Verbal Markers Research Articles

Концепт ДЕНЬГИ в фильме А. Звягинцева «Елена»: вербальная и визуальная репрезентация

The article deals with the representation of the concept of money in the feature film Elena by Andrey Zvyagintsev. Money is first of all a plot-forming element because this is the reason behind the conflict between the main characters, which is shown in the film. At the visual level, the concept is represented explicitly by constant demonstration of money, and implicitly, with the help of objects reflecting the level of people’s welfare. There is a striking contrast between the ‘world of the rich’, whose main representative is Vladimir, and the ‘world of the poor’ where Elena’s son’s family live. The protagonist unites these two worlds. We also found out several attributes of this concept at the verbal level, in the discourse of the characters. Some of these attributes are connected with the functioning of money, its use in the daily life, and legal financial aspects. Vladimir’s discourse contains verbal markers reflecting his idea of money as a symbol of work, responsibility for one’s own life and their family’s welfare, a symbol of maturity and independence. The analysis of the discourse of Elena and her relatives revealed completely different realizations of the concept, demonstrating that in their worldview money represents help and support which people are obliged to give to the ones who are in difficult situations. Less frequent concept attributes are meaning of life and freedom.

На пути к креолизации: «Плих и Плюх» В. Буша в переводе Д. Хармса

The article discusses the free translations of W. Busch’s rhymed story “Plish and Plum” (written in 1882) made by D. Kharms in 1936 and 1937. The analyzed story is a variant of creolized texts where the verbal and the visual parts maintain a complex relationship. Kharms preferred to realize the informational function of the text and almost neutralize the deictic one as well as to increase the narrative dynamics. He rejected extra verbal and visual detailing and long reflections. Kharms also rejected the verbal marking of polysubject situations and some plot-determined details that increased the importance of the visual part of the story. Choosing another type of narrator (neutralizing the elements of an implicit adult actor) and changing the ending of the story allowed Kharm not only to make that story part of new soviet cultural and educational tradition but also employ it as a part of the absurdist literature traditions. This was achieved through the usage of more complicated ways of verbal and visual reference.

URBAN MARKERS OF MODERN UKRAINIAN DRAMA DISCOURSE

The purpose of this article is to analyse verbal markers presenting the content of urban space in author’s theatrical remarks, character’s speech, definition of informative dominants prevailing in the texts of modern Ukrainian Drama. The object of this study is description of urban space in theatrical notes & verbal reflections connected with life in the city & groups of characters.The material of the research is the texts of Ukrainian drama of the end of 20th – the beginning of the 21st century. Methodical background is elements of descriptive, contextual methods & discourse-analy- sis. In the course of the study there were received such results: two ways of description of urban space in theatrical notes were found out: external & internal. Descriptions of streets & parks are the ways of external approach in presenting of urban space; descriptions of dwellings, offices & other establishments are the ways of internal approach in its presenting. Reconstructions of external urban space are outlined mostly with marks of negative connotation (preservation of two walls, the clock with empty face), and internal — addition to the description of the heroes characteristics (On the loggia of Antony there is a chair and the table with an ashtray on it. On the loggia of Petrovich there is also a chair and a table, but with the heap of newspapers and binoculars on it). Verbal reflections of the characters recreate various interpretations : as the space for implementing of dreams, ideas, projects; as contradiction to the nature; as space being traumatic but as one presenting recollections of personal life. Conclusions: urban space is represented in the texts of modern Ukrainian dramaturgy by various levels of markers: in the author’s remarks and in character reflections.

