Verification And Validation Research Articles

Toward Enhanced Machine-Based Release in X-ray Sterilization.

Trends toward the use of irradiator parameter release (also called machine-based release) put pressure on equipment manufacturers to guarantee accuracy and reliability of monitored process parameters. In the specific case of X-ray processing, relevance of these monitored parameters is questionable due to the additional difficulty coming from the fact that the X-ray converter does not have associated parameters or a monitored feedback mechanism. To bridge this gap, this article presents a novel method to verify in real-time consistency of certain X-ray field properties. It covers the description of an X-ray flux monitor and its experimental characterization. The proposed detector can be used as a control and monitoring tool in addition to the conventional "passive" dosimetry per ISO 11137-1 and ISO 11137-3. It can detect photon flux deviation on the order of magnitude of 1%. Its performance would allow real-time monitoring of each pallet being processed and ensure that the correct X-ray beam is directed to the product. Further, the known response of the detector to a product can serve as a validation that the correct product is in front of the beam. Moreover, a detector of this type could contribute to moving from the current dosimetric release to irradiator parameter release. Compared with current practices, benefits would include an increased number of control points used to verify process conformity, real-time information on the radiation field (process output validation), limited manual handling of dosimeters, and verification that the product treated is the same as the performance qualification dose-mapped product.

Rapid detection of glycosylated hemoglobin levels by a microchip liquid chromatography system in gradient elution mode

BackgroundThe determination of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is crucial for diabetes diagnosis and can provide more substantial results than the simple measurement of glycemia. While there is a lack of simple methods for the determination of HbA1c using a point-of-care test (POCT) compared to glycemia measurement. In particular, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is considered the current gold standard for determining HbA1c levels. However, commercial HPLC systems usually have some sort of disadvantages such as bulky size, high-cost and need for qualified operators. Therefore, there is an urgent demand to develop a portable, and fast HbA1c detection system consuming fewer reagents. ResultsWe present a novel microchip that integrates a micromixer, passive injector, packed column and detection cell. The integrated microchip, in which all the microstructures were formed in the CNC machining center through micro-milling, is small in size (30 mm × 70 mm × 10 mm), and can withstand 1600 psi of liquid pressure. The integrated design is beneficial to reduce the band broadening caused by dead volume. Based on the microchip, a microchip liquid chromatography (LC) system was built and applied to the analysis of HbA1c. The separation conditions of HbA1c in blood calibrator samples were optimized using the microchip LC system. Samples containing four levels of HbA1c were completely separated within 2 min in optimal gradient conditions, with an inaccuracy (<3.2 %), a coefficient of variation (c.v. < 2.1 %) and a correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.993), indicating excellent separation efficiency and reproducibility. SignificanceThe POCT of HbA1c is critical for diabetes diagnosis. The microchip chromatography system was developed for HbA1c determination, which contains an integrated microchip and works under a gradient elution. It surpasses existing chip technology in terms of separation performance and detection speed, providing a competitive advantage for POCT of HbA1c. It is considered one important step for realizing efficient portable systems for timely and accurate diabetes diagnosis.

Estimation of motor severity scales in Parkinson’s disease by linear models of bimanual non-alternating index finger tapping features

Background and ObjectiveClinical scales used by well-trained clinicians to assess motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) allow to establish the patients’ medical therapy and follow-up their response. However, these assessments are subjective and their application to patients requires experienced and qualified operators. This study analyzes the role of the kinematic patient’s features, captured by a simple computer keyboard paradigm, in predicting the scores prescribed by an experienced neurologist. MethodsA total of 47 patients in their ON medication state participated in this study. Their motor capacity was assessed by an experienced neurologist with several standardized clinical scales. The patients also performed 5 consecutive trials of 10 s of a computerized finger tapping task by pressing with their index the space bar, first with their dominant hand and then with the other hand. 270 tapping-related features were extracted from the tapping task data for each participant and linear regression multivariate models for each clinical variable were built by using these features. ResultsThe best resulting models were for the motor capacity (Unified Parkisnon Disase Scale Revised – MDS-UPDRS Part III), years from disease onset and balance scores (Limit of Stability – LoS), with root mean squared errors (RMSE) of 0.268, 0.254 and 0.150, respectively, all bellow their corresponding minimal clinically important differences. Those models included variables from both hands and from all trials, mainly regarding slow and fast tapping-related variables in different degrees. ConclusionsA simple bimanual non-alternating finger tapping task has shown to foresee motor capacity and balance scores by using statistical and machine learning methods. This easy and quick task could be performed periodically in the medical office or at home helping the clinician to know the patients’ motor state and temporary alterations in that way and to make finer clinical decisions about the proper pharmacological treatment of every patient.

