Verbal Interaction Research Articles

Coordinated activity and common ground during group problem solving in biology

For groupwork to support learning it requires that students establish mutual knowledge, which is information that becomes shared among all group members. In this study, we analyzed the verbal interactions of two groups of high school students working on a color vision activity. Students within a group each wore different color-filtering goggles, and compared their individual perceptions to identify various colors they viewed together. Because the color-filtering goggles gave each student different information related to the task, sharing knowledge was necessary for successful color recognition. Our analysis was guided by the questions, how did students establish mutual knowledge through their talk? And, what types of knowledge were shared through these processes? We found that students were more inclined to explain—including providing warrants for their claims—when they used discussion moves such as asking each other questions, reacting to each other's statements, and incorporating multiple perspectives. Practical interventions designed to teach students to work productively in groups should attend to expectations around the content of students' talk in addition to the range of talk moves that students can use to contribute to a discussion.

Assessing verbal interaction of adult learners in computer‐supported collaborative problem solving

AbstractThe objective of this study is to explore new ways of assessing collaborative problem solving (CPS) processes based on different modalities of audio data and their combination. The data collection took place in an educational lab setting during an experiment with adult teams from professional contexts who collaboratively solved multiple problems as part of a CPS training. From audio data, both verbal (ie, speech) and non‐verbal (ie, pitch) aspects were extracted. Four analysis methods were used, including (a) content analysis; (b) linguistic inquiry and word count; (c) verbal entrainment analysis; and (d) acoustic–prosodic entrainment based on pitch data. Insights are given into the CPS processes of the participating groups using these measures and relevant relationships between some of these measures are further investigated. Based on content analysis, it was found that most of the interactions during the CPS process are task oriented, whereas team‐oriented interactions are less present. Second, three measures of proportion of contribution in CPS were investigated and clear differences in participation patterns between and within teams were found. We suggest that a combination of utterance count and words per sentence could provide valuable insights for quantity and equality of participation. Third, the study explored pronoun use and found that the most frequently used personal pronouns were first‐person singular. Next, the results indicated a relationship between pronoun use and the relative frequency of interactions. Fourth, a rather weak relationship between lexical entrainment measures and the acoustic–prosodic measures were found, suggesting that these measures are indicative of separate communicative aspects in CPS. This study contributes to a better understanding of which type of audio‐based data is most informative to teachers and students as a feedback or assessment tool. This study complements previous research as it focuses on spoken human‐to‐human communication collected in an authentic context. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Support and guidance systems for learning coaches, teachers and learners are needed to foster the educational quality of collaborative problem solving (CPS) activities. CPS is a complex process and measuring the quality of CPS processes remains challenging. Multimodal learning analytics, focusing on verbal and non‐verbal data sources and using content analysis, linguistic inquiry and word count and verbal and acoustic entrainment measures could be valuable to measure the quality of CPS. What this paper adds The majority of interactions during CPS processes are task oriented or cognitive of nature, whereas team‐oriented interactions are less present. Utterance count and words per sentence should be used in combination, as they are indicative of different aspects. Pronoun use in learners' discourse is related to the types of CPS interactions. Lexical entrainment measures and acoustic–prosodic are indicative of distinctive communicative aspects in CPS. Implications for practice and/or policy Quality indicators of CPS processes should include both verbal and non‐verbal measures of students' interactions. Educational researchers and the (Edtech) industry should further leverage their forces to foster the development of (semi‐)automated systems for measuring the quality of CPS processes. It should be further investigated how quality indicators of CPS processes can be most meaningful to trainers, teachers and learners, for example, through the use of dashboards.

Analysis of the Linguistic Aspect of Communication (Using the Example of Electronic Medical Consultation) when Developing Communication Training

The work is devoted to the study of the linguistic aspect of medical communication with its subsequent implementation in the training of doctors. The study was conducted on the basis of electronic medical consultation dialogues, the analysis of which made it possible to trace lexical and grammatical patterns in the interaction between the doctor and the patient. Training in the peculiarities of verbal interaction (in particular, within the framework of electronic consultation) can significantly increase the effectiveness of communication.

