Verbs Of Communication Research Articles

SIMILES RELATED TO VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN HUNGARIAN AND SERBIAN

The present study explores a subtype of phraseological units, similes, focusing on those made with verbs of communication. This study aims to determine to what extent similes related to the manner of verbal communication correspond or differ in the two languages. Depending on the communication situation, verbs other than verbs of communication may also occur in these similes in both languages under scrutiny. These are also discussed in the study. The emphasis is placed primarily on the issue of the conceptualization of speech, as well as the source domain of conceptual associations.

A semantic approach for the analysis of verbs in life sciences texts

ABSTRACT This paper presents a corpusbased study of a group of lexical verbs in eighteenth and nineteenth century scientific texts. The study has a twofold aim. Firstly, it aims to select four types of verb classes (verbs of communication, desire, aspectuals and perception) identified by Levin and Noonan and explore their use in the Corpus of English Life Sciences Texts, a subcorpus of the Coruña Corpus of English Scientific Writing. Secondly, it aims to determine if the frequency of these verbs varies based on the gender of the authors. Further, the study seeks to ascertain if a shifting pattern could be attested in the use of these verbs throughout the two centuries examined in the corpus, at a time when the scientific register was already becoming established. The findings of the study obtained from the greater or lesser occurrence of the verbs in question over the two centuries indicate which ones were more frequent in Life Sciences texts, whether they were more commonly used either by men or women and whether there was a pattern of continued usage of these verbs in Late Modern English scientific language rather than a shift towards nominalisation in this type of discourse.

That-complement clauses signalling stance in Nigerian Supreme Court lead judgements: a corpus-based study

Abstract The study investigates grammatical means of marking stance in Nigerian Supreme Court lead judgements. Specifically, it examines the frequency, form and stance functions of that-complement clauses in lead judgements using Du Bios’ stance triangle model (Du Bois, John. 2007. The stance triangle. In Englebretson Robert (ed.), Stancetaking in discourse: Subjectivity, evaluation, interaction, 139–177. Amsterdam: John Benjamins) and Biber’s (Biber, Douglas. 2006. University language: A corpus-based study of spoken and written registers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins) semantic domains of verbal and adjectival predicates controlling that-complement clauses. The study shows that that-complement clauses in the lead judgements are predominantly verb-based and they mainly signal epistemic and few alignment stances. Verb-based that-clauses are largely indexed by communication verbs which report prior stances, present the lead judges’ arguments and validate them. Adjective-based that-clauses signal evaluative and few affective stances. They are frequently signalled by certainty adjectives which express lead judges’ certitude on the issues argued. That-complement clauses signal few alignment stances and yet fewer affective ones, possibly due to judges’ need to assert their authoritative voice as experts in the discourse community. The frequency of certainty verbs and adjectives in the that-complement clauses underscores the centrality of certitude in judicial argumentation. I suggest that judgements are not only evaluative as has been noted in earlier studies but also epistemic based on the predominance of epistemic and certainty markers lexico-grammatically realised and indexed by verb and adjective based that-clauses.

ChatGPT as a COBUILD lexicographer

Creating high-quality dictionary entries has been a meticulous and time-consuming process, but current developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) could help to speed up this process. This study explores the use of ChatGPT to create COBUILD-style English monolingual entries and evaluates its ability to generate accurate and high-quality sense definitions and example sentences on a sample of fifteen verbs of communication. AI-generated entries are produced using ChatGPT Plus, and human experts evaluate them alongside COBUILD entries in a blinded randomized process. The quality of sense definitions, example sentences, and overall entries are assessed using a five-point scale. The results indicate that AI-generated definitions are comparable to those created by human lexicographers, while AI-generated examples and overall entries receive lower ratings. The study also explores the possibility of fine-tuning AI models based on expert feedback to enhance their performance.