Los pronombres personales en wayunaiki

Este artículo presenta una descripción de las regularidades morfosintácticas subyacentes al sistema pronominal del wayunaiki (Arawak (Septentrional): Colombia), teniendo en cuenta los roles gramaticales de los pronombres. El análisis parte de un corpus recogido recientemente en diversos trabajos de campo. Se proponen tres paradigmas de marcas de persona: el primero consiste en 8 formas pronominales (morfemas libres) que varían en cuanto a persona (1ª, 2ª y 3ª), número (singular/plural), y en la 3ª en cuanto a género (masculino/femenino), y que se emplean para expresar el sujeto y el objeto directo, siendo principalmente la morfología verbal el factor que permite la interpretación de una de estas dos funciones gramaticales. El segundo paradigma está constituído por pronombres ligados que se prefijan 1. a nombres, en cuyo caso se expresa una relación de posesión (poseedor), y 2. a preposiciones que remiten al dativo y a diversos roles oblicuos. El tercer paradigma consiste en un conjunto de marcas de persona con función de sujeto que se prefijan al verbo transitivo. También se describe el sistema de marcas verbales que concuerdan con el sujeto en construcciones intransitivas.

Psycholinguistic Preconditions of Gradation Functioning in the Individual World Picture

Aim of the research. To describe objective and subjective factors of language semantic interpretation of gradation thinking content (psychological and linguistic aspects in gradation semantics).
 Research methods. The article describes the foundations of distinguishing functional and semantic gradation category in the Ukrainian language which is reflected in the units of different levels. The linguistic cognitive character of the investigation is proved within these notions, as one of the principle tasks of the work is to determine mental anthropocentric and psychological factors of emerging gradation utterances in the Ukrainian language, which demonstrate the unity of linguistics and psychology, language and speech. The methodology consisted in comparing the materials of gradation in different levels, carrying out hypothetic modeling of the gradation scale on the basis of functioning gradation verbal markers, determining psychological foundations for gradation functioning in the individual picture of the world. The interaction of the objective (conceptual world of the gradated O) and the subjective (emotional and intellectual sphere of the gradator S) worlds creates the gradation fragment in a language, its orientation concerning the gradation dimension (O – object, S – subject of gradation).
 Results. The investigation of the motivation, semantic accentuation and communicators character, i.e. the inner world of the speaker and listener, text author and reader, enabled to code and decode the information given in the text. For decoding we identified the gradation units and explicated them on the sentence (text) level, distinguished pragmatic structures with redundant information. Thus the problem of certain stereotypes as the norm of environment perception, deviations from the norm was partially solved and the possibilities of reconstructing the quality characteristics of the language world picture were expanded.
 Conclusion. The choice of the verbal implementation for gradation category is carried out by the author of the communication act, it is subordinated to particular psychological regularities, which are general for human language but mentally individual concerning the communicator personality and individual language picture of the world.

“Bad at Love”: Halsey’s Bisexual Display

abstractThe 25-year old pop artist Halsey has recently made the jump from rising star to the top of the Billboard charts. What sets her apart from many other current muscians is not that she openly identifies as bisexual, or her willingness to play with gender performances, but rather is her hit song, “Bad at Love,” where the singer unequivocally details relationships with both men and women. Due to the uniqueness of the song - and its widespread commercial popularity - the accompanying music video is deemed significant, especially as it pertains to how she may create a bisexual display through various visual and verbal markers. Exactly how Halsey produces such a display in the video is examined here, concluding that the generation of her bisexual display is not distinctive to this video but rather a pattern of this artist, which is an area for further inquiry.

The Existence of Pragmatic Markers in Americas’ Got Talent Judges’ Commentaries

This study attempts to explain the use of pragmatic markers in Americas’ Got Talent judges’ commentaries. The aims of the study are to analyze the existence of verbal and visual pragmatic markers and explain their relationship. The verbal pragmatic markers are categorized into four types based on the typology of pragmatic markers proposed by Fraser (1996). They are basic markers, commentary markers, parallel markers, and discourse markers. While the visual pragmatic markers divided into thinking face, pointing with gaze and hand movement and smile following the pragmatic function facial gestures from Bavelas & Chovil (2013). This research employed descriptive method with qualitative approach. The object of the study is judges of Americas’ Got Talent season 13 which consist of Simon Cowell, Heidi Klum, Mell B, and Howie Mendel. The study revealed that the judges used the basic markers to express the main message of the comment, commentary markers to express the message contains in the comment toward the main message, parallel markers to express the complement message toward the main message and the discourse markers to express the relation between the main message and the other utterance. The visual pragmatic markers performed also signals certain message related to verbal markers. The judges performed the thinking face to signal the word search, pointing with gaze and hand movement to emphasize the messages convey in utterance and smile to signal pleasure. This research could provide an understanding of EFL learners in using pragmatic markers as a way to improve communication strategy in communication.