ANALISIS KOMUNIKASI KELUARGA ANTARA PERANTAU DENGAN ORANG TUA (STUDI PADA PERANTAU SUMATERA SELATAN DI KOTA BATAM)

Family communication between migrants (children) and their parents is a verbal and non verbal interaction that occurs between children who live far away from home and their parents. This communication allows them to stay connected, share information, and maintain emotional relationships despite the distance. This research employed a qualitative method, utilizing Mery Anne Fitzpatrick's family relationship schema theory. The theory illustrates communication practices within a family involving the roles of parents and children. The research findings indicate that the forms and patterns of communication adopted by migrants from South Sumatra residing in Batam City are verbal, aligned with the communication practices between children and parents within Fitzpatrick's concept. Through interviews as one of the data collection techniques, researchers discovered how communication occurs using various media such as WhatsApp and video calls, enabling migrants to exchange information with their parents in their hometown. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the significance of family communication between migrants from South Sumatra in Batam City and their parents in the hometown to overcome the obstacle of distance. Effective communication and strong emotional bonds help address this challenge. The family relationship schema theory provides valuable insights into understanding family communication, particularly between migrant children and their parents, which is crucial in maintaining family ties despite the distance and physical separation. 
 
 Keywords: Family Communication, Parent-Child Communication, Long-Distance Communication, Migrants

Multilingual communication in Speech Language Therapy

Multilingualism can both enrich and complicate interactions in health care. Several studies (Ferguson, 2002; Jacobs, 2017) point out that language differences between care providers and patients can lead to less access to and lower quality of care. More specifically, challenges regarding communication, mutual understanding and shared decision making are often present (Cox & Maryns, 2021; Schouten et al., 2017) in health care situations. A specific type of care where communication is both instrument and goal of therapy is Speech language therapy (SLT). This profession offers guidance for people who experience difficulties with communication. In the daily practice of speech language therapists (SLTs) clients are vulnerable in their communication in different ways (Blackstone, 2015). For example, in multiethnic cities in the Netherlands many people have limited language proficiency in Dutch and they can also have a communication disorder These converging communication vulnerabilities form a challenge for SLTs. Several studies within the field of SLT have been performed to improve the diagnosis and treatment of complex multilingual cases (Hyter & Salas-Provance, 2023), but little research has been done on the actual interaction during those multilingual encounters (Hand, 2006). Although SLTs are experts in communication, experiences from the work field indicate that these professionals often feel less competent when interacting with multilingual clients or their parents (Lagendijk, 2021). As these situations occur very often in SLT practice and are quite complex due to interfering communication vulnerabilities, they need to be critically explored. The current PhD study LIMINA (Logos In Multilingual InterAction) aims to gain insight into multilingual communication in Speech language therapy in order to enhance inclusive care. By carrying out various research methods (discourse analysis, in depth interviews, focus groups and design based research) different perspectives in the SLT setting are being explored. Data from the actual interaction will be compared and synthesized with the perspectives of clients and professionals in order to create a kaleidoscopic view. Moreover, the project intends to design a practical intervention in co-creation with representatives from the work field in order to enhance inclusive communication in SLT care. For the purpose of the first sub study, students of the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences collected transcripts from conversations between SLTs and parents, representing their underaged children. Two datasets were composed for the current analysis: a) transcripts of intake sessions (n = 15) and b) transcripts of test results discussions (n = 18). Parents have diverse linguistic backgrounds and most of the conversations took place in Dutch, without an interpreter. By performing a critical discourse analysis (Ten Thije, 2001) multilingual interactions are currently being reconstructed in order to gain insight in patterns, structures and (un)successful actions. Preliminary results show that both SLTs and parents use several interactional strategies for inclusive multilingualism (Backus, 2013) during consults. Mostly supporting materials, such as reports, were used by the SLT to facilitate the verbal interaction; especially during the test result discussions. Also gesturing, writing and drawing were often used as strategies to facilitate the conversation. In five (out of fifteen) intake sessions no strategies were used during interaction. These parents were considered to be sufficiently fluent in the Dutch language by the researchers who analyzed the transcripts. In none of the test result discussions (n = 18) an interpreter was present to enhance understanding. First conclusions regarding inclusive multilingualism in SLT care reveal that although participants choose different ways to support their verbal message, this does not guarantee an adequate transfer of knowledge within the institutional setting of Speech language therapy. Specific conversational goals from both SLTs and parents were often not achieved during the intake sessions and test results discussions. This seems to correspond with the earlier reported experiences of SLTs (Lagendijk, 2021) and underlines the importance of the current study. The present poster gives a textual and graphical overview of the research design for the overarching PhD study LIMINA. The indicated colors represent the different sub studies and the image shows an authentic fragment of a resolved misunderstanding between a parent and a speech language therapist. Furthermore, the poster provides a table of preliminary results concerning the interactional strategies used by SLTs and parents during institutional encounters.

