Verb Agreement Research Articles

Analyzing Grammatical Errors in Students’ Essays: the case of BBS 1st Year Management Students at Bal Kumari College

This paper attempts to assess the grammatical errors committed by bachelor first-year management students studying English as a foreign language at Bal Kumari College, Naryangarh in the year 2023. To identify the errors, every student was assigned to write an essay on “The Pros and Cons of Social Media for Students” in about 500 words within 50 minutes. 80 essays were collected through the simple random sampling method, and those essays were checked in depth. All the errors in their essays were collected, identified, classified, explained and analyzed. The results revealed that the most common grammatical errors made by the students involved subject–verb agreement, verb tenses, spellings and punctuation and the causes of the errors were due to intralingual transfer and interlingual transfer.

The Impact of Implementing a Specific Time Work Agreement (PKWT) on the Performance of Contract Employees at PT Yachiyo Trimitra Indonesia

In Indonesia, matters related to how work is carried out always begin with an agreement between the employer and the recipient of the work through a written or verbal work agreement. An employment agreement is made to determine the boundaries between what are the rights and obligations of the employee and what are the rights and obligations of the employer (employer). Meanwhile, if in carrying out work that has been mutually agreed upon in a written agreement, one of the parties violates or behaves outside of what has been agreed upon and harms one of the parties or violates the provisions of the law, then the work agreement can be canceled and the rights and obligations of the parties must be resolved through a dispute resolution mechanism by referring to the applicable laws. Of course, the work agreement text that has been mutually agreed between the employer and the recipient of the work is also an important document for resolving disputes between the parties. Since the promulgation of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, especially the regulations contained in Government Regulation Number 35 of 2021 concerning "Specified Time Work Agreements, Outsourcing, Working Time and Rest Time, and Termination of Employment Relations," there have been many changes in implementation. specific time work agreement (PKWT). This will of course affect the performance of workers whose work status is as PKWT workers. The impact that arises for PKWT workers on their work performance can be positive or negative. This change in the implementation of the PKWT is certainly a very important thing, because if it is not controlled properly it will result in an automatic change in the status of workers from having the status of a fixed-term work agreement to an indefinite-term work agreement, as well as the rights and obligations obtained by workers. will change.

The lexical source of BIN and habitual be in African American English

AbstractAlthough various works on African American English (AAE) offer significant and insightful analyses of the semantic interpretation of its aspectual elements, including in particular stressed remote past BIN and habitual be (behab), the syntactic analysis of these elements is problematic. BIN and behab are claimed to be invariant lexical elements with fixed semantic values, and to not interact with INFL (Tense) as auxiliaries do, thus not displaying subject–verb agreement or undergoing any operations typical of finite auxiliaries. However, considerations including syntactic positioning, accompanying auxiliaries, patterns of verb affixation, and the formation of active and passive sentences point instead to BIN and behab being in most instances phonetic manifestations of any of the various ordinary auxiliary verbs be (progressive, passive, and copular), elements of the system of auxiliaries common to both AAE and Mainstream American English (MAE). The surface forms BIN and be are sufficient to trigger their special meanings in logical representation. Semantically dedicated lexical elements are unnecessary. The various interpretations of sentences containing these forms are due to constructional semantic interpretation of various combinations of surface elements. This analysis further reveals the existence of another AAE innovation, a fourth auxiliary verb be unique to AAE indicating simple past.

Agreement and Information Structure in Spanish PRO[PL] with-DP

This paper aims to revisit a construction found in some Spanish varieties which refers to a set constituted by a singular referent and an annex introduced by the item con ‘with’: PRO(noun)[PL] with-DP. This construction triggers plural agreement and can be doubled by a plural pronoun, indicating that the annex is included in the set to which verbal agreement and the plural pronoun refer. For example, Nosotros con Juan viajamos ayer (literally, ‘We with Juan travelled.1PL yesterday’) means ‘Juan and I travelled yesterday’. We explore the Spanish PRO[PL] with-DP, taking into account its discursive properties together with the syntactic requirements involved in the agreement patterns. In fact, although the two individuals denoted by this construction are involved as equal participants in the event, they have a different discursive status: one of them introduces new information, while the other refers to the immediate communicative situation. If some notions regarding information structure can be coded by binary features such as [+/−anaphor] and [+/−contrast], it is possible to find plurality triggered by the opposite combination of features within the same syntactic object. PRO[PL] with-DP is a possibility that the lexicons of some languages offer.