Hybrid (Optimal) Selection Model for Phase Change Materials Used in the Cold Energy Storage of Air Conditioning Systems

The latent heat storage of phase change materials (PCMs) can be used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Storing cool energy during the nighttime (off-peak hours) and releasing the cool energy during the daytime (on-peak hours) to reduce the number of starts of the chiller and pumps is a practical approach for achieving energy saving and carbon reduction. Therefore, selecting PCMs is vital for improving energy efficiency and preventing future energy shortages. However, selecting PCMs is complicated by their unique characteristics and types. The purpose of this study was to establish a PCM selection model by combining the Delphi, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) methods to select the optimal PCM type applied in cold storage. A numerical example was used to verify the model’s usability, confirming that A9 is the optimal PCM for the cold storage of an air conditioning system. This three-stage PCM selection model combining the Delphi, AHP, and VIKOR approaches provides a more suitable selection model and considers the selection method of material criteria. Moreover, it can solve the problem of difficult PCM selection. Simultaneously, it considers mechanisms to incorporate a company’s primary considerations into material selection for real-world applications. These results can facilitate material evaluation and selection during system design and material qualification, helping companies achieve the goals of energy saving, carbon reduction, and sustainable management in the future.

Performance Qualification of Automatic System for Antineoplastic Preparation

The preparation of antiblastic and parental drugs should be carried out by ensuring an aseptic condition and minimizing exposure to toxic drugs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality and qualification of these features of an automated dispensing system, called PHARMODUCT®, built by Bioduct s.r.l, part of the Dedalus group. Three antiblastic drugs (cyclophosphamide (powder), 5-fluorouracil and paclitaxel) were used and three preparation and dispensing sessions were carried out for each drug, using PHARMODUCT®. Some of the infusion bags, prepared for each type of antiblastic, were sent to an external laboratory to perform the quantitative dosage analysis and compare it with the quantitative concentration, set on the automatic dispensing equipment, which was found to meet the acceptance criteria of 10%. In addition, to assess the safety of the process for operator exposure to toxic drugs, the differential pressure value between the main chamber and the clean room was measured to be ˂0 Pa, with an hourly leakage rate of ˂2.5 × 10−3 h−1. Media fill tests showed no microbiological growth after a 14-day incubation period. The PHARMODUCT® system meets the requirements of safety and repeatability for the dispensation of parenteral antiblastic drugs.

Performance evaluation and qualification of hard coatings used in absorber rod drive mechanism of Indian fast breeder reactor

Prevention of surface damage at various guiding and bearing locations assumes high importance in ensuring reliable operation of Absorber Rod Drive Mechanisms (ARDM). Contact at an unintended location during any of the operating conditions, including seismic conditions, may cause unacceptable damage, reducing the availability of the ARDMs. Based on international and in-house experiences, the materials and surface coatings for mating surfaces and guiding locations were selected in the ARDMs of Indian Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR).Various mechanical and metallurgical investigations followed by integral assembly tests with full-scale components on hard face coatings were done to evaluate the performance of the hard coatings and to qualify them for reactor operation. In spite of detailed investigations, surface damage-related problems were faced during the initial stages of integral assembly testing, which severely delayed the qualification testing. Key lessons learned from the experimental program are that a holistic approach involving complete kinematics is necessary in the design of the systems to prevent unwanted surface damage-related issues. All these details are discussed in the present paper.From the qualification testing, it can be concluded that the performance of hard coatings for the ARDMs of Indian FBRs is satisfactory. The material and design selections made have formed the basis for the given applications in future FBRs in India.

