Verbal Confrontation Research Articles

Strategic HRM for Organisational Sustainability

The verbal confrontation on the connection amongst supportability and human resource management is getting increasingly consideration in the scholarly level and among specialists. The jolt for developing another idea – practical human resource management – is connected with extensive variety of the reasons (as the negative impact of human resource management on human resources) and these themes are the object of the examination in this paper. Because of the way that there is no agreement on meaning of reasonable human resource management, the idea is seen in a lot of ways and distinctive models of economical human resource management are proposed. The paper intends to look at hypothetically the connection amongst manageability and human resource management by dissecting the different constituents of reasonable human resource management and by presenting the model for feasible human resource management, which includes the qualities of the idea and the negative results of human resource management on people.

Macao’s Split Labour Market

Abstract Edna Bonacich’s split labour market states that socio-political factors generate differential outcomes for workers in a region, generally as the result of ethnic antagonism. This ethnic antagonism, Bonacich argues, does not require open violence or even verbal confrontation but can operate through exclusion movements and “caste” systems. In this paper, we use Bonacich’s framework to analyse the production of a split labour market in the Macao, Special Administrative Region of China. Macao depends on an abundant supply of low-skilled migrant workers to remunerate the workforce. While many migrant workers are foreigners, most are ‘internal’ migrants from Mainland China, meaning that a conventional explanation of ethnic differences is insufficient. Bonacich had observed that “exclusion attempts and caste-like arrangements are found among national groupings within a racial category” giving the example of ‘whites’ in the United States excluding other ‘whites’ from different parts of Europe. However, Macao as a part of China constitutes a unique example in that an exclusion attempt and caste-like arrangement is to be found within the same national grouping of the same racial category in the same country. As this research considers how ethnic and quasi-ethnic differences are produced and sustained in Macao through government policy; social attitudes and the social practices of workers and businesses, we find that permanent Macao id card holders, which gives out numerous benefits and rights, is as a form of exclusion movement. Moreover, local workers act as a labour aristocracy: they extract concessions from businesses and suppress migrant workers economically, politically and socially. Edna Bonacich’s split labour market helps explain how a labour aristocracy is maintained subtly at the interest of local workers through concessions from the businesses.

“Health Dictatorship” and “Civil Disobedience”: Political Extremists and French Debates on Democracy during Covid-19

This paper explores a polemical debate that took place in France during the Covid-19 crisis, around two formulas: “health dictatorship” (dictature sanitaire) and “civil disobedience.” It first analyses the arguments that justify their use; it then explores the verbal confrontation where Proponents and Opponents attack each other’s stance, thus shedding light on important issues that underlie the discussion on the anti-Corona health measures: the nature and limits of democracy, the question of authority and obedience in a democratic regime. In the third step, the paper examines the actors behind the roles of Proponent and Opponent, namely, political figures and movements. A difference is drawn between the extremists and the candidates for the 2022 Presidential elections who supported the protest but did not adopt the formulas for fear of compromising themselves. However, the fact that the extremist voices and the voices of ordinary citizens merged in the same protest threatens to whitewash trends that used to be outside the Republican consensus and to bring the French closer to them. This risk calls for a better training in rhetorical analysis allowing the citizens to protect themselves from the manipulation of the authoritarian politicians who pose as the champions of Liberty.

TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THE PRAGMATICS OF POLITE DISCORD WITH A COMMUNICATION PARTNER (based on the German language)