The representation of agreement features in memory is updated during sentence processing: Evidence from verb-reflexive interactions

The formation of linguistic dependencies is subject to memory interference. In this study, we ask whether memory representations are fixed, or whether they can be distorted and updated after their initial encoding. Models of Cue-Based Retrieval assume that memory representations are fixed. However, representational interference and rational inference models assume that memory contents can be edited. To examine this, we test how reflexive attraction is affected by preceding verbal agreement in Hebrew. Cue-Based Retrieval suggests that agreement on the verb can exaggerate the reflexive’s sensitivity to the distractor. In contrast, we propose that if memory representations can be edited, verbal agreement can alter the representation of the subject. This process would reduce vulnerability to distortions originating from the distractor. In two self-paced reading experiments and one forced-choice completion we find (i) decreased reflexive attraction when (grammatical or ungrammatical) agreement cues were available on the preceding verb; and (ii) a preference for reflexive forms matching the verb over forms matching the subject when the sentence included ungrammatical verbal agreement. These results suggest that comprehenders use featural information from the verb to recover properties of the subject. The findings are therefore consistent with a memory model where representations can be distorted and updated, as well as with rational inference about memory disruption.

Analysis of Word Choice Errors in Saudi EFL Students’ Spoken Language

The purpose of this research paper is to identify and analyze word choice errors committed in spoken English by Saudi EFL students at King Khalid University. It also seeks to identify the origins of the errors and to suggest relevant solutions to assist learners in developing lexical competence and reducing the occurrence of these errors. The research focuses on five different forms of word choice errors. These errors consist of errors of redundancy, literal translation, subject /verb agreement, collocation, and inappropriate usage of formal and informal words. To gather data, the study is based on conducting structured interviews with three EFL-speaking teachers. It also employs a speaking test as a data collection technique from fifteen EFL learners chosen at random, who are required to speak one by one in front of the class for 3-6 minutes. Their oral performance is recorded by mobile phones. According to data analysis, the most common error category is literal translation (33.97%), which is followed by collocation errors (24.88%) as well as subject/verb agreement (18.66%). Furthermore, there are redundancy errors with a percentage of (12.44%). The last type of error committed is inappropriate use of formal and informal language, which has a percentage of (10.04%). The study attributes these errors to a variety of causes, including the Arabic language's impact as well as ineffective teaching techniques and learning strategies. The study offers several recommendations and pedagogical implications to help EFL learners overcome and minimize word choice errors.

The The Students’ Problems in Learning of Subject Verb Agreement Towards The Third Grade Students of University of Muhammadiyah Tangerang

This study aims to find out the subject and verb writing errors made by students majoring in English Education at Universitas Muhammadiyah Tangerang when they complete paragraphs in verb form. Error analysis technique was conducted in this study to find the errors faced by the students in terms of present tense, identify the types of errors as well as the sources of errors. This study is descriptive research with 10 students participating in this study. The data of this study were collected from 1) students' writings focusing on students' sentences containing subject-verb agreement errors, and 2) interviews obtained from the students. The findings of this study are as follows: Subject and verb errors made by students cover form of information, omission, and addition errors, while from the point of view of linguistic categorization, the errors made by students are in the form of using singular plural nouns placed as subjects, improper use of verbs, and improper use of verbal and nominal sentences in making present tense sentences. The analyzed data also shows that students' errors in subject-verb agreement are classified as local errors. The cognitive strategies were chosen by them in comprehending the grammar

Verbal Gender Agreement In L2 Standard Arabic:, Proficiency Or L1 Effects?

Verbal Gender Agreement In L2 Standard Arabic:, Proficiency Or L1 Effects?