КОМУНІКАТИВНА ЗНАЧУЩІСТЬ ДІЄСЛІВ МОВЛЕННЯ ТА ЧАСТОТНІСТЬ ЇХ ВЖИВАННЯ У ХУДОЖНЬОМУ ТЕКСТІ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ РОМАНУ МАРГАРЕТ МІТЧЕЛЛ «ЗВІЯНІ ВІТРОМ»

The article is devoted to the study of communication verbs on the material of Margaret Mitchell's novel «Gone with the Wind» which contains many communication verbs, with the help of which the author not only intrigues the readers, but also creates a сertain impression, a specific reaction in order to convey the depth of feelings. The novelty of the conducted scientific research lies in the fact that an attempt was made to carry out a complex analysis of the communication verbs in different speech acts, the frequency of their use for creating a certain emotional coloring and underlying stylistic significance. The main purpose of the analysis was to trace the peculiarities of functioning of communication verbs in the literary text, to identify the most frequently used verbs for depicting events, creating dynamism and tension of the storyline, its expressiveness. Communication verbs are understood as the ones that are used for a certain communicative intention of the speaker participating in the communicative act. By taking into account the criterion of frequency of use, the semantic meanings that communication verbs perform in the text of the novel, 24 synonymic sets have been identified. The textual analysis of communication verbs chosen by singling them out from the novel was performed which contributed to the objectification of the research results. It has been confirmed that communication verbs in the literary text are used to reinforce the expressiveness and their frequency of use is quite high. It has been proved that they are able to convey different evaluative meanings of the statements of the main characters and contribute to the lexical coherence of the text, the logic of the presentation, the disclosure of deep thoughts and ideas of the author. The communication verb say1 (503) belongs to the most numerous synonymic set, the least represented is the communication verb hesitate (10). It has been confirmed that the literary text has its own original set of communication units that are typical of it.

On the Distribution of Reflexive Anaphors and Logophoric Anaphors in Balinese

The central claim of this paper is that reflexive anaphors and logophoric anaphors in Balinese share the same forms. It is shown that Balinese possesses simple and complex reflexives. Only complex reflexives participate in the logophoric environment. Importantly it is claimed that the logophoric use of the reflexive anaphor occurs in a clausal complement of the verbs of communication and other verbs denoting a general state of consciousness. The logophor can appear in the subject or object position of the embedded clause while the reflexive use of the anaphor is only limited to occurring in a single clause and is restricted to occupying the object position, either the object of a verb or the object of a preposition. The characteristic differences in the distribution between the two are reflected in a syntactic domain having to do with passivization in that logophoric constructions allow it while reflexive constructions completely ban it. In addition, logophoricity may characterize an operation where there is a mismatch in the agreement between the logophor and its targeted antecedent whereas in reflexivity there must be an agreement in the phi-features between the binder and the bindee.

КОМУНІКАТИВНА ЗНАЧУЩІСТЬ ДІЄСЛІВ МОВЛЕННЯ ТА ЧАСТОТНІСТЬ ЇХ ВЖИВАННЯ У ХУДОЖНЬОМУ ТЕКСТІ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ РОМАНУ МАРГАРЕТ МІТЧЕЛЛ «ЗВІЯНІ ВІТРОМ»)

The article is devoted to the study of communication verbs on the material of Margaret Mitchell’s novel «Gone with the Wind» which contains many communication verbs, with the help of which the author not only intrigues the readers, but also creates a сertain impression, a specific reaction in order to convey the depth of feelings. The novelty of the conducted scientific research lies in the fact that an attempt was made to carry out a complex analysis of the communication verbs in different speech acts, the frequency of their use for creating a certain emotional coloring and underlying stylistic significance. The main purpose of the analysis was to trace the peculiarities of functioning of communication verbs in the literary text, to identify the most frequently used verbs for depicting events, creating dynamism and tension of the storyline, its expressiveness. Communication verbs are understood as the ones that are used for a certain communicative intention of the speaker participating in the communicative act. By taking into account the criterion of frequency of use, the semantic meanings that communication verbs perform in the text of the novel, 24 synonymic sets have been identified. The textual analysis of communication verbs chosen by singling them out from the novel was performed which contributed to the objectification of the research results. It has been confirmed that communication verbs in the literary text are used to reinforce the expressiveness and their frequency of use is quite high. It has been proved that they are able to convey different evaluative meanings of the statements of the main characters and contribute to the lexical coherence of the text, the logic of the presentation, the disclosure of deep thoughts and ideas of the author. The communication verb say1 (503) belongs to the most numerous synonymic set, the least represented is the communication verb hesitate (10). It has been confirmed that the literary text has its own original set of communication units that are typical of it.