Avatar taxonomy: a new technological tool to enhance the consumer-brand relationships

PurposeAvatars, which are used as a technology and marketing tactic, can embody consumer-facing employees and mimic their real-life roles on companies' websites, thereby playing a key role in enhancing the relationships between consumers and brands in the online environment. Academics and practitioners have increasingly acknowledged the significance of the consumer-brand relationship in both traditional and online contexts. However, the impersonal nature of the online environment is considered to be a hindrance to the development of these relationships. Despite the importance of this technology, little attention has been paid to the investigation of the avatar concept from a marketing perspective. This paper explores the nature of the avatar concept, including its main characteristics, dimensions, and conditions as well as the attitudinal and behavioural consequences of avatar users.Design/methodology/approachAdopting the qualitative design, a taxonomy was developed from interviews. In total, 42 interviews were conducted with current university students. 30 participants participated in the exploratory interviews. A total of 12 interviews were conducted during the in-depth stage based on findings in the preceding research.FindingsBased on the qualitative data analysis, a taxonomy was developed. The idea of the taxonomy is summarized in that different dimensions of the avatar are considered the main base (first phase) of the taxonomy. There are consequential three parts: the attitudinal consequences related to the website; the attitudinal consequences related to the brand; the behaviours towards the brand. These behaviours represent the final phase of the taxonomy.Originality/valueBy developing a taxonomy of using avatars on brands' websites, the authors advance the understanding consumer-brands relationships. Using avatars' verbal interactions helps in shaping consumers' cognitive, affective, attitudinal and behavioural responses and add vital empirical evidence to the increasing body of research and practices involving avatar usage in the interactive marketing area.

Linguistic Means of Reflection of Characters’ Mimic Gestures in the English Literary Texts of the XIX Century

The complex research of the mimic gestures of characters and their reflection in the English literary texts of the XIX century is carried out. The article reveals common patterns in the functions of nonverbal components of communication that regulate interpersonal relationships and express human emotions in different communicative situations. The national sociocultural and etiquette differences of nonverbal means that were characteristic of stereotypical behavior of the inhabitants of England in the XIX century are substantiated. An invariant (expression of face, smile, look) - variant (semantic and stylistic units) model of organization of means of communication to denote the mimic gestures of characters in the English literary texts of the XIX century is also revealed. Moreover, common patterns and differences in language marking the mimic gestures depending on the positive / negative / neutral reactions of characters in literary communicative situations are identified. Methodological principles of studying kinesics in the paralinguistic aspect are finally determined. Keywords: Communicative Situations, Mimic Gestures, Lexemes, Literary Text, Verbal and Nonverbal Interaction.