In a dialogue, both the speaker and the listener have expectations on the transmitted information that require confirmation or refutation. The validity or unreasonability of these expectations is stated with linguistic affirmation or negation. In a verbal confrontation, each participant has the right to question the position of the partner and put forward their own point of view. At the same time, following the rules of politeness makes it possible to smoothen the sharp angles while expressing disagreement. The article aims to identify and to carry out a semantic-pragmatic analysis of how polite disagreement is expressed in German. The material of the study are versatile dialogues in German. One way to express polite disagreement in a dialogue is to use the modal modifiers leider, bedauerlicherweise, etc. in the response, expressing the speaker’s regret about disagreeing with the partners statement. These words enhance the emotional component of the response and soften the point-blank refusal, which can be considered as a kind of courtesy. Another way to express polite disagreement is to switch the interlocutor’s attention from the main topic to a secondary topic or build a response using the interlocutor’s verbal material and in compliance with the norms of politeness. The response statement can consist of two parts, an agreement with the previous statement and arguments in favor of the speaker’s own position, for example, Ja, aber… Standing apart is the adverb allerdings, which conveys opposite meanings (JA-allerdings and NEIN-allerdings) and signals readiness to continue communication.

The Consequences of Service Encounter Failures at Shopping Centers: A Study of Visually Impaired Consumers

The enactment of the Brazilian Law on the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in 2015 has had a number of implications for marketing researchers, as it guarantees the right of disabled persons to inclusion in different public and private spaces for leisure and consumption, such as shopping centers. Despite the growth of these consumption spaces in Brazil, service encounter failures are recurrent, particularly when the consumers are visually impaired. The objective of the present study is thus to understand the consequences of service encounter failures at shopping centers on the consumer behavior of the visually impaired. A phenomenological qualitative approach was used to achieve the objective. Data were collected through direct naturalistic observations of the research subjects and nine face-to-face interviews with visually impaired consumers. Using content analysis to examine the results, it was concluded that there are a number of different service encounter failures, such as an excessive display of pity from salespeople towards consumers, contempt, and abrupt changes in the service script. For this reason, the service encounter failures had a range of consequences, from verbal confrontation and abandoning the transaction to negative word-of-mouth and expressions of frustration on online social networks. The study also presents managerial and academic contributions for marketing researchers.

I am a Muslim and Asian Woman in the United Kingdom

Utilizing an autoethnographic stance and method, this article is based on my experiences as a Malaysian postgraduate student in the United Kingdom. I draw upon my memories of dealing with Islamophobia and xenophobia while living there, as a Muslim and Asian woman. Anti-Asian sentiment and xenophobia can be experienced in many forms, ranging from feelings of discomfort to verbal insults and direct confrontation. As a visible Muslim and Asian woman, I reflect upon my own experience as a victim of verbal abuse on different occasions. This article offers an intersectional perspective taking into account interconnected and overlapping factors, such as gender, ethnicity and religion, to examine the multi-layered issues and challenges as an international student. I highlight the challenges in expressing and negotiating my intersectional identities while living temporarily abroad. Therefore, this article is very important to raise awareness about Islamophobia as well as inadvertent or deliberate xenophobia towards Asian communities.

Direct punishment and indirect reputation-based tactics to intervene against offences.

Punishment and reputation-based mechanisms play a major role in supporting the evolution of human cooperation. Theoretical accounts and field observations suggest that humans use multiple tactics to intervene against offences-including confrontation, gossip and ostracism-which have unique benefits and costs. Here, we draw a distinction between direct punishment tactics (i.e. physical and verbal confrontation) and indirect reputation-based tactics (i.e. gossip and ostracism). Based on this distinction, we sketch the common and unique social functions that different tactics are tailored to serve and describe information-processing mechanisms that potentially underlie decisions concerning how to intervene against offences. We propose that decision rules guiding direct and indirect tactics should weigh information about the benefits of changing others' behaviour versus the costs of potential retaliation. Based on a synthesis of existing evidence, we highlight the role of situational, relational and emotional factors in motivating distinct punishment tactics. We suggest that delineating between direct and indirect tactics can inform debates about the prevalence and functions of punishment and the reputational consequences of third-party intervention against offences. We emphasize the need to study how people use reputation-based tactics for partner recalibration and partner choice, within interdependent relationships and social networks, and in daily life situations. This article is part of the theme issue 'The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling'.