Syntactic Strategy Training for Theory of Mind in Deaf Children.

Children who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) show delays in Theory of Mind (ToM) development. Complement sentences such as "Eliane says that Santa Clause exists" influence ToM performance. Can a training program targeting sentential complements enhance ToM? Twenty-one French-speaking DHH children (Mage = 8 years 11 months) with delays in ToM and sentential complements completed a first series of tests (T0). Children were tested again to control for maturation effects (T1), after which they were included in a 6- to 8-week training program targeting complements with verbs of communication. Post-training tests (T2) assessed if the training yielded improvements on complements (direct effect) and ToM (transfer effect). While no gains were noted in the absence of training (at T1), results indicate post-training (T2) improvements in complements and ToM tasks, suggesting that the acquisition of sentential complements provides a tool to represent subjective truths and boosts ToM reasoning in DDH children.

The Typology and Semantic Functions of Reporting Verbs in Online editorials of Philippine newspapers

The purpose of this study is to examine and determine the typology and the semantic functions of the reporting verbs used in the editorial sections of five Philippine online newspapers. Quantitative analysis was assumed in procuring the frequency counts and percentages of the data to be analyzed while qualitative analysis was applied in analyzing and categorizing the typology and semantic characteristics of the reporting verbs. The corpus of the study involved online editorial sections of five Philippine newspapers. Reporting verbs were highlighted or marked each time they appeared in every reporting sentence from the online editorials. Manual tallying was employed in obtaining the frequencies. Afterwards, the reporting verbs underwent examination and categorization for its typology and semantic characteristics. Findings show that the reporting verbs discovered from the online editorial sections were divided into five semantic categories. These categories were as follows: communication verbs, mental verbs, activity verbs, causative verbs, and verbs of aspect. Also, most of the reporting verbs found were from the communication category. As regards the typology, results show that all online editorial sections from the five Philippine online newspapers employed and examined used a significant deal of reporting verbs which were considered as public in reporting information.

Expert writers’ structural outlines in research papers: An inquiry into social sciences

While novice writers are often expected to lucidly demonstrate the order in which different components of their reports are arranged, it is not clear as to whether such outlines are sufficiently prevalent in some social sciences. Neither are we certain about the range of structure- related language resources that can be introduced to novice writers. Based on an in-depth textual analysis and specialist informants’ inputs, this study ascertained the prevalence of structural outlines, reasons for using or avoiding them, and the linguistic resources needed to present them in high impact journals in two social science disciplines, namely ethnic studies (ES) and industrial relations (IR). It was found that the majority of the ES researchers avoid structural outlines, but most of the IR researchers incorporate them for reasons associated with the research methodologies chosen. While ES researchers prefer to use locative adverbials and different tenses, IR researchers tend to employ passive structures in structural outlines. Expert writers in both disciplines, however, rely on the use of nominalisations denoting discourse categories and personal pronouns in combination with communication, accomplishment and activity verbs. Recommendations are provided on how instructors can prepare relevant teaching materials to raise students’ consciousness of the prevalent lexico-grammatical choices needed.

The Frequency and Use of Communicative Verbs Show, Speak, Talk - Argue Within Adverbial Clauses in Written and Spoken Discourse

The focus of this paper is on usage of communicative verbs show, speak, talk and argue within adverbial clauses. Since adverbial clauses are used to realize time, place, manner and contingency semantic categories, the main goal of this paper is to illustrate the use of adverbial clauses that have communicative verbs show, speak, talk, and argue as verbals. The aim is to analyze the frequency and distribution of the verbs show, speak, talk and argue in all types of adverbial clauses. We will also present similarities and dissimilarities of their use in the specific adverbial clauses, and show the specific features of their use within each type of adverbial clause. We will also determine the most frequent type of adverbial clause in each register. The goal is also to present certain features of the selected verbs along with their practical use in spoken and written language. Except that, we will also determine the most frequently used subordinators that introduce all types of adverbial clauses, their use and distribution across analyzed corpus.

