Verb Classes Research Articles

The Root *dheh1- ‘Put, Pose; Make, Act’ in Old Greek and Italic on the Indo-European Background

The development of root *dheh1- is considered, previously in Greek and Italic. This root, as also some other with laryngeal auslaut, is developed into a stem with auslaut *¬-k-, whose origin is disputable. Probably, it appeared as a glide, a result connection of two laryngeals (in 1 Sg. perfect), and originally characterized its “strong” forms. This glide is spread on the stem of aorist, and became a marker of active singular. In some other roots it spread on the whole verbal paradigm in all tenses. The verbal stem in Italic is formed with this *-k- – the variant with full grade in preterit, and derived present with zero grade and suffix *-io-; then a stative verb with suffix -ē-. Traces of the same morphological process are attested also in Germanic language; in Tocharian languages there are stems with -k-, what replaces an old laryngeal. The morphological and semantic archaisms of the root *dheh1- is argued

This Strong Sibilant: on the Morphological Potential of the Phoneme s in Swedish

The phonetically strong whistling s is widely used in the inflectional morphology as well as in the word-formation patterns of the Swedish language that are connected with the former. In the noun paradigm -s is the agglutinative marker of the genitive case and derivatively a connective consonant found in a considerable number of compounds. In the verbal paradigm it is the marker of the synthetic form of the passive and of the deponent verbs with inactive voice semantics derived from nominal bases. The use of the final -s can be observed in some other morphological models too. A variant form of participle 1 that has developed by analogy with adverbs derived from nominal phrases with the genitive marker, has long existed in the language, though it failed to get the status of the literary norm. The final -s is widely represented in the word-formation structure of a number of other lexemes and fixed phrases with adverbial semantics. The ever-growing number of English nouns with the plural marker -s borrowed by Swedish suggests a tendency towards the formation of a new declension type. A number of lexemes have undergone the process of metanalysis, whereby -s has become the final sound of the Swedish lexeme. This contributes to prosodical assimilation, allowing to preserve the short vowel, protected by the final consonant +s. Thus phonomorphology reveals the complex intrasystemic links between inflection and word-formation, although there are cases where the boundaries become blurred.

A unified study of verbal and adjectival -haa5 in Cantonese

-Haa5 (吓) 'a bit' is a frequently used affix attached to verbal and adjectival phrases in Cantonese. The investigation of the distributions, grammatical properties and functions of -haa5 reveals that all usages of -haa5 are derived from its original meaning 'a stroke, a bit, or a tiny amount'. The distributions of -haa5 are highly restricted: predicates eligible to co-occur with -haa5 are verbs/adjectives with an innate event/degree argument, excluding those whose semantics are of extreme/polarity reading. The function of -haa5 is to delimit events when following verb phrases (henceforth VPs) and make slight adjustments of degree when attached to adjective phrases (henceforth APs). Moreover, -haa5 is of the function of subjectivity encoding. -Haa5 has been grammaticalized from a verb classifier, event delimiter/degree adjuster to a subjectivity marker and is syntactically at the left periphery of the extended projection of predicative lexical categories.

An attempt at a morphological classification of Lithuanian verbs

An attempt at a morphological classification of Lithuanian verbs

The Subcategorization of Derived Verbs in Kifipa

This paper aims at investigating Subcategorizations of derived verbs in Kifipa. Kifipa is a Bantu language spoken in south-west Tanzania by the people denoted to as Wafipa. Wafipa live in a bigger area between Lake Rukwa and Lake Tanganyika. Currently, the area is located in Rukwa region. Verbs are subcategorized differently in different languages. In isolating languages, verb subcategorization is a syntactic study while in Bantu languages verb subcategorization is a morphosyntactic study. In some languages derivation does not affect the subcategorization of verbs except passive while in other languages especially Bantu, derivation (verb extension) alters the subcategorization of basic verbs. The paper focuses on three morpho-syntactic aspects of derived verbs in Kifipa. The paper is guided by the theory known as Government and Binding theory and Burzio’s Generalization Principle in particular. Burzio’s generalization is the work of a linguist known as Luigi Burzio in 1986. Burzio's generalization deals with the organization of verb harmony, and how these verbs behave towards their arguments. In his theory, Burzio came up with a general classification of verbs. Qualitative approach and explanatory research design were employed in the analysis and presentation of data. A sample of six respondents from Matai and Singiwe villages were selected using snowball sampling technique on the basis of age and language ability. Data were collected through sentence questionnaires, grammaticality judgements and extraction from written materials. The findings reveal that Kifipa has three subcategories of derived verbs including the verbs which allow only a single argument, the verbs which allow the occurrence of two or three arguments and lastly the super transitive verbs which allow the occurrence of more than three arguments which is a result of the co-occurrence of two or more extension suffixes. Extension affixes in Kifipa affects the subcategory as they increase the number of arguments these extensions are applicative and causative verb extensions. On the other hand, extensions such as passive, reciprocal, stative and reflexive decrease the number of arguments while extension such as intensive does not affect the arguments of the verb.

