Versions Of Subscales Research Articles

Comparing social stigma of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder: A quantitative experimental study

BackgroundCurrently, we know little regarding how stigma attributed to eating disorders compares to that of other psychological disorders and additionally within different types of eating disorders. In the current study, we aimed to explore the stigmatisation of eating disorders by comparing the stigma attributed to anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder, utilising depression as a comparative control.MethodsA total of 235 participants from the general population were randomly assigned to an anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, or depression condition. Participants responded to a questionnaire consisting of several adapted versions of pre-existing subscales that measured levels of stigma associated with psychological disorders generally, as well as stigma associated with eating disorders specifically. We used several one-way analyses of variance to investigate the differences in stigma attributed towards the aforementioned psychological disorders.ResultsResults suggested that all three eating disorders were significantly more stigmatised than was depression. Between the eating disorders, the three were generally equivalent except that binge-eating disorder was significantly more stigmatised than both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa on a subscale measuring trivialness.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that individuals with eating disorders, including binge-eating disorder, may be at a higher risk of experiencing the negative implications of stigma when compared to other psychological disorders, such as depression. To our knowledge, this study is one of few that directly quantify and compare stigma attributed towards anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Through further research, a better understanding around the expression of stigma towards specific eating disorders could inform the development of targeted interventions to help reduce the stigma associated with these disorders. This knowledge could also advance the understanding of the lived experience of individuals living with eating disorders, subsequently informing treatment practices.

Psychometric properties of the nine-item avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder screen (NIAS) in Turkish children.

The nine item avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder screen (NIAS) is a short and practical assessment tool specific to ARFID with three ARFID phenotypes such as "Picky eating," "Fear," and "Appetite". This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish translation of the NIAS parent form and to investigate the relationship between ARFID symptoms and anxiety, depression symptoms, and eating behaviors in a sample of Turkish children. Parents were asked to provide their children's sociodemographic data and to complete the NIAS, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire-Short (EDE-QS), Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), and Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) scales. The sample included 440 participants between 6 and 12 ages. Turkish NIAS demonstrated good internal consistency. The three-factor model of the Turkish NIAS was in an acceptable structure. The Turkish NIAS scale was shown to be valid and reliable. NIAS scores were shown to be higher in underweight participants. The NIAS-parent version subscales showed expected convergent and divergent validity with the CEBQ, EDEQ-S, and RCADS scales in children, except CEBQ emotional overeating and desire to drink subscales were correlated with NIAS. The Turkish version of the NIAS is valid and reliable in evaluating ARFID symptoms in children.

Additional Evidence of Predictive Validity of SRSS-IE Scores With Elementary Students

In this article, we examined predictive validity of the newly defined Student Risk Screening Scale–Internalizing and Externalizing (SRSS-IE 9, with nine items) when used by teachers for the first time, with a sample of 24,535 elementary students from 74 schools in four U.S. geographic regions. Results indicated fall externalizing and internalizing latent factors as well as subscale scores (SRSS-E5 and SRSS-I4, respectively) from the SRSS-IE 9 predicted year-end behavioral outcomes (office discipline referrals, suspensions, and nurse visits), academic outcomes (reading and math scores and course failures), as well as referrals to special education for elementary students. SRSS-IE 12 subscale scores for externalizing (SRSS-E7) and internalizing (SRSS-I5) using the original 12-item version subscales were similarly predictive of these outcomes. We discussed educational implications, limitations, and directions for future inquiry.

The Serbian validation of the Rational-Experiential Inventory-40 and the Rational-Experiential Multimodal Inventory.