France: Republic against «Political Islam» (Part I)

On February 16, 2021, the French National Assembly (lower house of parliament) approved a draft law on countering separatism. On March 30, this document is to be discussed by members of the Senate. The degree of public discussions around him began to grow immediately after the speech of President E. Macron on October 2, 2020 and the subsequent publication in the press of the main provisions of the project. In fact, the document is aimed at preventing the radicalization of the Muslim community of France, at its more thorough adaptation to the socio-political conditions and basic values of the Republic. Most of the Muslim community and the clergy of France approved the proposals of the president and the government, while about a third of Muslim organizations opposed them. The last, as a rule, are linked to the international Islamist association «Muslim Brotherhood», which seeks to expand its cells and network in France, and in Europe as a whole. Organizations operating legally in the Turkish communities of the Old World articulate especially clearly the attitudes of the «brothers». In fact, at the religious level, they reproduce and continue the loud verbal confrontation between Macron and Turkish President R.T. Erdogan in October-November last year. The article examines the strategy of the French government to counter the attempts of radical Islamists to legalize the phenomenon of «political Islam». This problem, aggravated after the terrorist attacks in a number of European countries in October 2020, has become no less acute for France today than the fight against the pandemic.

Das razões da indignação o insulto como estratégia política no debate parlamentar

This paper aims to verify how impoliteness is co-constructed in interactions within an institutional context, more specifically in the communicative situation of parliamentary debate, of an agonal nature. It is intended, therefore, to analyse the procedures that fall within the discourse register of verbal violence and in the category of insult. On the other hand, there is the purpose to study the role of emotions, namely the expression of indignation in argumentation, through the analysis of rhetorical and argumentative procedures in excerpts of controversial interactions of the political discourse subgenre in parliamentary debate, between 2009 and 2012. This analysis is part of the discourse analysis framework, particularly in the analysis of the parliamentary discourse (Ilie, 2010; Marques, 2008), specifically with regard to the “unparliamentarily language” (Ilie, 2004), and integrates theoretical contributions of the argumentation in the discourse (Amossy 2016 [2000], 2014; Plantin 2011), with particular emphasis on the emotionalization of the arguments (Micheli, 2013, 2014). This analysis will also include a number of concepts reformulated by Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1992, 1996), which concern face-work (Goffman, 1974) and face threatening acts (FTAs - Face Threatening Acts), as well as the concept of impoliteness (Culpeper 2011). The linguistic-discursive strategies used in the construction of the dissent will be analysed from a theoretical perspective of verbal violence, according to the works of Auger et al. (2008), with particular emphasis on the offensive illocutionary acts. It appears that the purpose of verbal confrontation is not to reach consensus, but rather to express disagreement and to mark a political position. Not infrequently, however, the intention of those involved in the conflictual discourse goes beyond that of refuting a contrary thesis (and demonstrating that of your party). Instead, it aims at the disqualification and ridicule of the adversary by mobilizing aggressive and destructive verbal acts, mainly associated to an escalation of emotional tension, with the purpose of building a certain political ethos (Charaudeau 2014 [2005]).

The verbal component of the modern time diplomatic wars (linguostatistical analysis)

A new interpretation of a “diplomatic war” is considered in the context of changed diplomatic communication – a complex organized system consisting of various components: diplomatic, political, economic, historical, legal, linguistic, and other. The article analyzes the examples of the verbal component of diplomatic communication on the basis of the communicative tactics in the process of information and diplomatic war, currently developing in international relations. The research material includes texts of speeches made by the Permanent Representative of Russia to the UN Security Council V.A. Nebenzya and the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine P. Klimkin (2014-2019) in a situation of diplomatic confrontation. The strategies of verbal confrontation, and the characteristics of emotivity and clichéd character of a diplomatic text are considered; the concept of implicitly evaluative diplomatic cliché is introduced. UN Security Council speeches are singled out into a separate subgenre of public speeches and verbal and structural characteristics of speeches obtained by quantitative computer tools are analyzed. Based on the results of quantitative linguistic analysis and the analysis of the extralinguistic situation, a linguopragmatic model of the speech situation of a diplomatic confrontation is suggested.

