Verbal Structure Research Articles

The structural underpinnings of multifunctionality and syncretism in non-finite forms in Irish

Abstract The paper proposes a constructionist analysis of two highly syncretic non-finite forms in Irish, traditionally referred to as the verbal noun (VN) and the verbal adjective (VA). The VN can fulfil the function of the infinitive, the ‘present participle’ in the periphrastic progressive, the argument supporting (AS) nominal and the R(eferential)-nominal. The VA can function as the passive participle in periphrastic passives/resultatives, the ‘passive’ adjective, the active participle (showing further syncretism with the genitive of VN) and the ‘active’ adjective. The basic idea is that the two syncretic forms receive a unified analysis (i.e. same structure). The VN is viewed as a kind of “elsewhere” realization of [vP[Root]] in all contexts except for [Tfin [VoiceP [vP [Root]]]]. VA spell-out is implemented when the morphosyntactic bundle carries no features that positively define the input as verbal or nominal. The height of affix attachment is indicative of the type of participle involved. Verbal passive/perfective participles and corresponding adjectives embed the external argument introducing projection (VoiceP), whereas active verbal participles and adjectives lack it. The extensive multifunctionality and syncretism in Irish seem to be closely linked to the lack of the AspP layer in the structure of non-finite verbs, nominals and adjectives as well as the lack of overt transitivizing morphology.

The structural underpinnings of multifunctionality and syncretism in non-finite forms in Irish

Abstract The paper proposes a constructionist analysis of two highly syncretic non-finite forms in Irish, traditionally referred to as the verbal noun (VN) and the verbal adjective (VA). The VN can fulfil the function of the infinitive, the ‘present participle’ in the periphrastic progressive, the argument supporting (AS) nominal and the R(eferential)-nominal. The VA can function as the passive participle in periphrastic passives/resultatives, the ‘passive’ adjective, the active participle (showing further syncretism with the genitive of VN) and the ‘active’ adjective. The basic idea is that the two syncretic forms receive a unified analysis (i.e. same structure). The VN is viewed as a kind of “elsewhere” realization of [vP[Root]] in all contexts except for [Tfin [VoiceP [vP [Root]]]]. VA spell-out is implemented when the morphosyntactic bundle carries no features that positively define the input as verbal or nominal. The height of affix attachment is indicative of the type of participle involved. Verbal passive/perfective participles and corresponding adjectives embed the external argument introducing projection (VoiceP), whereas active verbal participles and adjectives lack it. The extensive multifunctionality and syncretism in Irish seem to be closely linked to the lack of the AspP layer in the structure of non-finite verbs, nominals and adjectives as well as the lack of overt transitivizing morphology.

Semantic structure aspects of emotion verbs in Azerbaijan Turkish

Mental fiillerin bir alt sınıfı olan duygu fiilleri; zihnin üzüntü, korku, iğrenme, haz, sevgi, şaşkınlık, utanç, öfke gibi bir duygunun ya da duyguların tesirinde olma faaliyetini kısacası “duygulanma” süreçlerini ifade eden fiillerdir. Günümüz dil bilimi çalışmalarında fiillerin, cümlede yönetici konumunda bulunmaları sebebiyle, ait oldukları anlam bilimsel fiil kategorisi içerisinde daha doğru anlaşılabilmesi için anlamları gereği bir arada bulunabilecekleri üyelerin ve bu üyelerin söz konusu fiiller ile semantik ilişkisinin belirlenmesinin bir ön koşul olarak görüldüğü söylenebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Azerbaycan Türkçesinde duygu fiillerinin anlam bilimsel yapı görünümlerini sunmaktır. Bu nedenle öncelikle Türkiye’de ve dünyada yapılan dil bilimi çalışmalarında duygu fiilleri ile ilgili oluşturulan kavramsal çerçeve değerlendirilmiş ve ardından durum dil bilgisi ışığında Azerbaycan Türkçesindeki duygu fiillerinin semantik rolleri belirlenmiştir. Deneyimci, içerik ve uyarıcı; duygu fiillerinin anlam bilimsel yapısında bulunan temel semantik roller olarak benimsenmiştir. Azerbaycan Türkçesindeki duygu fiillerinin söz konusu semantik rollerden meydana gelen beş farklı anlam bilimsel yapı sergilediği tespit edilmiştir. Duygu fiillerinin anlam bilimsel özelliklerini betimleyen bu inceleme aynı zamanda Azerbaycan Türkçesindeki duygu fiilleri için yeni bir sınıflandırma niteliği taşımaktadır. Bu araştırmanın fiil sınıflandırma çalışmalarının yanı sıra sözlük bilimi, sözcük bilimi, söz dizimi ve Azerbaycan Türkçesinin öğretimi gibi alanlara da katkıda bulunacağı düşünülmektedir.

