Compound Verbs Research Articles

한국 대학생 영어작문 학습자 코퍼스에 나타나는 어휘결합과 오류분석

This study aims to investigate the lexical combination and errors in Korean university students’ English composition corpus. The result shows that Korean university students frequently use nouns, lexical verbs, articles, prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, to infinitive, be verbs, personal pronoun, coordinating conjunctions, subordinate conjunctions, have verbs, and do verbs in their English writings. Moreover, in the use of lexical combinations of the four different genres of English writings, the noun and verb combinations show most frequent, yet the adjective and adverb or adverb and preposition combinations are less frequent. As a result of an analysis of word combination errors, word selection errors are relatively frequent compared to the word omitting errors. Based upon such findings, this study will provide effective ways to make collocational lists based on the learner-made collocational errors and help raise awareness of English collocation teaching in Korean EFL classrooms.

LEXICOGRAPHY OF VERB STABLE PHRASES IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

The article deals with the problems of distinction, types, recognition by composition in Kazakh linguistics of verbal combinations of two or three words. The paper reviewed the issues of the linguistic nature, word formation and grammatical nature of compound verb expressions. There are many opinions on the problem of the compound verb and the principles of their classification. The semantic features of complex verbal expressions are revealed. In this paper, we approach the concept of a complex verb by the criterion of composition and semantic integrity. For lexicography of complex verbal expressions, examples from a 15-volume explanatory dictionary of the Kazakh language, a phraseological dictionary and a text corpus of the Kazakh language were considered.In complex verb and analytical forms, verbs and compound verbs, as well as verb stable phrases, have semantic integrity, i.e. several syllables are connected and denote only one action, designating them as complex compound verb phrases. As with the lexicography of complex verbs, the principles of lexicography of analytical verbs and verb stable expressions are determined. Below are examples that explain the meaning of complex verb phrases (complex verb and verb of analytical form) and reveal semantic features.

Arab Efl Learners’ Stress of Compound Words

Compound words are ubiquitous in English. Stressing compounds is difficult for EFL learners and native speakers, especially when the meaning is not a sum of the constituent parts. This study explores Arab EFL learners’ stress strategies and outlines their difficulties. It examines whether any of these factors (a) word class, (b) orthography, (c) understanding of phonetics and phonology, (d) age and (e) grade point average (GPA) influence their behaviour and levels of success. It involves 130 second and third-year Jordanian English majors in reading 50 opaque non-frequent compound words, 25 with right-stress and 25 with left-stress. The majority opted for right-stress, producing about half of the stimuli correctly. They right-stressed more often in compound verbs, nouns and adjectives of all spelling forms. Their performance was slightly influenced by the study of phoneticsandphonology, training in stress and GPA. However, there was no noticeable relationship between their stress performance and age. Notably, the subjects needed more training in compound word stress production.

THE USE OF COMPOUND WORDS AND GRAMMATICAL COHESION IN THE ONLINE NEWS HEADLINE COLUMN OF THE JAKARTA POST

<p>The aim of this research is to find out The Use of Compound Words and Grammatical Cohesion in the Online News Headline Column of The Jakarta Post. The method used to analyze the headlines is descriptive qualitative method in the form of data from the online news headlines column in The Jakarta Post by examining each headline containing compound words and grammatical cohesion. The writer uses the Delahunty and Garvey’s theory to examine compound words and the theory of Halliday and Hasan to examine grammatical cohesion. After the writer analyzes the data in the online news headline column of “The Jakarta Post”, the writer can finally draw the conclusion. The results showed: 1) There are 3 types of compound words occurred in the online news headline column of The Jakarta Post, that is Compound Noun 80%, Compound Adjective 17%, and Compound Verb 3%. 2) There are 3 types of grammatical cohesion that occurred in the online news headlines column of The Jakarta Post, that is Reference 55%, Conjunction 44%, and Substitution 1%.</p>

Ways of Predicate Expressing in the Act Book of the Zhytomyr Hrodsky Government of 1611