‘You are in Taiwan, Speak Chinese’: Identity, language ideology, and sociolinguistic scales in online interaction

This study investigates how local identities of Taiwan are discursively constructed and how language ideologies concerning Chinese and English are manifested in the process in online discussion. We examine dynamics of identity work by drawing from metapragmatic discourse on social media regarding a verbal confrontation in Taiwan. A local Taiwanese driver with limited English competence was verbally attacked in English by an American-born-Taiwanese passenger. This passenger’s nationality, ethnicity, and controversial linguistic performance lead to heated identity debates online. We look into the role language plays in these online debates and explore how social media serve as an important site for ideological contestation and identity construction. Specifically, we discuss (1) how viewers discursively construct this American-born-Taiwanese as an outgroup member through pronouns and identity labels, such as Taiwanese and ABC, (2) how his (presumed) competence in English or Chinese plays a critical role in deauthenticating him either as a ‘real’ Taiwanese or as a ‘real’ American, and (3) how various language ideologies are manifested through the aforementioned process of identity construction.

ПРАКТИКИ МУЗЕЕФИКАЦИИ И ЭКСПОНИРОВАНИЯ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ДЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО

The article identifies the relation of such disciplinary practices as museumification and exhibiting with political communication. Political communication, in its turn, is considered as verbal confrontation of ideological constructs and social hierarchies, according to Jacques Rancière’s “politics” and “police” concepts. The author examines different types of museumification in the context of the political. Using the methodology of post-colonial studies, the researcher analyses the structure of the artefact as an exhibit item and concludes that a speech act, which, according to Rancière, is politics itself, contains the principles, which allow the deconstruction of the political.

Manner of Death Certification After Significant Emotional Stress: An Inter-Rater Variability Study and Review of the Literature.

Not commonly seen, the risk of sudden death after significant emotional stress has been reported since antiquity and incorporated into folk wisdom, reflected by phrases such as "scared to death" and "broken heart." A typical "victim" suffers from significant and often life-threatening natural diseases, making determination of the manner of death complicated, and at times controversial. The present study is designed to assess inter-rater variability and nonuniformity and controversy seen in manner of death certification in certain cases of death with significant stress involved in the circumstances of death. Members of the National Association of Medical Examiner (NAME) were surveyed to assess differences in manner of death certification for eight sudden unexpected death scenarios in middle-aged men and women with underlying cardiac disease after significant stressful events including: being chased down a lonely road followed by a verbal confrontation, a roll-over motor vehicle collision (MVC) without injuries, a fall from a wheelchair in a MVC, an alleged armed robbery, an involuntary commitment, an arrest by police, sexual intercourse, and a severe panic attack with breathing problems. In all cases, the autopsy examination revealed hypertensive and arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In all cases, natural diseases were identified as significant contributing condtions, including emphysema in six cases and diabetes mellitus in three. Eighty-six responses were collected. The results show wide inter-rater variability, ranging from very good to poor (Kappa ranges from 0.16 to 0.94). One hundred fifty-five comments were collected. Most of the comments addressed more than one topic and were followed by discussions, open questions, and responders' experiences with previous cases and legal proceedings. Our data show that cases of sudden death after significant stress have almost complete agreement in four cases and very high inter-rater variability in the other four. We propose that a detailed analysis of each case and an algorithmic approach could improve the predictability of the outcomes of death investigations for the legal system and for families.