Lâmiyyetu’l-ef‘âl Manzumesi

Arap edebiyatında kafiyesi lâm olması hasebiyle Lâmiyye adıyla meşhur olan çok sayıda manzume yazılmıştır. Büyük bir kısmı basît bahrinde söylenen bu manzumelerde genel olarak peygamber sevgisi, nasihat, vaaz ve öğüt gibi temalar işlenmiştir. Bu çerçevede İbn Mâlik (öl. 672/1274) tarafından da sarf ilminde fiillerin çekim ve yapımlarını konu edinen Lâmiyyetu’l-ef‘âl isimli bir manzume kaleme alınmıştır. Manzume üzerine ondan fazla şerh yazılmış olması, onun Arap edebiyatında önemli bir yere sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu öneme binaen manzume ve şerhlerinin, günümüz akademi dünyasının dikkatine yeniden sunulma hedefiyle bu çalışma kaleme alınmıştır. Belirtildiği üzere manzumenin sarf ilminde fiilleri konu edinmesi ve Lâmiyye olarak meşhur olması sebebiyle sarf ilminin kısaca tanımı yapılmış ve fiil ile lâmiyye kavramları da açıklanmıştır. Bununla birlikte manzumenin şerhleri hakkında gerekli bilgiler sunulmuştur. Manzume ve yazarı hakkında klasik kaynaklarda geçen gerekli bilgilere yer verilmiş ve manzume Türkçeye çevrilmiştir. Bu kapsamda ismi, mahtût ile matbu nüshaları, şerhleri, muhtevası ve metni ile çevirisi gibi başlıklar altında manzume incelenmiştir.

Construction Grammar Conceptual Network: Coordination-based graph method for semantic association analysis

AbstractIn this article, we present the Construction Grammar Conceptual Network method, developed for identifying lexical similarity and word sense discrimination in a syntactically tagged corpus, based on the cognitive linguistic assumption that coordination construction instantiates conceptual relatedness. This graph analysis method projects a semantic value onto a given coordinated syntactic dependency and constructs a second-order lexical network of lexical collocates with a high co-occurrence measure. The subsequent process of clustering and pruning the graph reveals lexical communities with high conceptual similarity, which are interpreted as associated senses of the source lexeme. We demonstrate the theory and its application to the task of identifying the conceptual structure and different meanings of nouns, adjectives and verbs using examples from different corpora, and explain the modulating effects of linguistic and graph parameters. This graph approach is based on syntactic dependency processing and can be used as a complementary method to other contemporary natural language processing resources to enrich semantic tasks such as word disambiguation, domain relatedness, sense structure, identification of synonymy, metonymy, and metaphoricity, as well as to automate comprehensive meta-reasoning about languages and identify cross/intra-cultural discourse variations of prototypical conceptualization patterns and knowledge representations. As a contribution, we provide a web-based app at http://emocnet.uniri.hr/.

A Contrastive Analysis of Turkish and Spanish Psych Verbs

This study aims at studying psych verbs in Spanish and Turkish. Psych verbs are analyzed in many languages because they generally behave different than other verbs. The study’s main aim is to compare and contrast psych verb categorizations in Turkish and Spanish and defining the similarities and differences between them. Doing so, it is possible to decide whether or not these structures have the same features that separate them from other verbs in two languages which are not typologically similar. In regard to degree, psych verb categorization is similar when looking at the experiencer roles. However, the number of categories is different based on the theta roles and case marking in two languages. Related to type, Spanish does not have dative and ablative themes in psych verb constructions unlike Turkish. However, the structures of gustar-type verbs, which requires the theme to agree with the verb untraditionally, have similar structures in two languages.