The widely used Rational-Experiential Inventory-40 (REI-40) assesses Rational and Experiential thinking styles. Recently, the authors have distinguished three aspects of the Experiential style: Intuition, Emotionality and Imagination and developed the Rational-Experiential Multimodal Inventory (REIm). In this study, we examined the internal consistency, structural/factorial, discriminant and known-groups validity of both REI-40 and REIm, in two samples of Serbian students. Participants in Study 1 (N = 819, mean age M = 19.81, 31% males) completed REI-40 and HEXACO Personality Inventory (HEXACO-PI-R), while participants in Study 2 (N = 304, mean age M = 19.47, 29% males) completed REIm, HEXACO-PI-R and Disintegration inventory DELTA. The internal consistency of both REI version subscales was acceptable to good. The results of CFA analyses indicated an acceptable fit for REI-40, while the structural validity of REIm was poor. Both REI-40 subscales (Rationality and Experientiality), as well as REIm Intuition demonstrated only a small content overlap with basic personality traits, while REIm Experientiality, Emotionality and Imagination correlated highly with Openness and Emotionality. We also observed some gender differences in the expected direction.

Further Evidence of Morbidity and Dysfunction Associated With Subsyndromal ADHD in Clinically Referred Children.

While the diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have evolved over the years, some children with impairing ADHD symptoms fail to meet the full diagnostic threshold for the disorder. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the morbidity and dysfunction of subsyndromal ADHD in the clinical setting. Subthreshold and full ADHD subjects were derived from consecutive referrals (n = 2,947) to a pediatric psychopharmacology program at a major academic center. Subjects were diagnosed with subthreshold ADHD if they met at least 1 of the following criteria: (1) their age at onset for ADHD was ≥ 7 years; (2) they had ≥ 5 but < 8 ADHD symptoms using the DSM-III-R or ≥ 4 but < 6 ADHD inattentive or hyperactive/impulsive symptoms using the DSM-IV. Healthy controls were derived from 2 identically designed longitudinal case-control studies of youth with and without ADHD. Psychiatric assessments relied on clinical structured interviews and measures of psychopathology, social functioning, cognitive ability, and academic achievement. Of the 1,931 children diagnosed with ADHD, 140 (7%) were diagnosed with subthreshold ADHD. 48% of subthreshold ADHD subjects had an age at onset ≥ 7 years, and 73% had insufficient symptoms. Reanalysis of findings using DSM-5 criteria showed that only 21% of our subthreshold ADHD subjects would have met DSM-5 criteria based on age at onset of < 12 years, while 79% would have maintained their subthreshold diagnoses. Subjects with subthreshold ADHD differed from controls in the mean number of comorbid disorders; rates of mood, anxiety, and elimination disorders (all P < .001) and substance use disorders (P < .05); scores on all Child Behavior Checklist clinical and social functioning scales; scores on 7 of the 10 Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents scales; rates of requiring extra help in school and being placed in a special class; and scores on 4 of the 5 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised Version subscales (excluding Digit Span) as well as in Freedom from Distractibility Index score (P < .001). Subthreshold and full ADHD subjects had similarly elevated Global Assessment of Functioning scores versus controls (P < .001), but subjects with subthreshold ADHD had fewer perinatal complications and better family functioning scores and were more likely to be female and older and to come from families of higher socioeconomic status than subjects with full ADHD. Clinically referred children failing to meet full-threshold diagnosis for ADHD due to either insufficient symptoms or later age at onset have patterns of clinical features highly similar to those with the full syndrome. These results extend to previously reported findings in nonreferred samples documenting the high morbidity and disability associated with subthreshold ADHD.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Saudi Arabic version of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS).

The Knee Injury Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a widely used joint-specific measure employed to evaluate pain, symptoms, activities of daily living, recreational activities, and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Although the original KOOS has been translated into many languages, a Saudi Arabic version is not available. This study aimed to culturally adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Saudi Arabic version of the KOOS in patients with knee OA. The original KOOS was translated and adapted into Saudi Arabic version over six stages according to the guidelines suggested by Beaton and recommended by the American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons Outcome Committee. Patients diagnosed with knee OA (n = 136) were recruited to examine the psychometric properties, such as internal consistency that was tested using Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability that was analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), and construct validity that examined by testing the correlations between the new version subscales, Form 36 Health Survey subscales, and the Visual Analog Scale, Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs) was used to measure the correlations. A total of 122 (89.7%) of the 136 participants with knee OA completed the second re-test of new Saudi Arabic version. Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87-0.92) was detected in the subscales of the adapted version, as well as excellent test-retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.92-0.94). The pattern of correlation between the subscales of the Saudi Arabic version of the KOOS, SF-36 domains and the Visual Analog Scale for pain supported the construct validity of the adapted version. The Saudi Arabic version of the KOOS was well accepted and exhibited excellent reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity in Saudi patients with knee OA.