The Documentary Method of [Video] Interpretation: A Paradoxical Verdict in a Police-Involved Shooting and Its Consequences for Understanding Crime on Camera

On July 27th, 2013, Sammy Yatim was shot and killed by Toronto Police Services’ Constable James Forcillo during a verbal confrontation on a streetcar as Yatim brandished a switchblade knife. Forcillo was charged, initially with second degree murder, and later attempted murder—a decision that confused media commentators as attempted murder is a lesser-and-included offense to second degree murder in Canadian law. In January 2016, Forcillo was found not guilty of second degree murder and guilty of attempted murder. Video evidence, recovered from the streetcar’s onboard security cameras, was described by the presiding judge, Justice Edward Then, as proving beyond a reasonable doubt that Forcillo’s testimony was unreliable, especially in light of other evidence. This paper examines the use of video evidence to arrive at a ‘compromise verdict’ (Gillis in ‘Compromise’ verdict in James Forcillo trial gets mixed reaction. Toronto Star, 25 January, 2016) and the paradox of being convicted of attempting to murder someone who was killed.

Consumers Protection in Pakistan

Consumers are important for both the government and corporate entities. They are responsible for creating or depressing demand in the economy. The British were the first to introduce a semblance of consumer laws in the pre-partition united India. After the emergence of Pakistan in 1947, several consumer protection laws were promulgated and different institutions established to provide redress and relief to consumers. Two consumer protection non-governmental organizations are also working, mainly in the urban areas. However, a strong and organized consumer movement could not take root in the country. This paper traces the development of consumer protection rights in Pakistan. It also analyses the efficacy and effectiveness of recently introduced consumer laws at the federal and provincial levels that aim to provide protection from unfair trade practices. As indicated by Khan and Hafeez (1999), nonattendance of a section on shopper in the records of law books in Pakistan shows absence of customer concern in the legitimate verbal confrontation and statutes of Pakistan. Regardless of huge advancements and an inexorably mindful customer base, the state has for the most part shied far from giving remuneration and harms to customers as statutory cures. Because of this variable, buyers have response to protracted and roaming techniques under common ward, contract or tort standards of law, which they regularly stay away from. The same is valid for proactive buyer insurance boards, which have not discovered a spot on the motivation of common society. On account of surviving laws, their fitting authorization and usage in letter and soul needs to be guaranteed. It is high time that the shoppers declare themselves and have their say in the nature of items or administrations they pay for.

As Consequências das Falhas nos Encontros de Serviço em Shopping Centers: Um Estudo com Consumidores Deficientes Visuais

O advento da Lei Brasileira de Incluso da Pessoa com Deficincia em 2015 trouxe uma srie de implicaes para pesquisadores de marketing, uma vez que garante o direito de incluso dos deficientes aos diversos espaos pblicos e privados de lazer e consumo, tal como shopping centers. A despeito da expanso desses espaos de consumo no Brasil, as falhas nos encontros de servio so recorrentes, principalmente quando os consumidores so deficientes visuais. Diante disso, este estudo possui o objetivo de compreender as consequncias das falhas nos encontros de servios em shopping centers para o comportamento de consumo de deficientes visuais. Para o alcance do objetivo, utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa de cunho fenomenolgico. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observaes diretas e naturalsticas com os sujeitos de pesquisa e da conduo de nove entrevistas face a face com consumidores deficientes visuais. Por meio da anlise do contedo dos resultados, concluiu-se que h uma diversidade de falhas ocorridas nos encontros de servio, tais como o excesso de piedade dos vendedores aos consumidores, o desprezo e a modificao brusca no script de servio. Por esta razo, as consequncias das falhas nos encontros de servio foram diversas, desde o confronto verbal e a desistncia da transao at o boca a boca negativo e a manifestao de sua frustrao nas redes sociais virtuais. Este estudo ainda apresenta contribuies gerenciais e acadmicas para pesquisadores de marketing.