The article analyzes the ways of predicate expressing in the Act Book of the Zhytomyr Hrodsky government in 1611. The main source for the study of the specified main part of a sentence was the above-mentioned manuscript of the official business style of the beginning of the 17th century. It is the style of the act book that determined the functioning of the predicate mostly in the past tense forms, given the record of court cases about already committed crimes. The method of sampling the analyzed material and the technique of linguistic statistics gave reasons to state that the most used simple verb predicate (950 word forms) in the manuscript is expressed by a verb in the form of the past perfect tense, mostly masculine, since both the scribes and the complainants were mostly masculine gender, although at the same time predicates in the forms of the feminine gender, the plural, and sporadically the present and future tenses are also occasionally recorded. In addition, the functioning of simple verb predicates with the preservation of ancient verb forms of the past tense perfect and rarely the plusquamperfect were noted. The compound verb predicate (66 usages) in the studied official business texts traditionally consists of an auxiliary verb in all tenses and most often the word must and an infinitive with the suffix -ty. The frequency of functioning is also demonstrated by the compound nominal predicate, used 47 times in the manuscript, with the predominance of the verb-adjective as the main component of this main member of the sentence, mostly in combination with the linking verb to be in various tense forms. The fact that the manuscript belongs to the official-business style determined the frequency of the use of predicates expressed by the verb form in -no, -to (149 usages). The analyzed system of expressing the predicate in the Act Book of the Zhytomyr Hrodsky government in 1611 confirms the general tendency of the functioning of this main part of a sentence in the specified period of the Old Ukrainian language in manuscripts of the official-business style and demonstrates its persistence to the modern period.

Negation In Nepali Complex Predicates

This paper aims to discuss some properties and characteristics of complex predicates with reference to negation in Nepali. The paper will analyze how negation works with compound verb and serial verb constructions in Nepali. It will also discuss compound verbs like N+V along with V+V structure and analyze the conjunctive participle marker in certain construction. We will also look into the agreement system of negative compound verbs where certain agreement feature gets attached to the negation marker. In this paper we will enquire the condition of negation marker occurring as both prefix and suffix in Nepali serial verbs. We will also try to show how negative polarity items occur in Nepali complex predicate configuration. This paper is a descriptive account of the negative constructions in Nepali complex predicates. Theoretical account is outside the scope of this paper.

Using learning analytics to investigate learning processes and behavioural patterns in an augmented reality language learning environment

AbstractBackgroundAugmented reality has been widely applied in various fields, and its benefits in language learning have been increasingly recognized. However, the investigation of effective learning behaviours and processes in augmented reality learning environments, taking into account temporality and analysis of differences in learning behaviours between learning achievements from the perspective of learning strategies, is still a topic that requires further research.ObjectivesThe goal of this research is to explore effective learning processes in AR language learning environments and learning behavioural patterns of learners with different performance levels via LA taking into account temporality.MethodsWe used the learning application designed and developed in previous studies to understand the learning process and behavioural patterns of acquiring Japanese compound verbs with augmented reality. Lag sequential analyses were conducted to analyse the learning behavioural transitions using learning data. Additionally, frequent sequences were analysed using frequent sequence mining to compare the learning behavioural patterns of learners with different learning performances.Results and ConclusionsWe investigated the learning process and behavioural patterns and discussed the language learning strategies employed in the augmented reality learning environment. The results indicated that learners primarily performed strategies of performed expressions, recombining, and structured reviewing in AR compound verb learning activities. Furthermore, the results revealed the different types of strategies applied by different learning performance learners, whereby the low group learners used the least variety of strategies, and the middle and high group learners employed repeating and deductive reasoning strategies that were not followed by the low group.

The Analysis of Compounding In Children Story Book Dumbo The Magical Story By Walt Disney And Its Implications As Teaching Materials For Junior High School Students

The study aims to describe the formation of compounding in children story book Dumbo The Magical Story, written by Walt Disney. This study also aims to reveal types of compounding that is mostly found in the object, and to reveal the reasons. This study also describes the implications of compounding as teaching materials in narrative text for Junior High School Students. This is a qualitative with a descriptive method. The data used in this study were the compound words in children book Dumbo The Magical Story. The data collection technique used was note-taking. To measure the implications level of compounding as teaching materials in narrative text. A survey was done to 10 Junior High School students using Likert scale. The data were analysed by matching method with lexical distribution technique. The study shows than the compounding found in Dumbo The Magical Story has 3 forms namely nominal compounding, verbal compounding, and adjectival compounding. The result shows that there were 48 compounding forms consists of 25 compounding of noun+ noun, and 23 compounding of noun + adjective. it was found 6 compounding of verb+verb, 4 compounding of verb+ adjective, 5 compounding of verb + noun, and 1 verb +adjective. in the adjectival compounding, it was found 2 compounding of adjective+ adjective, 3 compounding of adverb + adjective, and 1 adjective + adverb. The form of noun+noun is mostly found in the study. That was because the target readers of the book are children so that the words used were arranged accordingly to make them understand. The implications of compound words as teaching materials in narrative text shows 3,86 out of 5 scale by using The Likert scale.Key words : compounding, children story book, teaching material, narrative, JHS students