Menggali Kekayaan Linguistik: Variasi Penyapaan dalam Interaksi Verbal Siswa Menengah Pertama

This research aims to discuss the greeting patterns of the Indonesian language used by junior high school students at Unismuh Makassar. The data in this study consists of the oral utterances of Unismuh Makassar junior high school students that contain greetings or various forms of greetings spoken by the speaker. The research method employed is descriptive qualitative. The primary data is information obtained directly through observation of student conversations and interviews related to the required data, consisting of 10 questions. Meanwhile, the secondary data is information obtained from other sources regarding the junior high school students of Unismuh Makassar. The observation method technique is used in this research. The results of this study are as follows: (1) At Unismuh Makassar Junior High School, students' multilingual verbal interactions reflect a combination of Makassar and Indonesian languages. Students use greetings such as "mauka," "kakak," "adik," "Ibu," and "Bapak," as well as informal greetings like "Cika," "Beb," "Eh," and "Weh." These greetings indicate a variety of contexts, from formal forms that show respect to informal ones that indicate closeness. (2) Unismuh Makassar junior high school students demonstrate the integration of Indonesian and Makassar languages in their greeting patterns. They combine both languages, such as using "mauko" when meeting friends. In formal situations, like interacting with teachers, students use the Makassar language as a form of respect. This reaffirms the role of both in students' daily communication.

Aawn: An Interactive Mobile Application for Improving the Communication Skills of Arab Children with Autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that causes challenges in communication and social interaction. Since there is no single treatment for autism, autistic children need extra attention from their parents or caregivers to overcome their linguistic deficiency. Scientific studies have shown that technology-based educational methods are effective and can lead to a significant improvement, especially for autistic children. In recent years, an increasing number of mobile and multimedia applications have been developed to enhance autistic children's verbal communication, emotions, social behavior, and interaction skills. However, many of these systems are either in English or in local autistic children’s native languages. Others are designed to promote specific knowledge, i.e., emotions, or are limited in their features. This paper designs and implements a prototype for Arabic mobile application, called Aawn, to help and improve Arab autistic children's, in their own language, communication and emotions, as well as educational and organizational skills. Aawn is integrated with various supporting technologies based on the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) and augmented with graphical features. The system is built and developed using Android Studio and various cloud-based tools. The system can be extended by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies.

Negotiating Implicit Meaning on the Internet: A Case Study

Negotiating the meaning of words and sentences is a fundamental part of verbal interactions. This essay aims to examine a particular type of negotiation, that relating to the content of presuppositions, which are placed, together with the implicatures, in the phenomena of implicit communication. The research made use of automatic tools for querying empirical data: a database of lexical presupposition triggers for the Italian language, including approximately 20,000 entries (simple lexemes and multiword expressions) and the corpus of Computer Mediated Communication Web2Corpus_it, specifically in its public chat sections, which contains about 300,000 tokens. Quantitative data are provided in relation to the pragmatic function of negotiation, its initiation stage, and the types of presupposition triggers involved. In the context of the media characteristics of chats, which must be considered to discuss the results, the items of implicit meaning negotiation provide corpus-based evidence of the conditions under which presuppositions are available to the receiver’s monitoring of the meaning and consequent possible reaction.

Numeralia dalam Bahasa Melayu Jambi di Kecamatan Tanah Sepenggal Lintas Kabupaten Bungo Provinsi Jambi

The objective of this study's implementation is to describe the numeralia in Jambi Malay used in the Tanah Sepenggal Lintas District, Bungo Regency, in Jambi Province. This research type falls under qualitative research utilizing descriptive methodologies. The information collected in the context of this study, it takes the form of a set of words in Malay that contain numerals. Two approaches are employed in this investigation: the auditory and verbal interaction methods. The technique employed to validate the data or information in this studi is the triangulation method. The findings of this research are first, derived from the basis of numeralia in Jambi Malay in Tanah Sepenggal Lintas District, two are found, namely (1) the basic numeral form consisting of two forms totaling 19 data, (2) the derived numeral form consisting of three forms of a total of 100 data. Second, based on the types of numerals in Jambi Malay, two types of numerals were found in Tanah Sepenggal District, Bungo Kabuoaten, Jambi Province, namely (1) types of definite numerals consisting of three types totaling 99 data. (2) types of non-definitive numerals found in a total of 21 data.

Development of a fixed list of descriptors for the qualitative behavioral assessment of thoroughbred horses in the racing environment.