Sixth graders in Israel recount their experience of verbal abuse by teachers in the classroom

AimThis study adopts a children’s rights perspective stated in Articles 3, 12, 19, 28 of the Convention on the Rights of Children (1989) with the goal of listening to Israeli children articulate their experience of verbal abuse by teachers in 6th grade classrooms MethodsA purposeful sample of sixty students was individually interviewed and content analysis was performed following Strauss’ (1987) constant comparative method. ResultsStudents reported teachers’ yelling, name-calling and put-downs when failing to pay attention, complete their work, or obtain good grades. They condemned teachers as particularly hurtful and cruel for publically humiliating them in class. However, awareness of teachers’ authority and fear of reprisal led to students’ silence and reluctance to report the abuse to their parents or principal. Covert opposition was nevertheless exhibited as students engaged in a silent monologue telling teachers they had no right to mistreat them (females), silently cursing (males) and/or withdrawing participation (both genders). Repeated public humiliation and scapegoating resulted in the loss of interest in teacher’s opinion and school and on rare occasions to the direct verbal confrontation or acting-out behaviour of the abused student. ConclusionThis study stresses the importance of gaining insight into the world of children by having them articulate their experience and denounce any form of abuse by teachers in the classroom. A child-safe school culture that listen to children’s view and make them feel safe when reporting any form of abuse in the classroom are preconditions to serving children’s best interests and wellbeing in schools.

WRITING HISTORY IN COLONIAL TIMES: POLEMIC AND THE RECOVERY OF SELF IN LATE NINETEENTH‐CENTURY SOUTH INDIA

ABSTRACTThis essay looks at two early texts by a Hindu religious figure, Chattampi Svamikal (1853–1924), from Kerala, the southwestern region of India. Kristumatachhedanam (1890) [A Refutation of Christianity] and Pracina Malayalam (1899) [The Ancient Malayalam Region] draw upon a variety of sources across space and time: the echoes of contemporary debates across India and Empire as much as the detritus of the Enlightenment contest between rationalism and religion in Europe. Does the location of the text in “colonial India” exhaust the space‐time of its imagination? The essay argues for a porous rather than a hermetic understanding; the “text” was a supplement to the actual verbal confrontation on street corners and arguments in ephemeral print. The real question is how can historians write postnational histories of thinking? How should we engage with times other than the putatively regnant homogeneous, empty time of empire or nation? I argue that there is an immanent time in texts (arising from the conventions and protocols of the form, the predilections of the thinker, and imagined affinities with ideas coming from other times and places) that exceeds the historical time of the text.

Violence Against Widows in Nepal

Widows are a vulnerable population in Nepal. This study examined Nepalese widows' experiences of violence, their coping strategies, and barriers faced in seeking help. Study participants were recruited from Women for Human Rights, an NGO in Nepal. A stratified purposive sampling approach was used to select 51 widows and 5 staff members for in-depth interviews. Twenty-seven women who experienced violence were included in this analysis. Data were analyzed and synthesized using a thematic analysis procedure. Widows reported a range of violent experiences perpetrated by family and community members that spanned psychological, physical, and sexual abuse. Women dealt with abusive experiences using both adaptive (e.g., attempting to move ahead, seeking social support, using verbal confrontation) and maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., suicidal thoughts or self-medication). However, they faced barriers to seeking help such as insensitivity of the police, perceived discrimination, and general lack of awareness of widows' problems and needs. Findings highlight the need for interventions across the individual, family, community, and policy levels. Avenues for intervention include creating awareness about widows' issues and addressing cultural beliefs affecting widows' lives. Furthermore, efforts should focus on empowering widows, promoting healthy coping, and addressing their individual needs.

Charlus/z

In Marcel Proust's Sodome et Gomorrhe, the Baron de Charlus lists Honoré de Balzac's ‘Sarrazine’ (sic) among his favourite works by the author. Through a comparison of Roland Barthes's reading of Balzac's novella in S/Z (1970) and his seminar in 1977 at the Collège de France on what he calls the ‘Discours-Charlus’ (which refers to a weird verbal confrontation between Charlus and Marcel in Le Côté de Guermantes), this article explores what Proust's orthographical slip tells us about his unpredictable Baron. It also considers the extent to which Barthes's reading of Charlus's discourse marks a significant reassessment of the limits of structural analysis.