Verb Forms Research Articles

Morphosyntactic underspecification affects the processing of verbal forms at different levels of abstraction in L1 and L2 German

Abstract Using a priming paradigm, we investigated the processing of overtly identical verb forms with different sets of morphosyntactic features in L1 and L2 German. We found that more specific functions of a verb (inflected verbs) were better primes for less specific verb functions (past participles) than vice versa. For L1 speakers, these priming asymmetries were observed regardless of whether the lexical verb was repeated in prime and target or not (i.e., priming also for abstract configurations). For L2 learners, a similar but not native-like asymmetric priming pattern was seen only with repetition of the lexical verb. It was absent when the verb was not repeated. We conclude that in L2, morphosyntactic information is processed more on a lexical, item-based level compared to L1. We discuss our results in the context of several accounts, e.g., Shallow Structure Hypothesis, Declarative Procedural Model and the Ontogenesis Model of the L2 Lexical Representation.

Syntactic variation in Hong Kong English

Kirkpatrick and Lixun (2021) maintain that two significant morphosyntactic processes have been at play in early Englishes. These are simplification and regularization. Simplification refers to the relatively simplified inflectional morphology in English today. Kirkpatrick and Lixun (2021) provide an example for the word stan (i.e., stone in Old English) that showed great differences in the singular and plural form in nominative, accusative, genitive and dative case in Old English. Another process is regularization, through which some of the strong verb forms for past tense in English have changed to take the weak or the regular form. To illustrate, the past tense of work was wrought but over time, it has changed to worked.

Obstetric violence as perceived by nursing students

Objective: To identify the perception of Nursing students about the understanding, causes, and prevention actions of obstetric violence. Method: A descriptive, exploratory, and qualitative study carried out at a private university center in Paraná. The data was collected from June to July 2022, using a semi-structured questionnaire for 10 Nursing students and submitted to thematic content analysis. Results: The following category emerged: knowledge of Nursing students about obstetric violence, made up of two subcategories: obstetric violence: concept, types, and understanding of the causes in the perception of Nursing students; and empowerment of women, active listening and training of health professionals to prevent practices that constitute obstetric violence. According to the interviewees, obstetric violence is characterized by abuse and mistreatment by health professionals, in its physical, verbal, moral, psychological, and sexual forms. Professional and structural issues were identified as the main causes, while professional training and women's empowerment were identified as factors for preventing the problem. Final considerations: The students understood the practices characterized as obstetric violence, were familiar with their main causes, and pointed to professional training and the need to provide women with preventive actions against this type of violence in obstetric services.

PECULIARITIES OF THE VERB IN KAZAKH, RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES

The article deals with the peculiarities of the verb in three languages: Kazakh, Russian, and English. The authors identify similarities and differences in the forms, conjugation, and use of verbs in Kazakh, Russian, and English. The authors conclude that the differences in verb forms reflect the cultural and linguistic peculiarities of each language, based on a comparative analysis.

Infinitive as a verb form of the German language

The object of the study is the infinitive of the German language, and the subject is its semantic, structural and functional characteristics, which make it possible to interpret it as a verb form. The authors consider in detail such aspects as the specificity of the infinitive expression of the verbal categorical meaning, which brings it closer to the noun; structural division and microsystem of infinitive forms of the modern German language. Morphological features of the infinitive are considered through the prism of historical changes in the structure of the word in the German language. The authors pay special attention to the syntactic behavior of the infinitive. At the same time, the authors pay special attention to the multifunctionality of the infinitive, which is maximally identical to the nominal parts of speech. At the same time, the authors note the manifestation of the verb character of the infinitive in the ability to form a verb group. The methodological basis of the work is based on a systematic approach to the interpretation of linguistic phenomena in synchrony and diachrony. The theoretical basis of the research is the fundamental principles of general, comparative historical and Germanic linguistics. The comparative method and the method of distributive analysis were used to identify the functional potential of the infinitive and innovative phenomena. The main conclusions of the study are to identify the complexity of interpreting syncretic units to which the infinitive belongs. It was found that during the development of the German language, the infinitive gradually entered its verbal system, losing nominal grammatical features, such as the case paradigm. At the same time, the infinitive acquired verbal signs, as a temporary and collateral meaning. A special contribution of the author is the conclusion that the dual nature of the infinitive, which determines its peripheral position, is the basis for expanding its functional potential, which contributes to the participation of the infinitive in the formation of new grammatical structures/forms. The novelty of the study lies in the identification of such a function of the infinitive as participation in the formation of verb groups, where maximum proximity with the final verb is manifested.