Horse racing is a major sport practiced worldwide. The environment to which horses are exposed during race meetings can influence their behavior. However, to the best of our knowledge, a method for assessing a horse's response to its surroundings during the pre- and post-race periods has not yet been reported. This study aimed to create a standard list of descriptors for use in a qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) focused on assessing the emotional expressivity of horses before and after racing events. Seventy pre- or post-race 30-second videos of horses were randomly selected from our database of 700 videos. A panel of 8 experienced equine sports medicine specialist veterinarians watched a 60 min presentation on QBA. The panel then watched all videos randomly, simultaneously, individually, continuously, and without any verbal interaction, describing the descriptors related to the emotional expressivity of the horse after each video using a method known as free-choice profiling (FCP). The initial selection of descriptors was based on those indicated by more than one evaluator in the same video, or descriptors with more than 20 occurrences. The second selection was performed based on the content validity index (CVR) to select the descriptors retained in the previous step. Another panel of six veterinarians scored each of the descriptors retained for content validity on a visual scale. Interobserver reliability was estimated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and its respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). A natural language processing (NLP) algorithm was used to analyze the behavior (positive or negative polarity) of the descriptors based on the lexicoPT package of R software. NLP analysis considered the descriptors "agitated," "troubled," "restless" and "irritated" to have a negative polarity, while "focused," "relaxed" and "peaceful" had a positive polarity. In the principal component analysis (PCA), descriptors in a negative state were associated with each other and inversely associated with descriptors in a positive state. We conclude with a fixed list of descriptors to be used in a QBA to assess emotional and welfare expressivity in racehorses' pre- and post-race environments.

Carol Rama: lo sguardo della Medusa


 
 
 By analysing a choice of Carol Rama’s (1918-2015) pictorial works and comparing them with her ‘discursive practices’ or the ways she articulates her verbal expressions and interactions, this paper aims to construe a particular model for studying the relation between words and images, drawn from and inspired by both Émile Benveniste's ‘Enunciation’ Linguistics and Mikhail Bakhtin’s Metalinguistics. Read in this way, the alleged "pornography" of some of Carol Rama's early works is transformed into its opposite, that is, into an invitation addressed to a traditional voyeur to become a possible erotic interlocutor. This transformation is effected by the figures appearing in Rama’s paintings, who aim their gaze directly at the spectator’s eyes, addressing him as "you". Instead of enticing a voyeur, stealthily peeping at a sensual object, the figures’ gaze transforms the spectator into a “second person of the enunciation” (Benveniste). Similar considerations apply to Carol Rama's discursive practices, all of which are characterized by a "polyphony of voices", a polyphonic ensemble whose voices are not split and conflicting against one another. To quote Bachtin’s on Dostoewsky’s characters, whose voices are usually self-conflicting, in Carol Rama’s case, the voices are problematically “pacified” (Bakhtin,).
 
 

Performance and exploration of ChatGPT in medical examination, records and education in Chinese: Pave the way for medical AI