Decision making in operator-machine assignment problems: an optimization approach in U-shaped production lines

Decision-making is a complex problem in all fields of production, because decision makers have to find the most suitable solution alternative among the numerous, while the solution of the problem is limited by multiple, usually conflicting constraints. In the Industry 4.0 era, one of the most widely used production lines are the U-shaped production lines, which focus on the elimination of waste through a high utilization of workers. It means, that worker-machine assignment plays a significant role in the optimization of production processes in a U-shaped production line. The current investigation proposes a novel absorbing Markov chain (AMC) optimization approach to support the decision making regarding worker selection and assignment. The proposed approach integrates the AMC and the performance analysis of the production process. The numerical results validated the decision making model and showed that optimal worker-machine assignment can lead to about 20% production cost reduction, while the key performance indicators (KPI) of the U-shaped production line are significantly increased. The sensitivity analysis of influencing factors made it possible to identify the critical factors of this decision making problem, such as the qualification of operators, time of technological and logistics operations, and maintenance policy.

초등교사의 디지털 리터러시 평가척도 타당화 연구

Objectives This study was conducted to validate digital literacy assessment scale for elementary teachers, based on previous research, by constructing sub-domains and collecting items, and then verifying the validity and reli-ability of the scale.&#x0D; Methods A survey was conducted on 325 elementary school teachers from K, P, and A Cities for the research. To create the test questions, preliminary questions were developed by taking into account previous studies. Additionally, for data analysis purposes, the software packages SPSS 18 and Jamovi 2.3.21 were utilized.&#x0D; Results The results are as follows. First, content validity verification, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted. Second, for reliability verification, item internal consistency was examined, re-sulting in the extraction of four sub-factors (Attitude, Skills, Execution, and Ethics) and 29 items.&#x0D; Conclusions By developing a measurement tool for digital literacy targeting elementary school teachers and ver-ifying its validity and reliability, this study can provide implications for enhancing elementary school teachers' digi-tal literacy competence by providing fundamental data.

Teaching Model Based System Engineering – A Banking Benchmark Problem

AbstractMBSE has been widely used for industry processes and safety critical avionic and space systems. The use of MBSE process with STPA for safety analysis, mutation testing for verification, model checking and simulations for formal validation, has shown a better alternative to normal development methods. The growth of online financial transactions due to ease of internal payment methods, has resulted in a number of payment applications. System Engineering is not widely popular in academia and undergraduate levels. Benchmark problems are required for the students to get their hands “dirty” and for the instructors to provide hands on examples, matched to theory in textbooks. This paper looks into performing STPA and Model based analysis of such an application, with the goal to teach MBSE methods through industry example.

Design and Flight Qualification of a Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter for Electric Aircraft Applications

Multilevel switched-capacitor converters, such as the flying capacitor multilevel (FCML) converter, offer high energy density and efficiency, over a wide voltage range, making them suitable for applications in electrified aircraft. However, concerns of reliability due to the increased number of active and passive components have limited the use of high-level count converters in aircraft applications. This work addresses the challenges of designing a high-level count converter with the goal of extremely high efficiency and power density, with maintained reliability and flight readiness. We present detailed component selection and design techniques to achieve this goal, along with a high-performance 28.2 kW/kg, 99.52% efficient high-voltage dc-dc step-up power converter for experimental validation. Finally, we demonstrate successful completion of critical flight qualification testing of the hardware prototype, including thermal, shock and vibration.

A cooperative team orienteering optimisation model and a customised resolution metaheuristic

Workforce routing optimisation is an essential management task to achieve customer satisfaction and minimise costs in service-providing companies. A typical problem for an energy-saving company (ESCo) is to optimise the provisioning of maintenance services for the contracted buildings through a fleet of heterogeneous maintenance staff. This problem is modelled as a cooperative orienteering problem with time windows, operator qualification, and synchronisation constraints. A novel insertion heuristic is proposed and embedded in an adaptive large neighbourhood search algorithm and it is tested against a state-of-the-art algorithm using real-world data. The comparative study demonstrates the potential of the heuristic and a sensitivity analysis shows its robustness, focusing on time window length variation, and the number of synchronisation requirements. We consider managerial insights supported by results and concerns, e.g., the employment of further technicians to increase the number of served facilities. The proposed model and algorithm apply to similar problems as well.