The Japanese Compound Verb ~ kakeru (~ かける): It's Meaning and Formation

This study examines "~kakeru (～かける) Compound Verbs in Japanese Sentences." This study describes the structure and meaning of the compound verb kakeru in Japanese sentences. The data used by the researcher come from diverse sources, including books, dictionaries, and sentences written by the researchers themselves. It utilizes library resources to collect the necessary data. Then, the form and meaning of the compound verb kakeru are determined using the distributional method and the basic direct element technique. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that the meaning describes the activity's initiation and its state. In addition to being attached to activity verbs and punctual verbs, the form of the compound verb kakeru can also be attached to stative verbs. In sentences containing the compound verb kakeru, that state just before an activity begins and activities that have been ongoing for some time.

Շքակոխեմ զմեր զփրկութիւնն, hapax nella traduzione armena dell’Epideixis di Sant’Ireneo di Lione: ‘gettare sopra come ombra la nostra salvezza’

In the Epideixis by St Irenaeus of Lyons, a work originally written in Greek but only transmitted in an Armenian translation, the otherwise unattested compound verb շքակոխեմ occurs twice, with զմեր զփրկութիւնն (or զփրկութիւնս), ‘our salvation’, as its object. To fully understand its meaning, one must account for both elements, namely շուք and կոխեմ. Since no Greek verb exists that is composed of Greek terms equivalent to both, շքակոխեմ is likely not an exact calque but rather a semicalque on a Greek transitive verb. In this investigation three Greek verbs are identified which շքակոխեմ could have translated. On the basis of a detailed study of the usage of each one in the Greek Scripture, the Author argues that շքակոխեմ was used to render ἐπισκιάζω. This hypothesis is substantiated with the help of similar texts by Irenaeus and other Christian authors.

ἐπιχαιρέκακος (Antiatt. ε 5, Phryn. PS 71.1–2, Poll. 3.101)

This article deals with the verbal compound ἐπιχαιρέκακος, discussed in the lexica Antiatt. ε 5, Phryn. PS 71.1–2, and Poll. 3.101.

고등학교 일본어 교과서에 나타난 복합동사 연구 - 과거 빈출 목록과 향후 중요 목록 -

This study aims to compile a list of compound verbs that have been used frequently over the past decades for a total of 104 high school Japanese textbooks, and then compare it with high-frequency lists from previous studies, and propose a list of compound verbs that will be considered important in future Japanese textbooks. The principal results are as follows:BR (1) The list of frequent compound verbs in the past are as follows: 言い替える、受け取る、落ち付く、思い出す、書き表す、書き入れる、書き替える、書き直す、繰り返す、差し上げる、出会う、出掛ける、似合う、乗り替える、話し合う、見付ける、召し上がる、申し上げるBR (2) The list of important compound verbs in the future are as follows: 出掛ける、付き合う、出会う、似合う、引っ越す、召し上がる、受け取る、落ち付く、思い出す、繰り返す、乗り替える、話し合う、見付ける、申し込むBR The study also suggests that it will be necessary in the future to proactively offer highly productive syntactic compound verbs such as

Berom Exocentric Compounds: A Structural and Semantic Analysis of the N-V Compounds

In this study, we examine exocentric compounds in Berom; a minority Niger-Congo language that is spoken in parts of central Nigeria and describe the structural and semantic properties of N-V compounds. Basically, the study is designed to achieve three aims: to contribute to the documentation of Berom, to provide the structural classification of exocentric compounds in the language and to provide the semantics of N-V compounds. Contrary to the nominalization process in defining the lexical class of compounds in languages, we show that in Berom compounding, the verbal and adjectival compounds are also attested. Based on a data set of 200 compound words that were previously drawn from Bere Naha (a newsletter publication in Berom), we propose three categories of exocentric compounds in Berom: Nominal Compounds [NC] and Verbal Compounds [VC] and Adjectival compounds and present the structure of each category by showing the class of their constituents. We show that Berom, N-V compounds have a nominal classification that are interpreted as agentive or locative nouns. We conclude that the meaning of Berom N-V compounds may not be solely determined by the sheer interpretation of the constituents of the compound.