BackgroundAlthough chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) has made several successful attempts in the medical field, most notably in answering medical questions in English, no studies have evaluated ChatGPT's performance in a Chinese context for a medical task. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate ChatGPT’s ability to understand medical knowledge in Chinese, as well as its potential to serve as an electronic health infrastructure for medical development, by evaluating its performance in medical examinations, records, and education. MethodThe Chinese (CNMLE) and English (ENMLE) datasets of the China National Medical Licensing Examination and the Chinese dataset (NEEPM) of the China National Entrance Examination for Postgraduate Clinical Medicine Comprehensive Ability were used to evaluate the performance of ChatGPT (GPT-3.5 and GPT-4). We assessed answer accuracy, verbal fluency, and the classification of incorrect responses owing to hallucinations on multiple occasions. In addition, we tested ChatGPT's performance on discharge summaries and group learning in a Chinese context on a small scale. ResultsThe accuracy of GPT-3.5 in CNMLE, ENMLE, and NEEPM was 56% (56/100), 76% (76/100), and 62% (62/100), respectively, compared to that of GPT-4, which was of 84% (84/100), 86% (86/100), and 82% (82/100). The verbal fluency of all the ChatGPT responses exceeded 95%. Among the GPT-3.5 incorrect responses, the proportions of open-domain hallucinations were 66 % (29/44), 54 % (14/24), and 63 % (24/38), whereas close-domain hallucinations accounted for 34 % (15/44), 46 % (14/24), and 37 % (14/38), respectively. By contrast, GPT-4 open-domain hallucinations accounted for 56% (9/16), 43% (6/14), and 83% (15/18), while close-domain hallucinations accounted for 44% (7/16), 57% (8/14), and 17% (3/18), respectively. In the discharge summary, ChatGPT demonstrated logical coherence, however GPT-3.5 could not fulfill the quality requirements, while GPT-4 met the qualification of 60% (6/10). In group learning, the verbal fluency and interaction satisfaction with ChatGPT were 100% (10/10). ConclusionChatGPT based on GPT-4 is at par with Chinese medical practitioners who passed the CNMLE and at the standard required for admission to clinical medical graduate programs in China. The GPT-4 shows promising potential for discharge summarization and group learning. Additionally, it shows high verbal fluency, resulting in a positive human–computer interaction experience. GPT-4 significantly improves multiple capabilities and reduces hallucinations compared to the previous GPT-3.5 model, with a particular leap forward in the Chinese comprehension capability of medical tasks. Artificial intelligence (AI) systems face the challenges of hallucinations, legal risks, and ethical issues. However, we discovered ChatGPT's potential to promote medical development as an electronic health infrastructure, paving the way for Medical AI to become necessary.

Cognitive Exercise for Persons with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia Using a Social Robot.

Reminiscence therapy (RT) can improve the mood and communication of persons living with Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease related dementias (PLWD). Traditional RT requires professionals' facilitation, limiting its accessibility to PLWD. Social robotics has the potential to facilitate RT, enabling accessible, home-based RT. However, studies are needed to investigate how PLWD would perceive a robot-mediated RT (RMRT) and how to develop RMRT for positive user experience and successful adoption. In this paper, we developed a prototype of RMRT using a humanoid social robot and tested it with 12 participants (7 PLWD, 2 with mild cognitive impairment, and 3 informal caregivers). The robot automatically displayed a memory trigger on its tablet and engaged participants in a relatable conversation during RMRT. A mixed-method approach was employed to assess its acceptability and usability. Our results showed that PLWD had an overall positive user experience with the RMRT. Participants laughed and sang along with the robot during RMRT and demonstrated intention to use it. We additionally discussed robot control method and several critical problems for RMRT. The RMRT can facilitate both verbal and nonverbal social interaction for PLWD and holds promise for engaging, personalized, and efficient home-based cognitive exercises for PLWD.

Provocation of verbal interaction of dolphins via a hydro-acoustic channel on the basis of cognitive empathy

The provocation of the hydroacoustic communication interaction of Tursiops truncatus dolphins based on cognitive empathy showed that they use packets of ultrashort pulses (USPs) in the process of “dialogue”. The duration of bursts varies from 40 ms to 3000 ms with modulation of the interval between USPs from ~1 to ~120 ms and pauses between bursts. The interval modulation pattern is structured using various modulation laws. The communication signals were obtained in an experiment with theparticipation of three animals, who knew the main task of sequential acoustic differentiation of two objective stimuli. The impetus for hydroacoustic interaction is the resolution of uncertainty when teaching the respondent the inverse differentiation problem. This generates emotional empathy in observers and provokes vocalization between individuals. The advantages and disadvantages of methodological methods of provoking hydroacoustic interaction are considered in detail, starting the process of cognitive empathy. In the method under consideration, echolocation and communication signals are spaced apart in time and space, which allows them to be uniquely identified.

Do “Chinese gays” come out?