Mind the gap: reconciling tropical forest carbon flux estimates from earth observation and national reporting requires transparency

BackgroundThe application of different approaches calculating the anthropogenic carbon net flux from land, leads to estimates that vary considerably. One reason for these variations is the extent to which approaches consider forest land to be “managed” by humans, and thus contributing to the net anthropogenic flux. Global Earth Observation (EO) datasets characterising spatio-temporal changes in land cover and carbon stocks provide an independent and consistent approach to estimate forest carbon fluxes. These can be compared against results reported in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (NGHGIs) to support accurate and timely measuring, reporting and verification (MRV). Using Brazil as a primary case study, with additional analysis in Indonesia and Malaysia, we compare a Global EO-based dataset of forest carbon fluxes to results reported in NGHGIs.ResultsBetween 2001 and 2020, the EO-derived estimates of all forest-related emissions and removals indicate that Brazil was a net sink of carbon (− 0.2 GtCO2yr−1), while Brazil’s NGHGI reported a net carbon source (+ 0.8 GtCO2yr−1). After adjusting the EO estimate to use the Brazilian NGHGI definition of managed forest and other assumptions used in the inventory’s methodology, the EO net flux became a source of + 0.6 GtCO2yr−1, comparable to the NGHGI. Remaining discrepancies are due largely to differing carbon removal factors and forest types applied in the two datasets. In Indonesia, the EO and NGHGI net flux estimates were similar (+ 0.6 GtCO2 yr−1), but in Malaysia, they differed in both magnitude and sign (NGHGI: -0.2 GtCO2 yr−1; Global EO: + 0.2 GtCO2 yr−1). Spatially explicit datasets on forest types were not publicly available for analysis from either NGHGI, limiting the possibility of detailed adjustments.ConclusionsBy adjusting the EO dataset to improve comparability with carbon fluxes estimated for managed forests in the Brazilian NGHGI, initially diverging estimates were largely reconciled and remaining differences can be explained. Despite limited spatial data available for Indonesia and Malaysia, our comparison indicated specific aspects where differing approaches may explain divergence, including uncertainties and inaccuracies. Our study highlights the importance of enhanced transparency, as set out by the Paris Agreement, to enable alignment between different approaches for independent measuring and verification.

Promoting the Low-Carbon Transition of Power Construction Projects under MRV: An Evolutionary Game Analysis

The actual situation of carbon-emission reduction in China’s power sector has not yet achieved the expected benefits. The rent-seeking behavior of participants in power construction projects (PCPs) hinders the realization of low-carbon benefits. It is necessary to explore the behavioral strategies of the various participants in the low-carbon transition of PCPs. This paper creatively constructs an evolutionary game model of PCPs’ participants from the perspective of MRV (monitoring, reporting, and verification) and introduces the influence of the public to provide a comprehensive analysis of strategic equilibrium points. Through numerical simulations with MATLAB R2021a software, this paper explores the strategic choices of participants in different situations and gives relevant inferences and proofs. The results show that the grid company dominates at the initial stage and promotes participants to regulate behaviors. Under the premise of satisfying the system-stability requirements, setting the growth rate of the grid company’s punishments to 100% can enhance the willingness for strict supervision, while the growth rate of the supervision costs to 200% significantly decreases the probability of strict supervision. With the integration of MRV and PCPs, participants spontaneously fulfill the carbon-emission-reduction tasks. Reasonable control of input costs can effectively avoid the occurrence of rent-seeking behavior. In addition, this paper sets the public-influence growth rate at 200% and finds that the public plays a greater role in driving participants to fulfill responsibilities. Based on the results, a low-carbon transition mechanism for PCPs under the MRV system is proposed by considering several dimensions, which provides suggestions for participants to fulfill carbon-reduction responsibilities.