Criterion-related validity of the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire-Chinese version

To investigate the criterion-related validity of Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL)-Chinese version and to evaluate the effect of menopausal symptoms on health related quality of life. This study was a cross-sectional survey. Three communities were randomly chosen in Changsha, and then 340 menopausal women aged 45-55 years were randomly chosen from the documented data of the 3 community health service centers. They were required to fill out 4 questionnaires: demographic questionnaire, MENQOL-Chinese version, Kupperman Index (KI) and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHQOL)-BREF. Correlation analysis was used to measure the criterion-related validity. MENQOL-Chinese version subscales (vasomotor, psycho-social, sexual and physical) and KI total score were positively correlated (r=0.800, 0.751, 0.607, 0.906 respectively); while negatively correlated with WHOQOL-BREF total score (r =-0.694, -0.851, -0.585, -0.873 respectively); MENQOL-Chinese version subscales (vasomotor, psycho-social, sexual and physical) were significantly correlated with WHOQOL-BREF subscales (physical, psychological, social relationship, environment), and the physical domain was the highest among the correlation coefficients (r=-0.915). MENQOL-Chinese version shows relatively high criterion-related validity compared with KI and WHOQOL-BREF, which can be widely used to measure the quality of life of menopause women in China.

Validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS)

BackgroundSelf-compassion is a key psychological construct for assessing clinical outcomes in mindfulness-based interventions. The aim of this study was to validate the Spanish versions of the long (26 item) and short (12 item) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS).MethodsThe translated Spanish versions of both subscales were administered to two independent samples: Sample 1 was comprised of university students (n = 268) who were recruited to validate the long form, and Sample 2 was comprised of Aragon Health Service workers (n = 271) who were recruited to validate the short form. In addition to SCS, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory–Trait (STAI-T), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) were administered. Construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity were tested.ResultsThe Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of the long and short forms of the SCS confirmed the original six-factor model in both scales, showing goodness of fit. Cronbach’s α for the 26 item SCS was 0.87 (95% CI = 0.85-0.90) and ranged between 0.72 and 0.79 for the 6 subscales. Cronbach’s α for the 12-item SCS was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.81-0.88) and ranged between 0.71 and 0.77 for the 6 subscales. The long (26-item) form of the SCS showed a test-retest coefficient of 0.92 (95% CI = 0.89–0.94). The Intraclass Correlation (ICC) for the 6 subscales ranged from 0.84 to 0.93. The short (12-item) form of the SCS showed a test-retest coefficient of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.87-0.93). The ICC for the 6 subscales ranged from 0.79 to 0.91. The long and short forms of the SCS exhibited a significant negative correlation with the BDI, the STAI and the PSQ, and a significant positive correlation with the MAAS. The correlation between the total score of the long and short SCS form was r = 0.92.ConclusionThe Spanish versions of the long (26-item) and short (12-item) forms of the SCS are valid and reliable instruments for the evaluation of self-compassion among the general population. These results substantiate the use of this scale in research and clinical practice.

Relationship between clinical fieldwork educator performance and health professional students' perceptions of their practice education learning environments

The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure, Clinical Teaching Effectiveness Instrument, and Clinical Learning Environment Inventory were completed by 548 undergraduate students (54.5% response rate) enrolled in eight health professional bachelor degree courses. Regression analysis was used to investigate the significant predictors of the Clinical Teaching Effectiveness Instrument with the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure and Clinical Learning Environment Inventory subscales as independent variables. The results indicated that the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure and Clinical Learning Environment Inventory Actual version subscale scores explained 44% of the total variance in the Clinical Teaching Effectiveness Instrument score. The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure subscale Academic Self-Perception explained 1.1% of the variance in the Clinical Teaching Effectiveness Instrument score. The Clinical Learning Environment Inventory Actual subscales accounted for the following variance percentages in the Clinical Teaching Effectiveness Instrument score: personalization, 1.1%; satisfaction, 1.7%; task orientation, 5.1%; and innovation, 6.2%. Aspects of the clinical learning environment appear to be predictive of the effectiveness of the clinical teaching that students experience. Fieldwork educator performance might be a significant contributing factor toward student skill development and practitioner success.