LINGUOSEMIOTICS OF MULTIFANDOM WORLD

Aim. To characterize one of the modern forms of social leisure within subcultures – multifandom worlds – from the standpoint of linguosemiotics.Methodology. The research is carried out by methods of linguistic and semiotic analysis, the features of the creation and functioning of comics as the main component of the multifandom world are considered on the example of the products of two American publishing houses that laid the foundations of this social and linguosemiotic phenomenon.Results. The semiotic (verbal and nonverbal) structure of the comic book as the main element of the subculture of the fandom world is considered; the relations of signs within comics, the principles of their implementation in comics of two major American publishers. The common linguistic semiotic features characteristic of both the comics themselves and the comic book fandom world as a whole are revealedResearch implications. The study of the polycode text of a comic book within the framework of relatively limited communities – fandoms characterized by their own interpretation of classical axiology, in particular, the concept of hell, demonstrates the need to create a generalization model that differs from the general culture of society, based on the requirement of maximum concentration of information, manifested in its presentation in the form of a brief polycode text (comics). The use of polycode means (verbal and nonverbal) within a multifandom subculture as a special kind of discourse makes it possible to expand the perception of this special world, to compensate for the likelihood of communicative failure expressed by ignorance and misunderstanding among people not involved in this world.

The derivative structure of Mandarin disyllabic verbs

Abstract With detailed examinations of the four characters that are known to be the most commonly used verb suffixes (huà, dé/de, yú and yĭ) and their correlative implementations in Mandarin disyllabic verbs, this article discusses the traits of the derivative structure that are formed with a content morpheme and a suffix. The observations show that not all of the disyllabic words where these characters are the second morpheme are derivative verbs. On the other hand, being the derivational components of the disyllabic verbs, these suffixes all have their individual qualities that lead to their non-uniformed morphological representations.

Verba Majemuk ~Nukeru dalam Bahasa Jepang

This paper discusses “Compound Verb ~Nukeru in Japanese Sentences”. The objective of this research is to describe the structure and the meaning of Japanese compound verb ~nukeru. The data taken from electronic mass media, electronic articles and, Japanese language websites. Listening method with the tapping technique as the basic technique and the free-of-conversation listening technique (SBLC) and the note-taking technique as the continuation technique are used in providing the required data. Furthermore, analysis of the structure and meaning of the compound verb ~nukeru are carried out using the agih method with the direct element division (BUL) technique and the top down technique. The presentation of the results of data analysis are carried out using an informal method.. Based on the data analysis, it is concluded that the compound verb ~nukeru is formed from various pre-verbs (V1) and back-verb; nukeru (V2). Furthermore, the compound verb ~nukeru can be attached to intransitive and transitive, progressive, and stative, volitional and non volitional and motion verbs. The compound verb ~nukeru has 8 meanings, they are penetration, breakthrough/breakout in a fight/game/match, breakthrough/penetration of space, the process of passing from a space, crossing; shortcut; pass; through, excellence; quality; prominence; superiority, renunciation; dismantlement; withdrawal; secession; leave, and sold out in high prices. Meanwhile, the meaning relationship between the pre-verb (V1) and the back-verb (V2); nukeru consists of hobun kankei or complementary relationships, shuushoku-hishuushoku kankei (prefix affixation of verbs), shujutsu-hosoku kankei, and jukugou fukugoudoushi.

Türkmence ve Uygurcada Yaklaşma: Bazı özellikleri üzerine

The following paper aims to draw attention to grammatical markers and lexical units that shape the avertive meaning ‘action narrowly averted’ in two Turkic languages: Turkmen as an East Oghuz Turkic language, and Uyghur as a Kipchak East Turkic language. It is attested that in both languages the speakers, expressing this meaning use the marker {tas}. In Turkmen {tas} occurs autonomously and is not bound to the verb form, while in Uyghur it appears as an integral constituent of the analytical verbal form {tas Kal-} ‘to be near/little left’. As far as for the verbal forms, Uyghur offers a weight-bearing verbal structure, while the verbal form in Turkmen is rather simple. Describing and contrasting these formal and semantic properties, the paper discusses that: a) the functions of the marker {tas} differ in both languages, b) {tas} in Turkmen has become a grammaticalized marker and its conceivable lexical origin are likely the Turkmen motion verbs with the roots {tas-/taz-/tis-}.