A Global Survey of Standardization and Industry Practices of Automotive Cybersecurity Validation and Verification Testing Processes and Tools

&lt;div&gt;The United Nation Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Regulation 155—Cybersecurity and Cybersecurity Management System (UN R155) mandates the development of cybersecurity management systems (CSMS) as part of a vehicle’s lifecycle. An inherent component of the CSMS is cybersecurity risk management and assessment. Validation and verification testing is a key activity for measuring the effectiveness of risk management, and it is mandated by UN R155 for type approval. Due to the focus of R155 and its suggested implementation guideline, ISO/SAE 21434:2021—Road Vehicle Cybersecurity Engineering, mainly centering on the alignment of cybersecurity risk management to the vehicle development lifecycle, there is a gap in knowledge of proscribed activities for validation and verification testing. This research provides guidance on automotive cybersecurity testing and verification by providing an overview of the state-of-the-art in relevant automotive standards, outlining their transposition into national regulation and the currently used processes and tools in the automotive industry. Through engagement with state-of-the-art literature and workshops and surveys with industry groups, our study found that national regulatory authorities are moving to enshrine UN R155 as part of their vehicle regulations, with differences of implementation based on regulatory culture and pre-existing approaches to vehicle regulation. Validation and verification testing is developing aligned to UN R155 and ISO21434:2021; however, the testing approaches currently used within industry utilize elements of traditional enterprise information technology methods for penetration testing and toolsets. Electrical/electronic (E/E) components such as embedded control units (ECUs) are considered the primary testing target; however, connected and autonomous vehicle technologies are increasingly attracting more focus for testing.&lt;/div&gt;

Mean field derivation and validity verification of neural networks coupled by Izhikevich neurons

Mean field derivation and validity verification of neural networks coupled by Izhikevich neurons

한국판 유아교사용 교사효능감 척도 개발 및 타당화 연구

The purpose of this study is to develop a Korean version of the teacher self-efficacy scale for early childhood teachers by adapting Bandura's (2006) teacher self-efficacy scale (TSES) and considering the contextual suitability of early childhood education in Korea, and to verify its validity and reliability. In the preliminary investigation, the constructs and questions of the Korean version of the teacher efficacy scale for early childhood teachers were explored through literature analysis, translation-back-translation, and content validity verification. As a result of the preliminary investigation, a preliminary draft of 6 constructs and 28 questions was developed. In main survey, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability analysis were conducted on 305 early childhood teachers to verify the scale goodness of the Korean version of the teacher efficacy scale for early childhood teachers. As a result of the study, the Korean version of the teacher efficacy scale for early childhood teachers was developed with 6 constructs and 28 questions, and the Cronbach’s α coefficient was found to be .96. Therefore, the Korean version of the teacher efficacy scale for early childhood teachers developed in this study was found to be an appropriate scale for measuring the teacher efficacy of early childhood teachers.

사회 연결망 분석을 활용한 GOLDEN 성격유형의 네트워크 분석

The purpose of this study is to examine a 2-mode network structure for the comprehensive and detailed scales of Golden personality types based on social network analysis. To achieve this purpose, the Golden Personality Type Profiler was conducted on 1,450 people in their 20s to 60s from May 8th to June 22nd, 2020. The collected result profile data was analyzed using the NetMiner 4.5 version for a 2-mode network analysis, and the personality type structure was quantified and visualized. In this process, the comprehensive scale became a node, and the detailed scale value was stored as the weight of the link. The analysis procedure was divided into data preprocessing, network analysis, and visualization steps. The results of this study are as follows: First, the most prominent personality types and detailed scales were identified according to the comprehensive scale by analyzing the degree of connection between the comprehensive scale and the detailed scale of Golden personality type; Second, through the network structure of Golden personality type, the location of connection centrality of a 2-mode was confirmed according to the comprehensive scale. This study is meaningful in that it empirically examined the network structure of Golden personality type and is expected to be used as basic data to support the results of the existing validity verification.

정신장애인 자립생활의 개념 및 구성요소에 관한 델파이 기법 연구

The purpose of this study is to elicit the concepts and components of independent living for people with psychiatric disabilities through the Delphi technique. The expert panel consisted of social workers (N=20) with at least five years of experience practicing independent living support services to people with mental disabilities on the front lines of the community and conducted three Delphi technique surveys. All delphi technique survey was performed by e-mail. as a Result, the concept of independent living for people with psychiatric disabilities were 6 domains, which were health of body, mental health, daily living skill, residence and economic activities, the use of community resources and leisure use, protection of rights and interests. Also, the component of Independent living for people with psychiatric disabilities were 44 items. All items of the concept and component were average, construct validity ratio, consensus and convergence for validity verification were proper. Finally, practical and policy implications and recommendations for independent living for people with mental disabilities are discussed based on the results of this study.