Five typological indices of the verb paradigm in modern Bulgarian

Five typological indices of the verb paradigm in modern Bulgarian

Chinese JSL/JEL Learners’ Online Perception of Japanese Verb Conjugations: Evidence from a Behavioral Study

Chinese JSL/JEL Learners’ Online Perception of Japanese Verb Conjugations: Evidence from a Behavioral Study

Лексико-конструкционный подход к синтаксической альтернации

Syntactic alternation cannot be treated as a lexical or as a constructional phenomenon (as is in lexical and constructional approaches, respectively). Realizing the significance of both factors, in the present paper I offer a lexical-constructional account of syntactic alternation which seems to prevail against previous ones by eliminating their shortcomings but exploiting their advantages. I demonstrate the explanatory power of my conception by thorough analysis of three Russian verb classes. They include the alternation of manner-of-motion and directional motion verbs as well as the locative alternation and instrument–subject alternation. The fundamental feature of my proposal is the underspecified character of lexical-semantic representations. Although underspecification may have several forms, the general idea consists in postulating optional components in lexical representations. It can be stated that verbs alternate syntactically if they own an underspecified but encyclopedically and pragmatically enriched representation, so being compatible with all meanings appearing in alternations. If a verb does not have a lexical-semantic representation that can result in different interpretations, it cannot participate in an alternation. Because of the possible lexical specification of either variant, an underspecified type of representation is inevitably required for alternating verbs. The lexical-constructional approach to syntactic alternation naturally extends to lexical pragmatics. This extension means that the hypotheses about the characteristics of word meaning representations can also be applied to cases where words reach their full meanings in corresponding contexts without the change of syntactic structure.

On GESL Verbal Paradigms

The verb in Georgian Sign Language (GESL) has morphological means to convey the relevant meanings and forms of all verbal paradigms from spoken Georgian, although it is important, that GESL verbs do not repeat the paradigms of spoken Georgian. The only paradigm that GESL verbs may have is the combination of verbal-person forms, which appear with socalled incorporated verbs. These relations are kinetically expressed in GESL.

Holistic coverage of lexical and semantic field due to different parts of speech components

In the presented article, the semantic strength of the paradigmatic connections of the lexical-semantic field with the meaning “gratitude” is determined based on the definitions of the lexicographic sources of the modern German language and corpus data. The obtained results are analyzed and presented in tables. In our opinion, a high degree of objectivity of the obtained results is provided by quantitative studies. This is also confirmed by numerous studies by linguists of Chernivtsi and Odesa National Universities, applied to describe a number of lexical-semantic groups. Determining the semantic strength of paradigmatic connections in the lexical-semantic group of nouns, adjectives, and verbs with the meaning of thanks will contribute to clarifying the data we obtained as a result of the previously conducted inventory of lexical and semantic group, and will also make it possible to describe the properties of the group’s components in more detail. The work is based on a proven proposition, according to which the components of the interpretation of a word in a dictionary article are not characterized by chaotic placement, but by a certain hierarchical subordination. The greatest weight, and therefore the strength of the connection, is characteristic of the word that is closest to the explained word (Levytskyi, 1989, p. 88) and has a higher frequency of use in the text corpus. Paradigm I.2 (669879; Dankbarkeit) as a formal marker of gratitude and paradigm I.3 (5116; Anerkennung) – recognition as an expression of gratitude showed the greatest importance based on textual data. Somewhat less relevant is the paradigm I.4 (2461; Geschenk) as a thank you thanks, and the components of I.1 (130; Dankgefühl) have a sufficiently low frequency of use to denote a feeling of gratitude. Components of adjectival and verbal paradigms add to the lexical-semantic field of gratitude, indicating gratitude in view of performance, economic benefit from the use of assets, gratitude as a dependence on another person, a sense of obligation due to gratitude for previously provided help.

Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Poverty Alleviation Reports in Chinese Mainstream Media--Based on China Daily

<i>China Daily</i> is a mainstream English-language media in China and The 13th Five-Year Plan period is the key period for China to eliminate poverty. In this period, there are many poverty alleviation related reports. This paper took the poverty alleviation news reports in <i>China Daily</i> during this period as the research object and build corpus with them. Through the reporting verb classification method proposed by Geis, this paper studied the frequency and proportion of positive and negative verbs appear in these reports and discussed the reasons. The study found that positive verbs accounted for more than 88% of the poverty alleviation-related reports in <i>China Daily</i>, taking up the majority of all reporting verbs, while negative verbs accounted for less than 12% of all reporting words. The results were also compared with previous related studies to analyze the political stance and self-constructed national image conveyed in politics-related reports in <i>China Daily</i>. The contrast between positive and negative verbs is explained with the help of Fairclough's three-dimensional analysis framework: description, interpretation and explanation. This study related the percentage of positive and negative reporting words with poverty alleviation achievements, China's sense of responsibility for the international community, and national governance capacity. At the end of the article, some shortcomings of this study were also suggested for futher study.

METAPHORICAL IMAGES OF WALKING IN THE SCOTS DIALECT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Statement of the problem. The article attempts to explore the semantics of verbs denoting progressive movement in the Scots dialect and to identify the ways of metaphorical modeling of the semantics of walking in the Scottish dialect lexical metaphor. The objectives of the study include the definition of such a group of the dialectical verb metaphorical vocabulary, identification of the parameters by which the creation of a metaphorical image of the progressive type of movement takes place, as well as the description of the sphere of axiological orientation of metaphorical images of this type of movement in the Scottish dialect. Results of the study. The results of the study showed that the class of verbs of progressive motion is the most numerous and most differentiated of all classes of verbs of motion. The work shows not just the study of a certain form of movement, but the identification of those components of semantics in the dialectical verb vocabulary, which are the basis of metaphorical likening of processes and phenomena of different spheres of activity. In the analysis of the verb vocabulary, which in its original nominative meaning represents movement, we not only did the relationship of dialectic verbs of motion with the assessment be investigated, but also determined what additional appraisal meanings they reflect. Conclusion. As part of the study, the authors concluded that since the verbs representing movement on a hard surface were analyzed, the "speed" component is one of the main traits on which metaphorical transfer was based. Therefore, through the image of slow motion metaphorically understands the physiological, emotional, psychological spheres of the person, and the rapid movement, represented not only by fast walking, but also by running, figuratively understands as a characteristic of social phenomena, actions and behavior of a person.

Locatum and location verbs in Italian

AbstractIn this paper I claim that Italianlocationandlocatumverbs constitute two syntactically distinct classes of verbs.Locationverbs are derived from a noun corresponding to a location, and behave similarly tostandardverbs of caused motion.Locatumverbs are derived from a noun corresponding to the located entity, and behave similarly tocroisésverbs. Despite these similarities, the derivational structure oflocatumandlocationverbs has an impact on their syntactic structure. For this reasonlocatumandlocationverbs cannot be included in the classes ofcroisésandstandardverbs, respectively. They deserve a separate classification.

Prefiks /t-/ pada Konjugasi Verba Imperfektif Bahasa Arab, dalam Tinjauan Optimality Theory / Prefix /T-/ In the Conjugation of the Arabic Imperfective Verb, In Optimality Theory Perspective