AN OVERVIEW OF NEGATIVE MARKERS IN ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN

Negative sentences are the opposite of positive ones; they negate the action expressed in positive clauses by using negative markers and/or negative words. English and Albanian are two languages in which negation is structured and expressed in different ways, although the negative markers are more or less the same. However, even though they may seem similar and corresponding to each other in both languages, they are used in different structures and have different scope. This paper gives a description and comparison of negative markers in English and Albanian. Their use and structure is illustrated by various examples to support the description. Based on this overview, it can be concluded that both English and Albanian have negative particles functioning as negative markers, as well as negative words. However, these negative markers and negative words do not express negation in the same way in these two languages. The simplest difference is that English has only one negative marker of verbal negation – not; while Albanian has several negative markers: nuk/s’ to mark primary as well as secondary verbal negation, mos to mark verbal negation in the indicative, subjunctive, conditional and imperative mood; jo is used to mark both sentential and constituent negation; as- as a negative particle marks both sentential and constituent negation and can be accompanied by one of the verbal negative markers nuk /s’. Even though there is a correspondence of not and nuk /s’ to mark verbal negation, there is a misbalance of negative markers and their uses in both languages. A further difference, and a greater one is the use of n-words or negative polarity items (NPIs). English as a single negation language forms negation by using negative verbs with NPI, or by using n-words as absolute negators. For instance, (1) Ben didn’t see anybody vs. (2) Ben saw nobody. In sentence (1) there is a negative verb which cannot be followed or preceded by an n-word, therefore the NPI anybody is used, while in sentence (2) there is a positive verb which allows the use of an n-word such as nobody. On the other hand, in Albanian, n-words such as negative adverbs and negative pronouns are only used accompanied by the verbal marker nuk/s’, thus creating negative concord as in the example: Askush nuk tha asgjë. In this sentence there are three negative words – askush, nuk, asgjë- which contribute to one semantic meaning. As far as conjunctions are concerned, most of them correspond in both languages in both structure and meaning. Similarly, prefixes share similar properties in English and Albanian, they are attached to adjectives, verbs or nouns to express negation, opposition, reversative or removing ideas. English also has a negative suffix –less, while Albanian has no negative suffixes, which could be considered as a slight difference.

Audio on the go: The effect of audio cues on memory in driving

An inability to recall details from an otherwise uneventful drive on a familiar route is a common experience to many. Whether this amnesia for everyday driving is because we don't actually form strong memories when we are driving on autopilot or whether this is because we simply can't find those memories when we try to later is an interesting question, not only for driving, but for memory and skilled performance more generally. The present study sought to determine whether recall could be aided by reinstating an auditory cue that was present during the drive. Twenty-five participants drove three 9 km routes on familiar roads and then were asked a series of questions about the details of the drives. Three auditory cues (music, radio documentary, or periodic verbal markers) and a visual cue were used as contextual stimuli during the drives and as post-drive recall cues. The music and verbal markers produced better recall than the radio documentary. Although proceduralised driving on a familiar road may make incidental details of the drive difficult to recall, those details are recoverable with a sufficiently robust recall cue.

PHILOSOPHICAL AND LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF THE NOTION OF ‘CONCEPT’ (AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE CONCEPT OF ‘MEDICINE’ VERBALISATION IN ENGLISH MEDICAL DISCOURSE )