Correlation Between the Competency Assessment Course (CUSTAR 425) and Customs Broker Licensure Examination (CBLE) of AIMS BSCA Graduates: Basis in the Enhancement of Pre-Board Competency Assessment Course

It is imperative that examinees of professional licensures shall have certain level of intelligence and wit to pass the licensure examination, while corresponding higher education institutions (HEIs) shall cement the foundation of knowledge in various areas of expertise. The Customs Broker Licensure Examination (CBLE) is one of those examinations facilitated in by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) and undertaken by students who have completed a 4-year degree in Bachelor of Science in Customs Administration (BSCA). In the “5-Year AIMS Comparative Report of Customs Brokers Licensure Examination (CBLE) from 2017 to 2022,” there are inconsistencies that were observed in terms of the school’s achievement. More so, although there were years with passing marks, the passing rates, however, are not enough to be considered as an outstanding performance for the institution. Henceforth, by analysis of previous studies, pre-board review courses are important factors in achieving higher passing rates in licensure examinations. This led the proponents to analyze the performance in, and the correlation between, the Competency Assessment Course (CUSTAR 425) and the Customs Broker Licensure Examination (CBLE) of AIMS students from school years 2019, 2021 and 2022. Descriptive-correlation was used in determining the relationship between the CUSTAR 425 grades and the CBLE results of AIMS students. Outsourced from the Center for Research and Institutional Development (CRID) and the Center for Records and Certification (CRC), the CBLE exam and CUSTAR 425 grades came from sixty-one (61) BSCA graduates from school years 2019, 2021 and 2022. To analyze the data, frequency count, percentage, weighted mean and Pearson r were used. Based on the findings, majority of the BSCA graduates across the three school years had generally performed in CUSTAR 425 as evidenced by the following: 3 gained an “Excellent” achievement (96 to 100), 13 received a “Very Good” performance (90 to 95), and 24 earned a “Good” performance (84 to 89). However, the CBLE performance can be contextualized between fair to poor as only 27 had passed the licensure examination out of the 61 examinees. More so, although the school made a good passing rate of 56% when compared to the NPP of 46.46% in 2022, and 44% against the 40.08% NPP in 2019, these surpassing rates cannot be treated as good performances as the results did not meet the top performance qualifications of 50 or more examinees per year and with at least 80% overall passing percentage, as per PRC Commission Resolution No. 2017-1058 (C) series of 2017 (“November 2021 Customs Broker Licensure Examination,” 2021). In terms of correlation, no significant relationship exists between CUSTAR 425 and CBLE. Though the computed Pearson r of 0.25, and the p-value of 0.052, indicated a certain degree of relationship, the degree is however weak, hence, not significant. Strong recommendation is hereby given to the Customs Administration (CA) Department of AIMS to revisit and review its Competency Assessment Course (CUSTAR 425) and identify areas for enhancement. Perhaps, the department could ponder on the “five-step revision process” of McGahan (2018)

Evaluation of the Qualification of Dynamic Positioning Operators Using Analytic Hierarchy Process

Offshore vessel operations are always important for the industry as the consequences of incidents related to dynamic positioning systems may affect people, cargo, vessels, and the environment. The aim of this paper is to determine the qualification factors and improve the competency standards of Dynamic Positioning Operators (DPOs). The Analytic Hierarchy Process method has been used for this study by processing expert views of senior operators who have at least fifteen years of dynamic positioning experience. The results show that quality of trainer, importance of sea time collected after achieving a full DPO certificate, experience with different types of DP systems, and practical knowledge are defined as the most important factors to becoming a qualified dynamic positioning operator. Besides, situational awareness of DP operators is considered another important factor to reduce possible dynamic positioning incidents. In conclusion, this study provides the following recommendations: promote incentive programmes in order to appeal to potential trainers, increase the length of minimum required sea time after a simulator course, increase the required practical time onboard in lieu of transferring excessive active sea time to further stages, companies to provide familiarisation courses for operators regarding the equipment onboard prior to joining the vessel for the first time, and promote online training programmes to improve the situational awareness of operators. By using these recommendations, there is a possibility to improve the qualification of DP operators and reduce incidents related to dynamic positioning operations. Last but not least, this research can also be used as a reference in the offshore industry for the training of Dynamic Positioning Operators (DPOs).