A Usage-Based Proposal for Argument Structure of Directional Verbs in American Sign Language.

Verb agreement in signed languages has received substantial attention for a long time. Despite the numerous analyses about the linguistic status of verb agreement, there is little discussion about the argument structure associated with “directional verbs,” also known as agreeing/agreement or indicating verbs. This paper proposes a usage-based approach for analyzing argument structure constructions of directional verbs in American Sign Language (ASL). The proposal offers low-level constructions for reported speech, non-dedicated passive and reflexive, and stance verb constructions, which capture the patterns, abstracted from recurring usage events, that are part of users’ linguistic knowledge. The approach has potential to push the field of sign linguistics in new directions of understanding the interplay of language use and structure.

Argument structure of transition and transfer verbs

This study entitled Argument Structure of Transition and Transfer Verbs. It focused on the argument structure which maps the grammatical relation and the semantic roles. This study aimed to recognize the grammatical relations of transition and transfer verbs of slides verbs arguments and to explain the semantic roles of transition and transfer verbs of slides verbs arguments. This study is library research. The data of this study were collected from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) which was related to transition and transfer verbs. The documentation method and note-taking technique were applied in collecting the data. In analyzing the data, the descriptive-qualitative method was applied. The data were described and explained based on the theory of argument structure and the theory of transition and transfer verbs. Based on the analysis, the grammatical relation operated within transition and transfer verbs with the class of slide verb involve subject, object and oblique. Verb bounce, float, move, roll and slide can be constructed with SV, SVO, SV OBL, SVO OBL and SVO OBL OBL. Furthermore, the structure SVO OBL OBL only appears in the verb of move.

It’s been a while since I’ve been to church: The use of the Present Perfect after the conjunction since

ABSTRACT Previous research on the Present Perfect suggests that the latter is acceptable in since-clauses only if the situation expressed by the subordinate clause extends in time up until the present, as in Tony has been happy since he has been taking Prozac, i.e. if the Present Perfect in the since-clause is a Universal Perfect whose predication is true at all subintervals in the time-interval delimited by since and not an Existential Perfect whose predication is true only at a certain moment therein, as in *Tony has been happy since he has visited Cape Cod. The present study puts the implications of this claim and others found in the literature to the empirical test through an examination of all of the 2,621 occurrences of the Present Perfect in since-clauses with pronominal subjects in the British National Corpus and the Corpus of Contemporary American English. A significant proportion of the data is shown to contradict the generalizations proposed in previous studies. An explanation capable of accounting for all of the uses of the Present Perfect in since-clauses is put forward based on the complex meaning of this verbal structure which involves the notion of present stative after-phase of a past situation. The Present Perfect is possible in a since-clause whenever the beginning of the after-phase serves to mark the beginning-point in the past from which the main-clause situation unfolds towards the present. The beginning of the after-phase is argued to be interpretable in two ways: either as the first moment after the end of the prior situation or as the first moment in the process of accruing the after-phase itself.

Prices are rising, wages are falling: Argument structure of verbs denoting ‘increase’ and ‘decrease’ in the Russian language

Syntactic properties of verbs in their metaphorical meanings are often explained as inherited from direct meanings. Using Russian verbs denoting increase and decrease (grow, fall, lower, etc.) as an example, we demonstrate that cognitive factors also influence syntactic properties of metaphorical meanings. The study is based on the data from the Russian National Corpus and RuSkell. We use collocation analysis to compare the semantic and syntactic properties of these verbs in their direct and figurative meanings. We show that in direct meanings their syntactic properties differ, while in figurative meanings they are considerably closer, which excludes inheritance as the primary defining factor. All the verbs have four semantic arguments with the same morphosyntactic realization: parameter (A1), initial value of parameter (A2), final value of parameter (A3) and difference (A4): Oil prices (A1) fell by fifty percent (A4), from one hundred dollars a barrel (A2) to fifty (A3). Frequency analysis reveals a disproportion in the implementation of syntactic arguments, namely, the expression of difference ( increase by fifty percent, decrease by ten times ) prevails over the expression of the initial and final values of the parameter ( increase from forty to one hundred points ). This predominance of the difference argument is due to its cognitive advantages. Expressing difference is lexically more economical, while also more illustrative of the scale of the change: The Federal Tax Service has reported that tax collections have doubled . Theoretically, our research shows that semantic proximity alone does not guarantee syntactic homogeneity (for example, Russian synonyms slozhitʹ and pribavit to add inherit different syntactic properties from their respective direct meanings): similarity of syntactic properties may have a cognitive foundation. Our practical outcome is a lexicographic template for increase and decrease verbs.