Various philosophical and linguistic aspects of the notion of ‘concept’ are considered and exemplified by revealing and systematizing verbal markers of the concept of ‘medicine’ in English medical discourse. The present research is motivated by the current renovations within the modern medical paradigm and by the application of new medical terms registered both in dictionaries or reference books for medical professionals and in popular newspaper articles. The adequate interpretation of different visions of the notion of ‘concept’ in the classical studies by linguistic and philosophical authors contributes to identifying the key verbal characteristics of the concept of ‘medicine’ in English discourse. The analysis of lexicographic discourse reveals the semantic parameters of medical terminological markers according to which they are grouped into monosemantic and multivalued language units. Furthermore, the etymological aspects of the verbal units under consideration are also described. Multivalued terminological units are characterized by a significant semantic potential and are considered as a reliable basis for further semantic development of modern English vocabulary. Within the English educational discourse, the concept of ‘medicine’ is verbalized by medical linguistic markers concerning proper nutrition, daily schedule and health destructive factors. The studies of media resources referring to the concept of ‘medicine’show that advertising of medical treatment or pills providing for a healthy life-style is usually accompanied by anti-advertising of medical products harmful for human health. The description of medical terms within the frames of lexicographic, educational, and massmedia sources contributes to a valid interpretation of the ‘medicine’ concept in modern English worldview, which is of vital importance today since valid comprehension of modern medical problems in terms of its successes and failures contributes to effective critical thinking training schemes and further development of both national and international philosophical culture.

ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ МАРКЕРЫ ЭМОЦИЙ В КАЧЕСТВЕ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ДЛЯ СЕНТИМЕНТ-АНАЛИЗА РУССКОЯЗЫЧНЫХ ИНТЕРНЕТ-ТЕКСТОВ

The article covers intermediate results of the creation of an automatic classifier for Russian-language Internet texts, which distributes those into 8 classes, in accordance with 8 basic emotions proposed by the Swedish biologist Hugo Levheim: ‘anger / rage’, ‘interest / excitement’, ‘enjoyment / joy’, ‘contempt / disgust’, ‘surprise’, ‘shame / humiliation’, ‘fear / terror’, ‘distress / anguish’. The material of the training sample are anonymous texts in the genre of ‘Internet revelations’ posted by users of the social network VKontakte. The operation of the classifier is based on the machine learning algorithm using the support vector machine method. The input parameters are the frequency of the punctuation marks ‘?’, ‘!’, ‘?!’, ‘...’ used, the presence of the negative particle ‘ ne’ , the use of constructions ‘ takoi + adjective’, ‘ tak + adverb’, the collocation ‘ kogda lyudi govoryat’ , the presence of parceling, question words, particle ‘- to’ , lexemes from lexical fields ‘death’, ‘disease’, ‘family’, ‘loneliness’, as well as measure and degree adverbs. The results considered in the paper consist in the validation of the most characteristic verbal markers of specific emotions as parameters that determine the accuracy of the classifier. We conclude that there is a dependence between the efficiency of parameters and the frequency of correlating verbal markers occurrence within emotional text corpora. The achieved accuracy of the classifier is compared with the results of a dummy classifier that performs attribution randomly. In conclusion, the paper highlights the most useful verbal markers, assesses the prospects of this project in terms of practical problems, and raises the question of continuing the study to increase the accuracy of attribution.

GEO-BRANDING POTENTIAL OF SAMARA EVENT NAMES

The article is devoted to the study of Samara eventonyms proper names of special events organized in the Samara Region: festivals, marathons, exhibitions, competitions and other cultural and sports events. Our research is built in the general vein of a sociological approach to linguistic reality, as well as taking into account the semiotic properties of event names when meaning special events. The purpose of our study is to identify verbal markers brand identifiers of the territory (BIT components) based on the structural and semiotic analysis of the lexical composition of Samara event names, the presence of which allows us to consider the events proper names as a new information and communication resource that is significant for the formation and promotion of geo-location image. Verbal markers found in the proper names of special events establish a close mental connection with the conceptual core of a regional brand and its characteristics, transmitting stable associative meanings. The most common types of BIT components are the toponyms of the Samara Territory, memorial anthroponyms, names of value markers and symbolic symbols of the addressee, as well as nominations of well-known cultural events that are closely connected with the region. The analysis of proper names of special events in the aspect of geo-branding potential showed that over 50 % of Samara event names are BIT-labeled, and thus, entering into communication with the target audience, they make a certain contribution to the formation of the geo-location image.
 The communicative capabilities of BIT-labeled proper names for special events can and should be purposefully used in the process of geo-branding communications. When designing new nominations, it is advisable to focus on the inclusion of the signs of the dominant region in them, so that BIT-labeled eventonyms become their permanent representatives and actively contribute to the formation of a holistic image concept of the Samara Region.