How Prophecy Works: A Study of the Semantic Field of נביא and a Close Reading of Jeremiah 1:4–19, 23:9–40 and 27:1–28:17

<i>How Prophecy Works: A Study of the Semantic Field of</i> נביא <i>and a Close Reading of Jeremiah 1:4–19, 23:9–40 and 27:1–28:17</i>

I’m thinkingandyou’re saying: Speaker stance and the progressive of mental verbs in courtroom interaction

AbstractThis study investigates the use of progressives with mental verbs in courtroom talk and shows a range of subjective meanings which are not delivered by the simple form. Looking at the data from a British libel trial, it explores patterned co-occurrences with first-person subjects vs. second- and third-person subjects, revealing both emphatic, polite and interpretative uses of the analyzed items. In addition, context-sensitivity and speaker status (judge vs. other participants) are shown to be significant factors affecting both the choice of verbs and their interactional configurations. The findings reveal not only well-established uses of “progressive statives” (wonderandthink) but also less conventional ones which convey intensity and expressivity (e.g.,understand,rememberandwant). It is also revealed that the use of progressives with mental verbs differs from the deployment of progressives with communication verbs. In both groups of verbs, however, the interpretative meaning is common. In sum, the study situates progressives with mental verbs among stancetaking resources which speakers employ to share their thoughts, wishes and desires, and to position themselves against other interactants and their propositions.

SPEAKING VERBS AND THEIR DIFFERENT STUDY APPROACHES IN MODERN ENGLISH

In linguistics, the study of speaking verbs, such as verbs of speech, communicative verbs is researched in different directions, both domestic and foreign scientists set themselves different tasks. They were studied from the point of view of their lexical and grammatical semantics, from the point of view of the syntactic properties of these verbs, at the functional level, in the aspect of the relationship between thinking and speech, the logical and semantic properties of speech verbs. However, there are still no works in linguistics that consider the functional categorization of speaking verbs with a mechanism description for varying their categorical status from the standpoint of functional, semiological and prototypical approaches to the formation of the categorical meaning of predicative units. The verbs say, tell, speak and talk carry one integral symptom “speaking”, while the linguistic units have differential signs in their semantic meaning. In this regard, the verbs say, tell, speak and talk are attributed to the nuclear zone, and their synonyms are in the peripheral zones. The concept of “speaking” in modern English can be objectified at the linguistic level in the most generalized form, stylistically neutralized by the verbs say, tell, speak and talk, which we define as prototypes of the concept study.

Communication Verbs and Control

The ultimate goal of this article is to show that the Korean communication verb malhata ‘say’ allows obligatory control (OC) and nonobligatory control (NOC). This article supports the OC hypothesis that communication verbs permit obligatory control (Manzini, 1983; Koster, 1984; Vanden Wyngaerd, 1994; Jakendoff and Culicover, 2003; Landau, 2000, 2013, 2020) and the NOC hypothesis that they induce nonobligatory control (Bresnan, 1982; Bouchard, 1984; Huang, 1989; Sag and Pollard, 1991; Dalrymple, 2001; Landau, 2020). A major point to note is that the communication verb malhata ‘say’ along with predicates in the untensed clause permits speech act control. That is, PRO in Korean can be controlled by the speaker or listener. A further point to note is that obligatory control, nonobligatory control, and speech act control are captured by the recovery system of PRO (Kang, 2018). This article demonstrates that the semantics of the relevant predicates recovers PRO.

Epistentiality, manner and dialogic contraction: The case of English clearly and Spanish claramente

This paper presents an analysis of the English adverb clearly and its Spanish equivalent claramente, both of which have a meaning of manner that pertains to the internal structure of the state of affairs, and an epistential (epistemic and evidential) meaning that expresses a propositional attitude of high commitment to the information transmitted, based on evidence. The adverbs have been submitted to a quantitative analysis of occurrences extracted from two corpora of contemporary language, which uncovers a strong relationship between the two meanings in present-day language, evidenced by a number of facts: 1) cases of merger where the two meanings co-occur; 2) expression of dialogic contraction in all the epistential occurrences and part of the manner occurrences; 3) marginal gradability and negatability of the epistential meaning; 4) relative positional freedom of the adverbs with the two meanings, and 5) occurrences of manner in combination with verbs of perception, cognition or communication, in contexts favouring expression of dialogic contraction directly or as a conversational implicature. Two subsidiary issues are also addressed, namely the similarities and differences between clearly and claramente and between their use in spoken and newspaper discourse.