The Kartvelian Languages as Morphologically Rich Ones

The consideration of the languages of the Kartvelian branch, as agglutinating and those pertaining to satellite typology, as morphologically rich languages (MRL) should be based on the following criteria: number of grammatically marked categories; number of free and bound morphemes within a word-form; a number of word-form for each lexemes; fusional morphonology.Kartvelian substantives are inflected only for two grammatical categories, whereas the Kartvelian verb may be inflected for 11-13 categories being classified as those of conjugational and derivational.   In the Kartvelian languages, nominal and verbal structures are made of bound morphemes. A general number of morphemic markers in morphological structures of the Kartvelian substantives and verbs are more or less varied; simultaneous representations of combinations are based on morphological rules. Initial patterns of a verbal paradigm vary with respect to the categories of version, voice, causation, to a kind of subject-object order; these also facilitate an occurrence of a great number of inflected verbs. In the verbal structure of the unwritten Kartvelian languages, phonology hardly counts with morphology; therefore, fusional morphemes occur as a result of phonetic transformations at morpheme boundaries.  In verbal inflections, numbers of homoforms vary with respect to a language; abundant inflection is a condition for considering the Kartvelian languages as morphologically rich ones.      &nbsp

Языковая картина мира в коммуникативном пространстве здоровых и больных

This article studies the linguistic worldview of healthy and sick people and its reflection in various spheres of communication. Examples of verbalization of important components of human health and disease are analysed here. For materials, the authors turned to the results of surveys, mass media texts, and TV projects. Based on the data studied, the following conditions for the development of healthy people’s linguistic worldview were singled out: positive thinking; linguistic ecological monitoring of language use and appropriate regulations in the state linguistic policy; strengthening the communicative component in the educational programmes in schools and universities. For the sick, these conditions are: manipulating a person’s communicative consciousness by means of language-game in TV projects, using negatively coloured vocabulary/information in mass media texts, and bastardizing the language. The authors established that the linguistic worldview of a healthy/sick person directly depends on his or her linguistic consciousness, which is formed under the influence of several factors, including the language, which plays a major role in creating cognitive and verbal structures of social consciousness. Further, it is noted that any society is prone to being divided into the healthy and the sick by the criterion of otherness, highlighting significant differences in their communicative behaviour and language use, which is reflected in the linguistic worldview that can be presented in the form of a semantic field with a nuclear and a peripheral zone. These zones represent a healthy (nucleus) and a sick (periphery) society. At the verbal level, various spheres of a healthy/sick person’s life, perceived positively or negatively, are mirrored in the person’s worldview. In this respect, a healthy society is thought of as more positive and ecological in terms of communication, while a sick society is seen as more negative and non-ecological. To prevent risks of failed communication, it is essential to create conditions for ecological communicative interaction.

Negative verb morpheme in Tamil Verb structure

In this world each and all languages are based on noun and verb. Without the naming and action words we cannot frame even a single sentence. In the same way, Tamil Language also depend on noun and verb. Verb is an important component of language. Tamil grammarians and linguists classify and interpret the types of verbs in different ways. Among the classifications, one of them is a negative verb. Changes are taken within the language system. The continuous change will be occurred in the language system and it process over time to time. Languages ​​that are subject to change are likely to survive. Thus, the structure of modern Tamil negative verbs is entirely different from the system of ancient Tamil negative verbs in Tamil. This article focuses these differences through morphologically with one of the linguistic subdivisions. It also describes the development and growth of negative verb morphological elements and the places where we use it.