هناك نوعان من ضمائر سوابق أكثر إثارة للمناقشة في تصريف الأفعال المضارعة في اللغة العربية، وهما/ي/ و/ ت/. ويتركز النقاش حول علاقة الشكل والمعنى لتلك الضمائر التي تم تداخل بعضها مع بعض لتحديد معناها المراد. وضمير الغائبات يستخدم بـ/ي/ مع أنّها مستخدمة أيضا في التعبير عن ضمير الغائب. والظاهرة الأخرى أنّ /ت/ تدل على الغائبة والغائبتين بحيث إنّها تُستَخدم كذلك للتعبير عن المخاطب والمخاطبة. والسؤال في هذه الدراسة هو كيف تعيين كل من هذه السوابق بمعنى واحد من أجل الخوارزمية. فمن خلال استخدام نظرية المفاضلة أو المعروفة ب- optimality theory ، يمكن الحلّ على هذا التداخل بتحقيق علاقة فردية بين الشكل والمعنى من أجل صياغة الخوارزمية. يعد قيد تقسيم الميزة * من Xu أحد الأدوات التي يجب توجيهها في إنشاء الشكل الأفضل. وأوضحت نتائج الدراسة أن وظيفة /ت-/ لتعبير المخاطب والمخاطبة برمز / ت-/ {2} و أن وظيفة / ي-/ للتعبير الغائب و الغائبة .الكلمات المفتاحية : ضمائر سوابق ؛ تصريف الأفعال المضارعة؛ تقسيم الميزة.Abstract:Two prefix pronouns that often debated in the imperative verb conjugation in Arabic namely /y-/ and /t-/. The overlapping relationship of form and meaning in the two prefixes is the problem. The plural feminine third person pronoun is expressed by the prefix /y-/, whereas /y-/ also expresses the masculine third person pronoun. The singular and dual feminine third person pronouns are realized by the prefix /t-/, whereas /t-/ also denotes the second person. The way of mapping each prefix related to the meaning based on the algorithm. These problem can be overcome through the paradigm of Optimality Theory which revealed the relationship between form and meaning due to the algorithm formulation. Xu’s constraint is one of the instruments to guide us generate the most optimal form. This research revealed that the personal pronoun of the second person symbolized by /t-/ while the third person was symbolized by /y-/.

ПРЕДИКАТИТЕ ЗА СЪСТОЯНИЕ В СЪВРЕМЕННИТЕ ЛИНГВИСТИЧНИ ТЕОРИИ (II) / STATIVE PREDICATES IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTIC THEORIES (II)

This paper presents a critical overview of thematic classes of stative verbs. To this end, we analyse three well-known thematic classifications of stative verb classes. While the main focus is on the works by Paducheva (1996; 2004), Spencer and Zaretskaya (2003) and Van Valin and LaPolla (1997), where relevant we comment on research by other authors. The goal of the study is to shed light on the different views regarding the properties of stative predicates from an aspectual and semantic perspective and to outline the main thematic classes that fall into the category of statives. Keywords: stative predicates, semantic typology, thematic classes and subclasses

USE OF PHRASAL VERBS IN A FICTION TEXT AND THEIR RENDERING INTO UKRAINIAN

Objective. The objective of the article is to study the characteristics of phrasal verbs and ways of their rendering into Ukrainian, to provide a classification of phrasal verbs in a fiction text in terms of their semantics, to analyze the translation of phrasal verbs of Somerset Maugham’s story «Rain» performed by Maria Zhuk. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained applying a set of general scientific and special methods of research, namely: analysis and generalization of scientific and educational-methodical literature on the problems of phrasal verbs and ways of their translation; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis; holistic and integral approaches to the study of linguistic phenomena; comparative, descriptive and analytical methods. Results. Having analyzed the nature of the components of phrasal verbs, their features and semantics, the author concludes that despite the fact that the components of phrasal verbs are deprived of the basic features of the word, they have the verbal nature of the components. In Maria Zhuk’s translation of Somerset Maugham’s story «Rain» following types of phrasal verbs combinations are identified: combinations in which the postpositive has its primary concrete-spatial meaning; combinations in which the postpositive has an abstract derivative meaning, the connection of which with the primary is felt; combinations in which the postpositive only emphasizes or reinforces the meaning of the verb; combinations whose meanings do not consist of the meanings of verbs and postpositives; combinations in which the postpositive can bring a new specific shade to the content of the phrasal verb. As for the issue of translation of phrasal verbs, the following ways of translating them in the story are used: phrasal verbs that have been translated by the full equivalent; phrasal verbs, which are translated by a close analogue; phrasal verbs that have been translated by descriptive translation.