ТИПОЛОГИЯ И КОМБИНАТОРИКА ВЕРБАЛЬНЫХ МАРКЕРОВ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ТОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ В ИНТЕРНЕТ-ТЕКСТАХ НА РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

ТИПОЛОГИЯ И КОМБИНАТОРИКА ВЕРБАЛЬНЫХ МАРКЕРОВ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ТОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ В ИНТЕРНЕТ-ТЕКСТАХ НА РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Language culture of a city in cyberspace

The article attempts at studying language culture of a city on the material of the two leading websites, www.74.ru of Chelyabinsk and www.66.ru of Yekaterinburg. The choice of websites of the two main Ural cities is conditioned by their geographical position, similar role in the country as leading industrial centres. Language and cultural approach to website study has resulted in revealing general and special characteristics of the local city space and city image. Cognitive and discourse approach to city cyberspace research has shown the tendencies to choose both local and global issues for discussion widening the boarders of the local city culture by including actual issues for Russia and the whole world. Place names, local place names and city space verbal markers are frequently used in both websites creating true to life language and cultural message for the websites users, making city image recognizable and language culture of a city specific by using a few folk place names. City space markers have been outlined and grouped. The sites are characterized by similar content representation but differ in its realization. Diagrams and tables help verify the results of the city space analysis and website dynamics.

POSITIVATION AS A SUGGESTIVE FACTOR OF THE RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE

The object of the study is to identify the texts of religious sermons, the subject of the study are the linguistic factors of creating positive emotionality as an influential factor in religious preaching. The purpose of intelligence was to identify verbal markers of positivity as a factor in the suggestiveness of religious sermon texts. During the research, a number of tasks were solved, namely: highlighting the keywords as markers of positivity in the texts of recorded religious sermons; keywords are classified by lexico-semantic groups; their influence specificity is established. The article also highlights the main approaches to understanding the concept of "emotions", specifies the essence of positive emotions and establishes the role of positivity as a basic factor in the suggestiveness of religious discourse, in particular in the segment of the preaching genre. The verbal means of embodying positive emotions are analyzed, the priority of their semantic explication in creating the ecological suggestiveness of preaching is proved. It is established that the semantics of a word, in particular its connotative component, plays a decisive role in the formation of a positive perception of sermons. The reconstruction of the semantics and level of suggestion of the keywords carried out in the course of the study gives the following conclusions: 1) the most frequent are precedent tokens (46%). The associative bonding and the general familiarity of these words facilitates the cognitive processes of information perception, which optimizes the impact and enables the creation of a positive emotional background in the sermon texts; 2) less actively functioning abstract nouns denoting inherent religions and moral and ethical categories (33%). The connotative semantics of the keywords highlighted in this group correlate with positive emotions, the activation of which contributes to improving the memorization of information, enhances the imaginative thinking of the recipient, and therefore reinforces the influence; 3) the words that belong to the lexico-semantic group of adjectives for the designation of moral and ethical characteristics and the tokens for the designation of action appeared the least frequency. They are 11% and 10% respectively. Keywords: emotions, suggestion, positivism, religious discourse, sermon, key words, lexical-semantic group, semantic.

Politeness Strategies of Russian School Students: Quantitative Approach to Qualitative Data

This study deals with the politeness strategies of speakers of Russian, focusing on verbal expression of politeness. After running a field survey in schools in mid-2018, we try to analyze specific verbal markers of expressing politeness quantitatively. Four such markers were selected for this study, namely greeting, leave-taking, expressing gratitude and apology. Quantitative analysis shows that there is a clear frequency pattern found in these markers’ use, indicating a relatively high degree of sociolinguistic variation. Possible causes of this effect are discussed, including cultural diversity and multilingual setting of the modern Russian school communicative domain.