Pro-Drop in Hijazi Arabic: A Minimalist Perspective

This paper focuses on investigating the null subjects in Hijazi Arabic and addresses how they are derived and interpreted. There is a strong connection between rich verbal agreement inflection and pro-drop in HA due to the language's highly inflectional nature. It is shown in this paper that HA is a consistent null subject language. This study is framed within Holmberg's (2005, 2010) theory of null subjects. Holmberg proposed that null subjects (henceforth NSs) are defective subject pronouns labeled Ps. The null subjects are derived via incorporation into T after the features valuation and union take place. The head T (a probe) has unvalued -features which are valued by the defective subject pronoun (a goal) and in return, the [u case] feature on P is valued by T. The incorporation of P into T forms a chain which is subject to chain reduction where the lower chain copy (the defective subject pronoun in spec-VP) receives a null spell out. The pronounced elements consist of the valued φ-features of T, which manifest as a verbal affix on the finite verb subsequent to the verb's incorporation into T. This reflects the deletion of the subject in spec-VP. The null subject is interpreted as a definite 3rd person null subject when the [uD(efiniteness)] feature of P is valued by an A-Topic (antecedent) in spec-TopP. On the other hand, it is interpreted as a definite 1st or 2nd person null subject if it is valued by speaker/addressee features in the domain of C (Complementizer).

Investigating ¬Grammatical Errors Made By The Second Semester English Major Students, Almarj University

This research is an attempt to investigate the sources of errors in writing.
 The main aim of this study was to find out the reasons behind students, errors when they write essays.
 The study took place in Faculty of Arts in the department of English. Data were collected from 15 second semester English major students, 200-250 word essays introducing themselves. Results showed that kinds of grammatical errors committed by students are: subject verb agreement, pronouns agreement, wrong use of tenses.

Tinjauan Yuridis Perbuatan Ingkar Janji (Wanprestasi) Oleh Buruh Tani Ditinjau Dari Kompilasi Hukum Ekonomi Syariah

The problem in this research is about the practice of broken promises (defaults) by farm workers in the village of Lumban Dolok. This type of research is field research. The primary data source in this study is by conducting direct interviews with farm workers who own the plantation, the Head of Lumban Dolok Village, traditional leaders. while the secondary data is in the form of fiqh muamalah books, and journals related to this research. Data collection techniques using field studies, namely observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this study is to use a qualitative descriptive method. The results of the study show that the act of breaking a promise (default) by this farm worker begins with a verbal agreement between the owner of the garden and the farm worker in the agreement, one of the points is not being able to cancel the agreement suddenly and not asking for wages before doing the work. . However, in reality, when he was about to implement the farm labor agreement, he canceled the agreement with the garden owner, and asked for his wages on the grounds that he really needed it. This practice of breaking promises (defaults) by farm workers when viewed from a juridical view of this agreement is considered a unilateral cancellation of the agreement without the consent of the other party, in accordance with Article 1338 paragraph (2) of the Civil Code, it is clear that the agreement cannot be canceled unilaterally, because if the agreement is canceled unilaterally, it means that the agreement is not binding between the people who made it. Meanwhile, if viewed from the compilation of sharia economic law, it is explained in article 36 which explains that breaking a promise occurs if you do not do what has been promised, in this case the farm worker does not carry out the agreement in accordance with the agreement and terminates the agreement suddenly without any clear reason. This also contradicts the compilation of sharia economic law article 21 which states that there is no trustworthiness from farm workers, besides that there is also no attitude of openness and good faith from farm workers to find a replacement to be able to continue the agreement that has been canceled.

The impact of questioning strategies on target language production and learner confidence

AbstractThis study investigated how questioning strategies impact language learner performance. Specifically, it explored how questioning strategies influence (i) verb production and subject–verb agreement in the target language, and (ii) learner confidence in completing tasks without translation software. Sixty‐eight novice language learners enrolled in a high school Spanish I course participated. The students were divided into two groups. After a pretest, one group completed an activity with divergent (open‐ended) questions, while the other group did the same activity with contingent (either/or) questions. Participants then completed a posttest and rated their temptation to use translation software. Writing on the pre‐ and posttests was evaluated for verb production, verb conjugation, and subject–verb agreement. Results show that as compared with divergent questions, contingent questions (i) help students produce significantly more conjugated verbs and more accurate subject/verb agreement, and (ii) significantly reduce the temptation to rely on translation software.