Training Complements for Belief Reasoning in Developmental Language Disorder.

Purpose Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) experience difficulties with an important Theory of Mind milestone, namely, false belief (FB) reasoning. Their FB success relates to mastery of a linguistic structure that is also challenging for them, namely, sentential complements (e.g., Claire says/thinks [that Santa Claus exists]). Training typically developing (TD) children on complements has been shown to boost complements and, in turn, enhance FB, but such training has never been explored with children with DLD, which is the aim of the current study. Method Fifty French-speaking children followed a novel training program: 30 with DLD (M age = 7;3) and 20 TD (M age = 4;3). They engaged in iPad applications targeting complementation with verbs of communication (e.g., say, shout, answer) during eight to 12 sessions lasting 30 min. Training commenced within 1-2 weeks of pretests and ceased 1-2 weeks before immediate posttests. After immediate posttests, the majority of children were available to be tested with follow-up tests after 4-6 weeks of no training. Results Findings revealed that both TD and DLD groups benefited from the training to significantly improve their complementation and FB scores. The gains achieved during immediate posttests were moreover maintained 6-8 weeks after training ceased, as revealed by preserved levels of performance during follow-up posttests. Conclusion This research thus suggests new avenues for therapeutic interventions for children with DLD, namely, the incorporation of a program directly training complements, which holds the promise of a double benefit, both for these structures and for Theory of Mind.

Are manner of speaking verbs truly manner?

Manner of speaking verbs (MoS) are said to induce strong island effects, in contrast with verbs of communication, which allow extraction. The main studies which tried to account for this distinction focused either on the existence of a manner component, of an added layer of meaning, or on that of a nominal element, corresponding to the resulting emitted noise. However, these intuitions according to which they simultaneously denote both manner and result would induce a violation of the Manner Result Complementarity (Levin &amp; Rappaport 2011). What’s more, a closer look at the data shows that there are at least some cases where extraction out of the complement of MoS verbs is actually allowed. The goal of this paper is to put forth an analysis which first of all accounts for the ban on extraction, but also for the variable behaviour that these verbs evince. By postulating two structurally distinct subclasses of MoS verbs, I not only manage to reconcile the two intuitions present in the literature without violating the MRC, but also explain the syntactic behaviour of these verbs with respect to extraction from the post-verbal clause.

Nonobligatory Control with Communication Verbs: New Evidence and Implications

When occurring without their goal argument, communication verbs induce two types of control: obligatory control (OC) by the implicit goal, or nonobligatory control (NOC) by a salient antecedent. Arguments are presented to demonstrate that the two are genuinely distinct, and furthermore, that the NOC option is not reducible to embedded imperatives. The two types of control implicate the same grammatical representations, the single difference being the choice of the context of evaluation for PRO (fixed as the reported context in OC, free in NOC). Finally, evidence is presented (from VP-ellipsis) that reference to deictic antecedents in NOC is not direct but mediated via grammatically present entities (SPEAKER and ADDRESSEE functions).

EPISTEMIC STANCE IN THE KAVANAUGH CONFIRMATION HEARING: FOCUS ON MENTAL AND COMMUNICATION VERBS

This article reports on a study into the use of a subset of stance markers in the Kavanaugh confirmation hearing, and it reveals how the choice of these markers is affected by the speakers’ interactional roles and communicative purposes. It looks in particular at the ways the Supreme Court nominee and his accuser deploy “Believing” mental verbs (think, believe, understand) and common communication verbs (say, tell, talk) to orient themselves to the epistemic domain. The investigation also demonstrates how the questioners, i.e. the Senators and the prosecutor, manifest their attitudes. In sum, the analysis suggests that Judge Kavanaugh prefers external domains of reference (communication verbs) whereas Christine B. Ford favours internal domains of reference (mental verbs). In this way, rational and credibility appeals (logos and ethos) are juxtaposed with affective appeals (pathos). Consequently, it is posited, patterns with mental and communication verbs determine the degree of certainty projected by the testifying parties.