Verbal vocabulary as a means of expressing interpersonal relations in Russian and Chinese

The subject of the study is the semantic and functional features of the lexico-semantic group of verbs denoting interpersonal relations in the Russian and Chinese languages. The verbal vocabulary representing the category of relationship describes the relationships that arise between people in the form of feelings, judgments and appeals to each other in the course of everyday life. The purpose of the proposed article is to identify the semantic and functional features of the verbs of the lexico-semantic group of interpersonal relations in the system of Russian and Chinese languages. The study revealed similarities and differences in the meaning of these verbs. As the analysis showed, some Chinese verbs do not match the meaning of the verbs of the Russian language. This article also examines the types of semantic changes in the semantic structure of the verbal word form functioning in the context. The main method of studying this group of verbs in Russian and Chinese is the comparative method. The descriptive method and the functional-semantic method, as well as the method of component analysis, were used in the selection and use of linguistic material. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the verbs of interpersonal relations are still insufficiently studied on the materials of the Russian and Chinese languages. The results of the research can be used in the practice of teaching university courses in such disciplines as cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, and intercultural communication. The study allows us to conclude that the verbs of interpersonal relationships are quite often used in both languages. The meanings of Chinese and Russian verbs are not always equivalent. Their semantic structures may also differ. The analysis of interlanguage gaps reveals the presence of incomplete lexical correspondence to a foreign word. Some verbal lexicons express interpersonal relationships in their direct meanings, while others develop this ability as a result of semantic modulation and semantic derivation. Interpersonal relationships can be expressed by verbs from other lexico-semantic groups, acquiring the semantics of interpersonal relationships in the context. In conclusion, we note that expressions of interpersonal relationships can also be verb-noun combinations, which, when analyzing various specifiers in the context, indicate the reasons for a positive or negative attitude towards a person.

INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS OF THE ENGLISH QUOTES OF MOTIVATION AND THEIR INDONESIAN TRANSLATIONS

This study aims to identify and analyze the mood and modality as the parts of interpersonal metafunction in translation of the English quotes of motivation into Indonesian. The documentation method was applied to collect the source and target language quotes in the forms of clauses, simple or complex sentences. Close reading technique is applied while collecting the quotes to understand the context of the motivational expressions. The collected data were qualitatively analyzed. In order to identify the translation of English quotes of motivation into Indonesian, the parts of sentence structures in the source and target languages were compared. Contrastive linguistics is relevant for this study in order to identify the difference between both languages. The mood and modality as the interpersonal function of the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) developed by Halliday were applied in analyzing the quotes of motivation. The quotes of motivation in English show the indicative mood, and so do their translations. There are 27 quotes of motivations found. All the quotes belong to the indicative mood, but there is only one quote that has the combination between indicative mood and imperative mood. Indicative mood consists of two sub-categories, they are declarative and interrogative. There is one quote started by a declarative statement, and then followed by the interrogative form, and the rest are declarative sentences. From the modality macro-function, there are eleven quotes in the forms of modal verbs. The quotes of motivation as the modality type show probability since it is given for a specific situation, and it is not used regularly. As the modulation type, it shows the obligation. In terms of the modality values, the high value is used more often than the median value. Most of the translations show similar modality types and modality values, however, there are only two quotes that show different modality types but the same modality values. The change is from the modalization type of probability ‘should’ to the modulation type of obligation ‘must’. The modality type shift does impact the reader’s understanding.

The impact of y replacement on the phonological structure of the verb form in hadhrami dialect

#يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة تأثير استبدال الحرف "ي" بالحرف "d3" في شكل الفعل في العديد من السياقات في اللهجة الحضرمية. تم جمع العديد من الكلمات التي تشكل شكل الفعل: المضارع، الماضي، والأمر. تم استخدام بعضها كقاعدة أساسية في هذا الدراسة مع استبدال الحرف "y" بالحرف "d3" في مواقع مختلفة داخل الكلمة: البداية، الوسط، والنهاية. أظهرت النتائج أن هذا الاستبدال يؤثر على الهيكل الصوتي والصرفي الداخلي لشكل الفعل. التغيرات التي يتعرض لها أشكال الأفعال تؤدي إلى صعوبة في الفهم من جهة، وينتج عنها نوع من عدم المقبولية مقارنةً بالأشكال العربية القياسية.

L1 Influence on the Use of the English Present Perfect: A Corpus Analysis of Russian and Spanish Learners’ Essays

Background: Mastering verbal tenses, especially those expressing aspect, in a second language presents a challenge as learners frequently link the semantic nuances of verbal forms in their second language (L2) to the characteristics of the verbal systems in their native languages (L1). This study explores the impact of L1 on the usage of the English Present Perfect (PP) among non-native speakers. Purpose: In an effort to contribute to the ongoing research on the mechanisms governing the acquisition of English tenses, this study focuses on the variations that affect the usage of the PP in the writing of English learners. The investigation is particularly centered on university students whose L1 is Russian and Spanish, seeking to delve into the ways in which their first language influences the utilisation of the PP in their English writing. Method: Analysis of L2 English by Russian and Spanish learners, based on corpora of argumentative essays written by undergraduate Russian and Spanish learners of English, controlled by a corpus of essays produced by native speakers of English; frequency and distribution of the PP in learner writings; examination of semantic contexts; identification of error types. Results: The findings indicate that, despite a higher occurrence of the PP in texts produced by Spanish learners compared to Russian learners, the rate of errors in its application is nearly identical in both learner corpora. These errors are likely attributable to challenges in comprehending the functions of the PP and in distinguishing its semantics from those of other English tenses, particularly the Past Simple. Conclusion: The study suggests that the increased prevalence of PP usage by L2 learners may be attributed to positive transfer from their L1 when it exhibits structures analogous to the English PP. Conversely, patterns indicative of, for example, undergeneralisation of semantic contexts suggesting the relevance of an action, or of overgeneralisation of adverbs compatible with the PP can be interpreted as evidence of negative transfer. The results of this study hold significance for language pedagogy, as they highlight potential challenges in acquiring the PP that learners from diverse L1 backgrounds may encounter.