Sharing good NEWS across the world: developing comparable scores across 12 countries for the neighborhood environment walkability scale (NEWS)

BackgroundThe IPEN (International Physical Activity and Environment Network) Adult project seeks to conduct pooled analyses of associations of perceived neighborhood environment, as measured by the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) and its abbreviated version (NEWS-A), with physical activity using data from 12 countries. As IPEN countries used adapted versions of the NEWS/NEWS-A, this paper aimed to develop scoring protocols that maximize cross-country comparability in responses. This information is also highly relevant to non-IPEN studies employing the NEWS/NEWS-A, which is one of the most popular measures of perceived environment globally.MethodsThe following countries participated in the IPEN Adult study: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hong Kong, Mexico, New Zealand, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Participants (N = 14,305) were recruited from neighborhoods varying in walkability and socio-economic status. Countries collected data on the perceived environment using a self- or interviewer-administered version of the NEWS/NEWS-A. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to derive comparable country-specific measurement models of the NEWS/NEWS-A. The level of correspondence between standard and alternative versions of the NEWS/NEWS-A factor-analyzable subscales was determined by estimating the correlations and mean standardized difference (Cohen’s d) between them using data from countries that had included items from both standard and alternative versions of the subscales.ResultsFinal country-specific measurement models of the NEWS/NEWS-A provided acceptable levels of fit to the data and shared the same factorial structure with six latent factors and two single items. The correspondence between the standard and alternative versions of subscales of Land use mix – access, Infrastructure and safety for walking/cycling, and Aesthetics was high. The Brazilian version of the Traffic safety subscale was highly, while the Australian and Belgian versions were marginally, comparable to the standard version. Single-item versions of the Street connectivity subscale used in Australia and Belgium showed marginally acceptable correspondence to the standard version.ConclusionsWe have proposed country-specific modifications to the original scoring protocol of the NEWS/NEWS-A that enhance inter-country comparability. These modifications have yielded sufficiently equivalent measurement models of the NEWS/NEWS-A. Some inter-country discrepancies remain. These need to be considered when interpreting findings from different countries.

Impact of War Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Psychopathology in Croatian and German Patients with Severe Mental Illness

To explore posttraumatic stress symptoms and current psychopathology in a binational sample of Croatian and German participants with severe mental illness. We studied 178 inpatients from the Greifswald University (German patients, n=89) and University Hospital Zagreb and Ivan Barbot Neuropsychiatric Hospital (Croatian patients, n=89) with either major depression (n=150), schizophrenia (n=26), or bipolar disorder (n=2). Measurements included Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale and the Symptom Check List-90-R. Participants were matched according to age, sex, and diagnosis. Croatians reported significantly more war traumatic events (64/82 vs 5/74, chi(2)(1)=77.142, P<0.001) and significantly more Croatians met the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (55/89 vs 27/89, chi(2)(1)=17.73, P<0.001). They also suffered from a higher level of psychopathological distress as they scored significantly higher at all Symptom Check List-90-R revised version subscales (P<0.001). The regression models demonstrated that predictors of general psychopathological distress were war trauma (P<0.001), posttraumatic stress disorder (P<0.001), and diagnosis (P=0.01). This is the first study comparing the impact of war trauma on psychopathology of participants with severe mental illness between two nations. Our results clearly indicate the importance of trauma assessment in subjects with severe mental illness, particularly in post-conflict settings.