VERBAL MARKERS OF THE ADDRESS’S PROFILE AS ACTIVATORS OF IMPACT AND INDICATORS OF THE SEMIOTIC GENESIS OF COMMUNICATION CODES IN THE COMMERCIAL TV ADVERTISING

The article is devoted to the problem of verbalization of the addressee’s profile in Ukrainian commercial TV advertising. It’s one of the components of the communicative code. The author determines that the addressee’s verbal markers are verbs with action semantics, indicative and possessive pronouns, nouns and adjectives, which denote the age and gender characteristics of the addressee. Their difference: verbs always perform the function of index signs, other lexemes (depending on the context) can be copy signs and index signs. Their commonality: the addressee’s verbal markers realize the suggestive effect, because they block the critical and logical perception of advertising messages.

Evidentiality and propositional scope in Early Modern German

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of verbal markers of evidentiality in Early Modern German (1650 to 1800) in light of Boye’s propositional scope hypothesis. The markers under investigation include the semi-auxiliaryscheinen(‘to shine, appear, seem’) and the perception verbssehen(‘see’) andhören(‘hear’). I show that, although Boye’s hypothesis sheds new light on and calls into question previous diachronic accounts ofscheinen, it appears not to account fully for why cases where perception verbs do not scope over propositions are also found with evidential readings in light of the larger discourse context. I will show that Boye’s hypothesis is still feasible when such contexts are taken into account. Data are drawn from the German Manchester Corpus (GerManC), a representative multi-register corpus of Early Modern German from 1650 to 1800.

ОПЫТ ВЫЯВЛЕНИЯ ВЕРБАЛЬНЫХ МАРКЕРОВ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ И КОГНИТИВНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ В ЛИНГВИСТИКЕ: К ИСТОРИИ ВОПРОСА

The article analyzes and systematizes an attempt of identifying verbal markers of psychological and cognitive processes in linguistics by the material of domestic and foreign authors’ research. The paper focuses on the methods of verbal markers detection, including the methods of the automatic processing of the natural language. Various terminological variations of the investigated phenomenon are given and the choice of the name “verbal marker” is substantiated. In conclusion, a comprehensive definition of the notion “verbal marker” is formulated.

Robot-based intervention may reduce delay in the production of intransitive gestures in Chinese-speaking preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder

BackgroundPast studies have shown that robot-based intervention was effective in improving gestural use in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The present study examined whether children with ASD could catch up to the level of gestural production found in age-matched children with typical development and whether they showed an increase in verbal imitation after the completion of robot-based training. We also explored the cognitive and motor skills associated with gestural learning.MethodsChildren with ASD were randomly assigned to two groups. Four- to 6-year-old children with ASD in the intervention group (N = 15) received four 30-min robot-based gestural training sessions. In each session, a social robot, NAO, narrated five stories and gestured (e.g., both hands clapping for an awesome expression). Children with ASD were told to imitate the gestures during training. Age-matched children with ASD in the wait-list control group (N = 15) and age-matched children with typical development (N = 15) received the gestural training after the completion of research. Standardized pretests and posttests (both immediate and delayed) were administered to assess the accuracy and appropriateness of gestural production in both training and novel stories. Children’s language and communication abilities, gestural recognition skills, fine motor proficiencies, and attention skills were also examined.ResultsChildren with ASD in the intervention condition were more likely to produce accurate or appropriate intransitive gestures in training and novel stories than those in the wait-list control. The positive learning outcomes were maintained in the delayed posttests. The level of gestural production accuracy in children with ASD in the delayed posttest of novel stories was comparable to that in children with typical development, suggesting that children with ASD could catch up to the level of gestural production found in children with typical development. Children with ASD in the intervention condition were also more likely to produce verbal markers while gesturing than those in the wait-list control. Gestural recognition skills were found to significantly predict the learning of gestural production accuracy in the children with ASD, with such relation partially mediated via spontaneous imitation.ConclusionsRobot-based intervention may reduce the gestural delay in children with ASD in their early childhood.