Pertanggungjawaban Pemilik Kos Terhadap Wanprestasi Yang Dilakukan Dari Perjanjian Sewa Menyewa Secara Lisan

Agreement is a very common process in human life. The agreement that often occurs is a rental agreement, such as a boarding room rental agreement. This agreement was carried out in order to fulfill the basic needs of humans who need a place to live. In practice, the agreement is often made verbally. The verbal agreement to rent a boarding room is valid as long as it meets the conditions for the validity of the agreement in article 1320 of the Civil Code. The rental agreement for a boarding room which is executed verbally by both parties gives rise to an agreement which gives rise to rights and obligations for both parties. However, what if after the agreement is executed, the boarding house owner defaults in that the facilities provided by the boarding house are not in accordance with what has been agreed. What form of accountability can be imposed on boarding house owners who default by not providing facilities in accordance with what has been agreed upon by both parties? This makes the boarding house renter suffer a loss and is entitled to claim his rights according to what was agreed or receive appropriate compensation.

Correlation of Menopausal Symptoms with Serum Estradiol in Pre and Postmenopausal Women of Nawabshah (SBA)

The term menopause accurately incomes termination of menstrual cycle. A diversity of physiological changes proceeds in the body, certain of these are the consequence of cessation of ovarian function and decreased production of estrogen. Objective: To determine the serum estrogen levels and to study menopause related symptoms in pre and postmenopausal women due to declined estrogen levels. Methods: This was a cross sectional study. Participants were recruited from the Gynecology and Obstetrics and Medicine OPD/Ward PMCH and from the general public. After explaining the study's goal to all participants, they gave their written and verbal agreement. Blood samples were collected for biochemical testing and stored at -20℃ in the laboratory. ANOVA test was applied for comparison of estrogen among the study participants. This study involved 400 individuals who were separated into two groups, Premenopause and Postmenopause. Results: The mean ±SD of age of Premenopausal participants was 44.44±2.61 years and the mean ±SD of Postmenopausal females remained 54.78±2.80 years. The mean value of serum estradiol of pre and postmenopausal participants was noted as 13.03±11.42 pg/ml 8.21±4.7 pg/ml. The predominant symptoms among the premenopausal women experienced were depressive mood and irritability (61%) while the symptoms experienced by postmenopausal women were dryness of vagina (59%) and heart discomfort (54%). Conclusions: The decrease in estrogen may lead to symptoms like vaginal dryness, mood changes, night sweats and hot flashes. The symptoms experienced are similar as elsewhere in the world, although occurring with varying frequencies.

Constructive Analysis on English and Indonesia, Noun Subject and Verb Agreement in the Sentence

<p class="4Abstrak">The main focus in this research is the comparison of subject verb agreement on English and Indonesia. The comparison aimed to find out the similarities and difference subject verb agreement both English and Indonesia. The similarities and difference brought positive pedagogical aspect in the process of language learning. This research applied qualitative descriptive method and was library research. The research instrument were English and Indonesian sentences which generated by researchers and others sentences taken from books and internet citation supporting the main topic. The data was analyzed by applying Hsiu Fang Hsieh & Sarah E Shannon (2005) to draw interpretation. This research found that subject verb agreement English must based on singular, plural, first, second, and third pronoun and tenses in the sentences. On the other hand, Indonesian subject verb agreement can be used both singular, plural. First, second, third pronoun and it is not depend on tenses.</p>

Italian proportions and (non-)conservativity

This paper describes the morpho-syntax and the interpretation of Italian proportional measure phrases (proportions), namely fractions and percentages. Ahn (2012) and Sauerland (2014) first observed that the restrictor and the predicate of these structures can be switched by minimal morpho-syntactic modifications (MIT hired sixty percent {of / of the} women) and identified quantifier floating for Korean and case for German as the morpho-syntactic markers of this reversal. Italian shows five novel morpho-syntactic markers: definiteness of the inner nominal, definiteness of the outer determiner, position with respect to the verb in main clauses, but not in subordinate clauses, and verb agreement. Also three interpretive factors are at play: the accessibility of the complement set, the type of predicate, and new information focus, whereas contrastive focus, playing a pivotal role in previous analyses, interacts with the restrictor/predicate reversal but is orthogonal to it. The discovered generalisations are only partially explained by current proposals and call for a new account.