Two Brief Versions of the Multidimensional Pain Readiness to Change Questionnaire, Version 2 (MPRCQ2)

The present study sought to develop 1-item and 2-item versions of subscales from the Multidimensional Pain Readiness to Change Questionnaire, Version 2 (MPRCQ2), a measure of readiness to adopt a variety of pain management and coping strategies commonly taught in multidisciplinary treatment programs. One hundred and ninety patients with rheumatic diseases who entered a Rheumatology Day Program completed the MPRCQ2 and an additional criterion measure, the Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire (PSOCQ), before and after treatment. First one and then a second item that best represented each MPRCQ2 scale were selected based on: (1) the correlations between the items and their parent MPRCQ2 scale; (2) responsivity to change following treatment; (3) correlations of the items with the PSOCQ scales; and (4) authors' consensus of face validity and construct representativeness of items. The psychometric properties of the 1-item and 2-item versions of the MPRCQ2 scales were then examined. These brief versions provided good approximations of their parent scales and 9/10 were responsive to change following multidisciplinary treatment. Correlations between the brief scales and the PSOCQ scales showed similar relationships as with the full MPRCQ2 scales. The findings support the validity of these brief versions of the MPRCQ2 subscales. We would recommend the use of these versions of the MPRCQ2 when a measure of patient readiness to use a range of pain self-management coping strategies is needed (eg, treatment process research, prediction of success in multidisciplinary treatment), but response burden is a significant issue.

Psychometric Performance of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire in Latinos and Non-Latinos

To compare the psychometric performance of Spanish versions of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) and the NEI VFQ-39 administered to Latino patients with the psychometric performance of the standard English NEI VFQ-25 and NEI VFQ-39 administered to non-Latino patients. Clinic-based cross-sectional survey. Four hundred three patients (160 Latinos and 243 non-Latinos) recruited from general ophthalmology clinics of an urban public hospital over a 6-month period. Structured face-to-face interviews were conducted in Spanish and English to collect data for the NEI VFQ-25 and NEI VFQ-39. We calculated the mean, standard deviation, and percentage of participants having the minimum (floor) and maximum (ceiling) possible score for each item and scale. Internal consistency reliability of the NEI VFQ-25 and NEI VFQ-39 was estimated using the Cronbach alpha and average inter-item correlation. Construct validity for the instruments was assessed by comparing scores for participants classified as having normal versus impaired visual acuity. Instrument scales for general health; general vision; ocular pain; near activities; distance activities; vision-specific social functioning, mental health, role difficulties, and dependency; driving; color vision; and peripheral vision. Internal consistency reliability was significantly lower in the Spanish version than in the English version for 3 scales of the NEI VFQ-25. More importantly, 3 scales in the Spanish version manifested inadequate reliability (alpha< or =0.70), compared with only 1 inadequately reliable subscale in the English version. Reliability coefficients associated with the Spanish NEI VFQ-39 scales exceeded commonly accepted minimum standards. Comparison of reliability coefficients between Latino and non-Latino subgroups demonstrated statistically significant differences for 4 scales: Ocular Pain, Mental Health, Role Difficulties, and Dependency. In each case, the Latino group had the lower internal consistency reliability. However, only for the Ocular Pain subscale was reliability both significantly lower and inadequate (alpha<0.70). Overall performance of the NEI VFQ in Latino populations is adequate. However, in the absence of modifications to improve the reliability of specific Spanish version subscales, comparisons between Latino and non-Latino subgroups using the NEI VFQ must be interpreted with appropriate caution.

Validating the Use of Two-Item Measures of Pain Beliefs and Coping Strategies for a Veteran Population

Previous research has demonstrated that 2-item versions of subscales from the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory, Coping Strategy Questionnaire, and the Survey of Pain Attitudes appear adequately reliable and valid for use in studies with large sample sizes. It was suggested that use of the abbreviated scales might help to expand the testing and application of cognitive-behavioral models of pain to new settings and with new populations where assessment burden might be a key issue. This study explored the utility of these brief scales among veterans in a Veterans Affairs setting. Strong associations were found between the 2-item versions and their respective parent scales. In addition, the 2-item scales were found to be associated with other pain-related measures, supporting their predictive validity. The results of this study replicate previous findings and offer support for the use of the 2-item versions for both screening and research purposes in Veterans Affairs settings with a veteran population. Perspective This article presents the psychometric properties of brief versions of 3 commonly used pain coping and belief questionnaires in a unique population. These measures could be used clinically for initial screening purposes, as well as for treatment monitoring.