &lt; 0.01) with a less favorable horizontal angle of attack (p &lt; 0.01). The ESP provides exact exposure to complete the pretemporal osteotomy, offering a unique perspective on the ACom complex. Conclusion When accessing the ACom complex, the ESP approach yields superior exposure and maneuverability compared with the ES approach and is comparable to the mOZ approach, with unique advantages provided by the addition of pretemporal osteotomy and dissection.

Investigation of Particle Rotation Characteristics and Compaction Quality Control of Asphalt Pavement Using the Discrete Element Method.

The compaction of asphalt pavement is a crucial step to ensure its service life. Although intelligent compaction technology can monitor compaction quality in real time, its application to individual asphalt surface courses still faces limitations. Therefore, it is necessary to study the compaction mechanism of asphalt pavements from the particle level to optimize intelligent compaction technology. This study constructed an asphalt pavement compaction model using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). First, the changes in pavement smoothness during the compaction process were analyzed. Second, the changes in the angular velocity of the mixture and the triaxial angular velocity (TAV) of the mortar, aggregates, and mixture during vibratory compaction were examined. Finally, the correlations between the TAV amplitude and the coordination number (CN) amplitude with the compaction degree of the mixture were investigated. This study found that vibratory compaction can significantly reduce asymmetric wave deformation, improving pavement smoothness. The mixture primarily rotates in the vertical plane during the first six passes of vibratory compaction and within the horizontal plane during the seventh pass. Additionally, TAV reveals the three-dimensional dynamic rotation characteristics of the particles, and the linear relationship between its amplitude and the pavement compaction degree aids in controlling the compaction quality of asphalt pavements. Finally, the linear relationship between CN amplitude and pavement compaction degree can predict the stability of the aggregate structure. This study significantly enhances quality control in pavement compaction and advances intelligent compaction technology development.

Cell size and deformation measurement using constrictions integrated into a microfluidic device

In this study, we developed a microfluidic device to evaluate cell size and deformability. As a specific method, a physical pushing load was applied to the cells using a channel having a constriction with a height of 1 μm. In addition, by orienting the constriction in a vertical direction, it was possible to measure the cell area easily using a microscope under load. The system constructed in this study can evaluate the contact area between the cells and the glass surface before and after applying a load under a microscope. The only input parameter was the syringe flow rate, and it was possible to evaluate multiple cells in a cell suspension simultaneously. Also, since the flow rate is 50 μm min−1 or less, there is no need for a high-speed camera. This time, we evaluated cell types with different characteristics: NIH/3T3 and smooth muscle cells (SMC). To evaluate deformability, we focused on the circularity of the cells during load application. Due to the influence of the flow within the channel, cells with high deformability assumed an almost elliptical shape and flowed through the constriction. Using the device developed in this study, we confirmed that SMCs, which are muscle cells, have large variations in cell size and hardness among individual cells. Finally, we discussed these results and possible future applications.

On steady state of viscous compressible heat conducting full magnetohydrodynamic equations

This paper is concerned with the study of equations of viscous compressible and heat-conducting full magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) steady flows in a horizontal layer under the gravitational force and a large temperature gradient across the layer. We assume as boundary conditions, periodic conditions in the horizontal directions, while in the vertical directions, slip-boundary is assumed for the velocity, vertical conditions for the magnetic field, and fixed temperature or fixed heat flux are prescribed for the temperature. The existence of stationary solution in a small neighborhood of a stationary profile close to hydrostatic state is obtained in Sobolev spaces as a fixed point of some nonlinear operator.

Effectiveness of laser pulsed irradiation for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy

The aim of this study was to compare two types of light irradiation devices for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). A 660-nm light-emitting diode (LED) and a 665-nm laser diode (LD) were used for light irradiation, and 0.1 mg/L TONS 504, a cationic chlorin derivative, was used as the photosensitizer. We evaluated the light attenuation along the vertical and horizontal directions, temperature rise following light irradiation, and aPDT efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus under different conditions: TONS 504 only, light irradiation only, and TONS 504 with either LED (30 J/cm2) or LD light irradiation (continuous: 30 J/cm2; pulsed: 20 J/cm2 at 2/3 duty cycle, 10 J/cm2 at 1/3 duty cycle). Both LED and LD light intensities were inversely proportional to the square of the vertical distance from the irradiated area. Along the horizontal distance from the nadir of the light source, the LED light intensity attenuated according to the cosine quadrature law, while the LD light intensity did not attenuate within the measurable range. Following light irradiation, the temperature rise increased as the TONS 504 concentration increased in the order of pulsed LD < continuous LD < LED irradiation. aPDT with light irradiation only or TONS 504 only had no antimicrobial effect, while aPDT with TONS 504 under continuous or pulsed LD light irradiation provided approximately 3 log reduction at 30 J/cm2 and 20 J/cm2 and approximately 2 log reduction at 10 J/cm2. TONS 504-aPDT under pulsed LD light irradiation provided anti-microbial effect without significant temperature rise.