Honorific mismatches of coordinate subjects in Korean

AbstractIn this article, we explore whether hierarchy and linearity conspire to affect agreement. The data come from an experimental study of honorific agreement between verbal si and coordinate subjects in Korean. We focus on computing the mismatch driven by honorifically mixed conjuncts. Unlike South Slavic gender agreement, Korean has neither Resolved Agreement nor First Conjunct Agreement. Only Last Conjunct Agreement is attested in Korean honorification. We show that honorific agreement within coordinate subjects is triggered only when the honorific verbal si appears, which is substantially different from the case with the honorific nominal nim. We also show that acceptability significantly decreases when the last conjunct of coordinate subjects is incongruous with an honorific verb. We thus argue that verbal honorific agreement with Korean coordinate subjects is sensitive to linear order, mimicking South Slavic gender agreement.

Pembelajaran Bahasa Bahasa Asing dan Tolerance of Ambiguity: Sebuah Studi Kasus dari penguasaan Grammar

Tolerance for Ambiguity (TfA) which is commonly involved in the field of Human Resources in industry has been adopted in the development of the quality of foreign language learning, especially foreign language acquisition by learners. In this study, the reference is French language which is limited by Subject Verb Agreement involving the periodic verb [+Present]. There are two research objectives, namely (1) to describe the tendency of TfA level at the beginning of the lecture and (3) to describe the students' efforts in developing TfA. The results of the study using a qualitative descriptive approach show that, first, the students have a high level of TfA although the students still make mistakes in French but the problem is not too significant because the suffixes representing the features of Tense [+Present], Person [+1P, +2P, +3P] and Number [±Plural] on verbs from the grammar area Subject Verb Agreement (SVA). Secondly, a high level of TfA is well-established by the students because they have the ability to maintain and develop the aspect of efforts to master SVA in French.

Normative Problems Guaranteeing the Rights of Labor Fishermen in the Job Creation Law

The substance of the Job Creation Act in Indonesia covers all areas of law. This paper only examines the elements of labor law, especially those related to guaranteeing legal rights for labor fishermen in Indonesia. This research is based on legal problems where the legal relationship between fishermen and labor fishermen is from the point of view of the Job Creation Act, so the ultimate goal of this research is to explain the guarantee of labor fishermen's rights. The approach used in this research is normative juridical by collecting data collection tools in the form of normative literacy studies related to these problems. The working relationship between owner and labor fishermen is legal because all these jobs contain elements of an employment relationship. The type of work agreement made between owner fishermen and labor fishermen is a verbal agreement. The legal consequence is that the rights of labor fishermen after the termination of employment are not granted due to the low position of labor fishermen. All workers, especially labor fishermen, should accept the rights in the Job Creation Law.How to cite item: Budiastanti, Dhaniar Eka, Galih Puji Mulyono, Dewi Ayu Rahayu, Bintang Ulya Kharisma, and Selvi Andriani. “Normative Problems Guaranteeing the Rights of Labor Fishermen in the Job Creation Law.” Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum 14 no. 2 (2023): 167-176. DOI: doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v14i2.10864.

Grammatical Features in Indonesia English: A Study of Indonesian College Students

This study aims to expose detailed descriptions of the grammatical features of Indonesian English. Indonesian English refers to a newly recognised linguistic variety of English as proposed by Coleman (2017). The grammatical characteristics as the result of acquiring a new language lead to the presence of a new variety of Indonesian English. Applying descriptive qualitative research, the data were collected based on recordings of the speech of 24 college students on three different topics. Following the principle proposed by Cogo and Dewey (2012), this study reveals twelve grammatical features as the characteristics of Indonesian English. They are namely the over-generalisation and omission of the copula BE (i.e am, is, are), the use of Indonesian collocation and literal translation, subject–verb agreement, the omission of the plural marker 's', assigning different lexical meanings, inappropriate prepositions, the omission of possessive markers, the omission and addition of articles, the application of verb tenses, the use of Indonesian acronyms and abbreviations, the incorrect construction of passive forms, and the use of Indonesian lexical items. It is shown that one of the main factors in the emergence of this new English variant is the contact of the multiple languages used by the speakers.