Morphosyntax of causativised passives in Xitsonga

This article explores the structure of the transitive verb that concurrently appears with both the causative morpheme -is- and the passive morpheme -iw- in Xitsonga. Generally, these two morphemes are treated independently of each other in the literature. Xitsonga is no exception to this phenomenon. No report is available which highlights the effect of the co-occurrence of the causative morpheme -is- and the passive morpheme -iw- on transitive verbs in Xitsonga. This, despite the fact that it is common to find the two morphemes occurring simultaneously on a single transitive verb in the everyday language of Xitsonga speakers. Five issues will be addressed in this article: first, the effect of each of these two morphemes on the argument structure; second, the linearity order of the two morphemes. That is, finding which of the two morphemes precedes or follows the other, as well as finding the order that yields grammaticality and that which yields ungrammaticality. Third, the effect of the features of ambiguity and a focus on the construction in which the transitive verb occurs simultaneously with the two morphemes will be examined. Fourth, the syntactic status, that is, the complement and the adjunct status of the agent PPs which modify the passive together with the determining factors thereof will be investigated. Fifth, the structures and the factors which allow or disallow the omission of agent PPs, instrument PPs and causer PPs, which are also known as unspecified agents/instruments/causers on constructions whose verbs occur with the causative morpheme -is- and the passive morpheme -iw-, including those that occur with the perfect morpheme -ile, in addition to the two morphemes, will be examined.

THE VERB IN CONTEMPORARY ARABIC

We have inherited an Arabic language with a long history that was rich in a great ‎wealth of words, words, structures and different styles, and many materials were ‎prepared for it from the reasons for sophistication that were used to keep pace with ‎the ages. From colloquial expressions, wrong words and styles such as verbs, nouns, ‎derivatives and plurals.‎ The structures of verbs in linguistic blogs have received great care and clear ‎attention, because verb is a fertile material that has enriched the language with ‎countless words through derivation and addition. That is why scholars called them ‎buildings, and most of the knowledge of the Qur’an and Sunnah is inferred by their ‎knowledge.‎ The verb in contemporary Arabic has proceeded in many directions, some of which is ‎correct and acceptable, because it came in accordance with the rules of the ‎language, and did not violate its analogy, and some of them were not acceptable, ‎because they violate the rules of the language and its origins, and it is necessary to ‎warn about the places of error in it, and to respond to pens and tongues. To the ‎correct eloquent one of its buildings, we thought that we present in this research the ‎trends of the development of the verb in contemporary Arabic, so we dealt with its ‎formulation, its significance, its transgression and its necessity, and its conjugation ‎with prepositions, and we have clarified the error in the uses of writers, orators and ‎writers of these verbs in their different conjugations.

Kazakh Compound Anthroponyms with a Verbal Element: Propositional Structure

The article deals with the semantics of Kazakh compound anthroponyms with the Subst + Verb structure. Such names retain syntactic relations of the original motivating sentence. Thus, the full name inherits propositional features of the verb component and the syntactic meaning of the actant: subject or object. Dmitry Yermolovich suggests that each personal name implies an introductory proposition of the situation ‘a child was born’. The paper distinguishes several groups of Kazakh names with a verbal component, based on the specificity of propositional structure and the cultural background of name’s motivation: (1) male names with a temporal meaning, (2) male names with a verbal component beru ‘give,’ (3) wish-names, and (4) male amulet names. In the first group of names, two “event-related” propositions are linked by temporal logical relations. In the second group, the subject is represented by names of the sacred forces which, according to the pagan beliefs of the Kazakhs, bestow the parents with the birth of a male baby — the continuer of the lineage, the protector of the family and clan. The wishnames with the verb bolu ‘be, become’ also convey the idea of the preference and blessing of the birth of boys. Moreover, the same idea often lies behind naming girls, in which case the wish can be laden with the idea of prohibition. The protective function of names is particularly important for male anthroponyms, since it is traditionally believed that boys are more susceptible to the influence of evil forces. Therefore, the amulet-names tend to carry a negative sense intended to avert evil spirits. An implicit introductory proposition varies depending on the gender: the birth of a boy is approved by socio-cultural norms; the birth of a girl is less welcomed. The study of the semantics of Kazakh two-part names with a verbal component reveals its propositional character reflected in internal syntactic relations of the verbal predicate and nominal actants and explicates the cultural traditions of Kazakh naming.