Non-EFL Students' Ability in Writing Simple Sentences of Descriptive Paragraphs

The objective of this study is to know the students’ ability in writing English simple sentences. This research is descriptive qualitative. The result shows that students have understanding of how to construct simple sentences in several formulas such as Subject + Verb + Complement (S + V + C), Subject + Verb + Adverb (S + V + Adv), Subject + Verb + Object (S + V + Object), and Subject + Verb + Object + Adverb (S + V + O + Adverb). But, besides using simple sentences, the students also still use other sentence forms to support information in their paragraphs such as 1) compound sentences by using the coordinating conjunction for example “so”, ”but”, and “and”. 2) complex sentence by using the coordinating conjunction for example “after”, “before”, “so that”, “if”, “that”, “because”, “even though”, “although”, “when, “while”. 3) compound-complex sentence by using both coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction”. Therefore, the teachers/lecturers need to give understanding more to the students that 1) a simple sentence has one independent clause and expresses one idea/topic. 2) simple sentence must have a subject-verb combination, but the subject can be compound or more than one. 3) simple sentence can have a compound verb. 4) simple sentences can only have one subject-verb combination and commas are not used. The students must be able to understand and know the subject, predicate (verb) and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs that will give a complete meaning. So that those who read will understand what they want to convey through the sentence.

Acquisition of Chinese Verb Separation by Adult L2 Learners

Chinese verb separation is a grammatical construction in which a bimorphemic verb compound separates and expands into a verb phrase. For example, to say “sang one song”, one must insert the aspect marker le and classifier phrase yī shǒu between the verb chàng gē ‘sing-song’ as in chàng le yī shǒu gē (sing-LE-one-classifier-song). Adult second language (L2) learners face at least three problems related to acquiring verb separation: separation patterns are complex and numerous, classroom oral input is limited, and L1 transfer often fails. To better understand L2 learners’ acquisition of verb separation, this study tested 28 adult L2-Chinese classroom learners. Three tasks were administered online: verb decomposition, grammaticality judgment, and oral translation. On average, only 37% of verbs were accurately decomposed, 63% of verbs were accurately judged to be grammatical, and 19% of verbs were orally produced with the correct separation pattern. Chinese verb separation, particularly decomposition and oral production, is thus extremely challenging for L2 learners to acquire—even for advanced learners with a relatively large vocabulary size. The results are discussed in terms of the Unified Competition Model and L2 Chinese pedagogy.

Compound Words in The Land of Stories The Wishing Spell Novel By Chris Colfer

This research mainly aims at finding out the types and describing the meaning of compound words found in the novel The Land of Stories The Wishing Spell by Chris Colfer. This novel consists of 438 pages with 24 chapters. Descriptive qualitative method was used in this research to analyze the data. This research used the theory from McCarthy (2002) and Ullman (1972). The result of this research shows there are three types of compound words found, namely; compound noun, compound adjective, and compound verb with 106 total data found. Meanwhile, there are two kinds of meaning found, those are transparent and opaque meaning.

ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH COMPOUND WORDS IN AN ARTTICLE OF LIFE AND STYLE COLUMN

In a text, the kinds of words are found in many different word-formations. Therefore, every language shows new words such as inflection, derivation, and compounding. However, those methods cannot be used generally when it comes to texts. It can be determined whether a word is a noun or a phrase by a number of factors. As a result, this research will provide precise information about how compounding is used in the text. The research objectives are (1) What kinds of compound words found in the life and style columns of the Jakarta Globe article? (2) How the English compound words described in the life and style columns of the Jakarta Globe article? Further, this research employs a qualitative approach as suggested by Creswell (2014). The data were taken from an article in one of English newspapers in Indonesia entitled "Designers of the Runaway as Jakarta Fashion Weeks Takes off" from the life and style column in Jakarta Globe. The finding of the research showed that there were two types of compound words that found in the article entitled "Designers of the Runaway as Jakarta Fashion Weeks Takes off" from the life and style column in the Jakarta Globe. Those are exocentric and endocentric compound words. Besides, noun compound, verb compound, and adjective compound are the lexical categories that were produced by the process of compounding.