AbstractThis paper draws on linguistic-ethnographic fieldwork in Chengdu, China to consider the utility of broad labels such asChinese, Westernandgayin accounting for the performance of sexual and cultural identity. I problematise work which takes such notions to be stable and self-evidently referential, arguing instead that identity is much more fluid, emergent and discourse-dependent than conventional understandings tend to imply. I focus on visibility of queer sexual identity partly because it is an especially accessible example of the role of language in identity performance, being most often achieved through verbal interaction. More broadly, however, this focus emerged through my ethnographically informed, discursive-sociocultural approach to my life and research in mainland China during the period 2008–2019. Specifically, I use spoken data from the interviews which formed part of this process to argue that social practice within related ethnic and/or social groups is best understood in terms of the situated use of sociolinguistic tools and the entailed negotiation of pertinent ideological systems. From this perspective, the ostensibly insurmountable ideological pressures that “Chinese gays” are typically seen to face, and which tend to be attributed to a taken-for-granted and monolithic “Chinese culture”, are better interpreted with reference to the complex relationship between language, culture and identity. Thus, I do not assume the right to make broad claims about whatChinese gaysdo, or to state that they are categorically different from their presumed homogenousWesterncounterparts. Instead, I discuss what certain individuals say in certain conversations, noting how their performance of identity is often highly individualised, being shaped according to the interactants present and the interactional aims relevant to specific moments of communication.

Gaya Interaksi Politikus Indonesia dalam Acara Talkshow di Televisi (Kajian Bahasa dan Gender)

In verbal interactions, men and women usually speak in different ways, women tend to have a cooperative speech style, emphasize connection and intimacy, while men are individualistic and competitive. This research is qualitative research that aims to describe the speech styles used by three male and three female politicians in Indonesia in a talk show broadcast on television. The data in this study are the results of transcriptions of sentences spoken by politicians on the talk show. Data analysis was carried out by analyzing the features of conversation using the theory of female and male speech styles put forward by Holmes and Stubbe and Talbot. The results of this study concluded that male politicians and female politicians use male speaking style as the dominant speaking style, such as lecturing, reporting, referential-oriented, direct, problem solving, and independence. On the other hand, women's speaking styles that are also used by all male and female politicians are collaborative, connection-intimacy and supportive feedback.

Disciplinary discretion, interaction and compassion: Transports between prisons from the perspective of the transporters

This study examines the interactions between correctional officers and prisoners during transport between prisons, from the staff’s perspective, based on a thematic analysis of 14 interviews with transport officers in Sweden. The three central themes in their stories regarding their work – namely, disciplinary discretion, interaction and compassion – were analysed by following the process of picking up the prisoner, interacting during the ride, and reflecting on the core components of the work. Correctional officers aim to work stepwise in building alliances, understand the prisoners’ perspective and use discretionary discipline in verbal interactions to avoid physical violence. This facilitates a calm environment and smooth execution of the task, while also ensuring the officers’ well-being. The results are in line with what is known from prison work and also reflect differences due to the limited space and time spent in transport.

Multimodal metaphor and metonymy in political cartoons as a means of country image construction

The interrelation of metaphors and metonymies often attracts the attention of linguists, but the combination of multimodal metaphors and metonymies, which are important components of cognition and are essential for the creation and understanding of multimodal texts, has not been sufficiently studied. The purpose of this study is to delineate the interaction between multimodal metaphors and metonymies in political cartoons and identify their role in forming the country image. The research material includes 30 political cartoons on the topic of the Sino-American trade dispute 2018-2021, selected from Yandex search engine according to keywords (tags, Hashtag). We considered the metaphors and metonymies contained in the cartoons and analyzed their cognitive interrelation. Since the currently existing categorization of the varieties of metaphtonymy does not meet the goal, we used our own typology of the interaction of multimodal metaphors and metonymies, which includes two categories: inclusive and interactive. We have identified 20 interactive and 10 inclusive political cartoons with characteristic cultural attributes. The use of cognitive-discursive analysis allowed us to reveal the features of visual, verbal and conceptual interaction of metaphorical transfers and metonymic shifts in the construction of the positive image of China and the negative image of the United States. The results showed that multimodal metaphors and metonymies in political cartoons are intertwined in different ways, they can make an impact on the mind of people and form the country image.