КЛАСИФІКУЮЧА КАТЕГОРІЯ РОДУ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ТА ІНШИХ РІЗНОСИСТЕМНИХ МОВАХ: ДО ПРОБЛЕМИ НАВЧАННЯ МОВАМ СТУДЕНТІВ-ІНОЗЕМЦІВ

The article under review outlines the problems that a language teacher who works with a foreign language to foreign students may be faced. The grammar of each language is a system, but this system is, of course, specific. Different grammatical categories of language, non-identical are the general meanings by which grammatical forms are opposed to each other. It is known that with the same number of forms in different languages, their meanings can be correlated differently. In addition, homogeneous grammatical categories can be distributed unequally between different parts of speech. In some languages, affixes as morphemes, which express semantic and syntactic elements of meanings are not relationally connected to the word form and the whole system of its forms in inflectional languages – such as Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, etc., as well as derivational ones. Therefore, while analyzing certain languages, researchers do not describe the word change (in the broadest sense of the term), but they work with word formation, because it is the word-formation system that involve a nominal (noun, adjective, verb, numeral, pronoun) and verb paradigm, in which a "deep" morphological and syntactic system of the gender is formed and it outlines the structure, lexical and semantic components of animate and inanimate nature. Grammatical systems are different in not only grammatical meanings, but also in how these meanings are expressed. Taking into account all these features, it turns out that the grammatical system of each language is deeply unique. Despite all these features and characteristics of certain grammatical categories in the languages ​​of different systems, we can outline that you can compare and contrast any of the existing languages, because the grammatical system of languages ​​reveals common features that allow to develop principles for studying of universal categories. Such universals include the category of gender, which is qualified as a morphological-syntactic category of language, which realizes its potential in syntactic structures. The problem of classifying the category of gender in the languages ​​of different grammatical systems is directly related to the research in terms of comparative and contrastive linguistics, and to the problems of studying interfering factors in language.

Agglutination underlies superficial fusion in Western Armenian verbal inflection

Verbs in Western Armenian (Indo-European) inflect for both subject agreement and tense. Subject and tense marking is often fused, which makes segmentation difficult. We show that, despite surface fusion, verbal inflection in Western Armenian is fundamentally agglutinative. By segmenting subject and tense suffixes across the verbal paradigm, we capture syncretic patterns and other interactions between inflectional slots that a fusional account does not. Our analysis requires limited but systematic use of zero morphs. Our agglutinative model of Western Armenian verbs reveals that inwardly-sensitive morphologically-conditioned allomorphy has priority over its outwardly-sensitive counterpart.

Past habitual actions as relative future? On an unexpected use of the Konkani future participle and its likely origin

In this paper we focus on the functions of the future participle in Goan Konkani. In addition to the more-or-less expected functions of a future participle, such as nominal attribution or marking a future or modal predicate in various subordinate and main clauses, the future participle in Konkani can also mark main predicates with a past habitual interpretation in a construction which we refer to as the “promise-construction”, as it is only found with a small class of main predicates such as promise, intend, think, etc., which take an object complement clause. We argue that the future participle originally denoted an atemporal event and later came to include habitual events with any temporal value (past, present or future), and that this has since grammaticalized with exclusively past habitual temporal reference in this one construction, as this was likely the most common environment in which habitual events of this semantic class of verbs occur.

Предикати за състояние: свойства и лингвистични тестове

The study presents linguistic tests for diagnosing Zeno Wendler’s verb classes, illustrated by selected Bulgarian verbs. The tests are divided into three groups, according to grammatical aspectuality, durativity and telicity, and agentivity. The research reveals that tests which rely on semantic compatibility at the lexical level (and not on semantic compatibility between lexical and grammatical level) are applicable for both English and Bulgarian. The research methodology is also based on Emmon Bach’s and David Dowty’s classifications of verb classes in which stage-level and individual-level predicates are distinguished, with a focus on agentivity in Dowty’s approach, as well as on Donald Davidson’s representation of action verbs as predicates with a hidden event argument, which has been refined by Claudia Maienborn to include a formal description of state predicates representing the ontological difference between two kinds of states: state verbs that denote true Davidsonian eventualities (Davidsonian states) and stative verbs that resist a Davidsonian analysis (Kimian states). These theoretical considerations allow to describe states as a heterogeneous class and provide reliable means for distinguishing different types of states.