КОНКЛУЗИВНИ УПОТРЕБИ В ПРЕДИКАТИ НА УСЛОВНИ ИЗРЕЧЕНИЯ / USE OF CONCLUSIVE FORMS IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

The Bulgarian еvidential system has drawn a lot of attention in recent years. The approaches to interpreting its semantics, however, differ significantly. Even so, most scholars agree that the Bulgarian conclusive is a modal category. The differences between the available definitions of the Bulgarian conclusive may be ascribed in part to a very particular grammatical phenomenon in Bulgarian – the coincidence of the forms of the conclusive aorist and the perfect indicative. This coincidence makes it difficult to identify and explore unambiguously the conclusive. So far there has been no comprehensive study of the uses of the conclusive, but some of them have been explored in various works by Georgi Gerdzhikov, Ruselina Nitsolova, Zlatka Guentcheva-Desclés, Krasimira Aleksova, Ekaterina Tarpomanova, Senem Konedareva, among others. The goal of this study is to identify the conclusive in conditional sentences. These are the least studied uses of the conclusive so far, partly because they are associated with various difficulties concerning the systematization of the conditional sentences, the conditions for realization of the grammatical forms in the main and subordinate clauses in Bulgarian, as well as the coincidence of the conclusive aorist and the perfect indicative forms. The exploration of the different combinations of other verb forms with the conclusive found in this type of complex sentences will allow for drawing conclusions on how these particular uses extend the semantic scope of the conclusive. Keywords: evidentiality, conclusive, grammatical homonymy, conditional sentences

Verba Majemuk ~Nukeru dalam Bahasa Jepang

This paper discusses “Compound Verb ~Nukeru in Japanese Sentences”. The objective of this research is to describe the structure and the meaning of Japanese compound verb ~nukeru. The data taken from electronic mass media, electronic articles and, Japanese language websites. Listening method with the tapping technique as the basic technique and the free-of-conversation listening technique (SBLC) and the note-taking technique as the continuation technique are used in providing the required data. Furthermore, analysis of the structure and meaning of the compound verb ~nukeru are carried out using the agih method with the direct element division (BUL) technique and the top down technique. The presentation of the results of data analysis are carried out using an informal method.. Based on the data analysis, it is concluded that the compound verb ~nukeru is formed from various pre-verbs (V1) and back-verb; nukeru (V2). Furthermore, the compound verb ~nukeru can be attached to intransitive and transitive, progressive, and stative, volitional and non volitional and motion verbs. The compound verb ~nukeru has 8 meanings, they are penetration, breakthrough/breakout in a fight/game/match, breakthrough/penetration of space, the process of passing from a space, crossing; shortcut; pass; through, excellence; quality; prominence; superiority, renunciation; dismantlement; withdrawal; secession; leave, and sold out in high prices. Meanwhile, the meaning relationship between the pre-verb (V1) and the back-verb (V2); nukeru consists of hobun kankei or complementary relationships, shuushoku-hishuushoku kankei (prefix affixation of verbs), shujutsu-hosoku kankei, and jukugou fukugoudoushi.

On the grammaticality of passivization in bilingual compound verbs

Objectives/research questions: We examined stative and eventive passive bilingual compound verbs (BCVs) in Spanish/English code-switching. Of particular interest to us was the availability of passivization in bilingual eventive passive hacer “do” constructions, purportedly banned in bilingual speech due to a universal syntactic restriction. Methodology: A total of 119 bilinguals from Northern Belize and 36 from Southwest United States completed a two-alternative forced-choice acceptability task and a language background questionnaire. Data and analysis: The analysis was conducted using Thurstone’s Law of Comparative Judgment. Conclusion: For stative passive BCVs, results revealed that Spanish/English bilinguals from both contexts gave the highest ratings to code-switched constructions without the light verb hacer. For eventive passive BCVs, however, Belize bilinguals gave preferential ratings to passive constructions with the light verb hacer. Conversely, US bilinguals rejected them. Notably, among Belize bilinguals, eventive passive BCVs that were rated as most acceptable were constructions with no gender agreement between the light verb and the feminine antecedent noun. Originality: This is the first cross-community analysis that investigates stative and eventive passive BCVs in Spanish/English code-switching. Implications: Our findings show that the light verb hacer is compatible with both stative and eventive passive BCVs. Crucially, context-specific linguistic norms and social factors rather than a universal syntactic restriction primarily determine the availability of passivization in eventive passive BCVs. Our theorizing of code-switching grammars, thus, necessitates careful consideration of invariant and variable production patterns that are profoundly shaped by historical and sociolinguistic conditions.