VERB-BASED EMOTIVE STRUCTURES IN THE LINGUISTIC CORPUS BASE

The study of emotions from a linguistic and linguocultural point of view requires an integrated approach to this issue. Given its importance in social communication, adequate and meaningful representations of human emotions should be reflected in the language. In this regard, the importance and relevance of research on emotions has been gaining momentum in recent decades. In the article, the National Corpus of the Kazakh language (test.qazcorpora.kz) the verb-based emotive structures at the base were analyzed. The main attention is paid to the lexical-grammatical and semantic features, emotive function and potential of verbs. These verb forms have grammatical, derivational and semantic characteristics. The purpose of the article is to analyze selected verbs, to study the emotional transformation of words for expressing thoughts and emotional states and their emotive state in their independent state and in language communication, thereby revealing the semantic, grammatical, lexical, functional features of emotive units in the Kazakh language. Verb-based structures based on the National Corpus of the Kazakh language were selected for the research material. As a result of the research work, the distinction between emotional units and emotive words in the Kazakh language was revealed, the emotive function of verb-based structures was demonstrated, the potential for expressing the mental state of the speaker, the features of use and the effect on the recipient was revealed. Keywords: emotive, emotivity, verb-based structures, emotive structures, vocabulary-semantics, Linguistic Corpus.

Структурно-семантические особенности образных выражений, характеризующих гору Эльбрус в карачаево-балкарском языке

The aim of this work is to identify the structural-semantic and grammatical features of Karachay-Balkar figurative expressions that are folk names for Mount Elbrus. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that, for the first time, a structural-semantic and grammatical analysis of the considered units has been conducted based on the Karachay-Balkar language, determining their distinctive features and component composition. The research revealed the structural-grammatical and semantic features of the examined nominations. It was established that in structural terms, the considered figurative expressions consist of one-word, two-word, and three-word units. One-word names are represented by a single lexeme. The results showed that in the majority of cases, two-component names prevail, represented by schemes such as ‘substantive + substantive’, ‘adjective + substantive’, ‘participle + substantive’. In three-word descriptions, the reference component is the appellative ‘тау’ (mountain), with prepositional components featuring adjectives and nouns of various semantics, as well as past and future participles, less frequently personal verb forms and gerunds.

Grenzüberschreitungen an der Peripherie: Aspektuelle Funktionen von Aktivpartizipien und Verbalsubstantiven im Tschechischen

Summary Non-finite verb forms are located at the boundary of the verbal paradigm. On the one hand, they are formed paradigmatically and – if they are not lexicalized – correspond semantically to the underlying verb; on the other hand, they behave syntactically like nominal forms. Their interpretation and thus their treatment in grammars and in corpus annotation differ in individual national philological traditions. In the present text, the behavior of Czech participles and verbal nouns is investigated with respect to the category of verbal aspect. On the basis of excerpts from electronic corpora (Czech National Corpus), it is shown that both participles and verbal nouns express aspectual functions. Even more, they are capable of overstepping boundaries of codification and formal description and actualizing these aspectual functions in concrete contexts. However, participles and verbal nouns do not behave in the same way, but follow certain lines, which are given by differences in codification, formal morphology and syntactic functions.

Mekanisme Valensi Morfologis pada Verba Bahasa Indonesia

As a language with agglutinative morphology type, Indonesian has not shown serious firmness in various morphological cases, especially valency mechanism caused by morphology + verb process. To deeply dissect the valency mechanism, especially inflected verbs in Indonesian, a qualitative method with descriptive type is used with agih (distributional) method and direct element sharing technique to analyze the data. The results of this study show the existence of valency mechanisms in the form of inflected verbs in Indonesian, namely (1) valency increase in the causative morphological structure with {meN-kan} marker, (2) valency increase in the benefactive applicative structure with {di-kan} marker, (3) valency increase in the locative applicative structure with {meN-i} marker, (4) valency decrease in the ergative sentence structure with morphological cases {ter-}, {ke-an}, and {∅}. This study shows various valency mechanisms that are dominant in inflected verbs even though in some cases they appear in ergative forms that do not have markers.

Second Language Learners’ Awareness of Adjectivalisation: The Challenge of Differentiating between Verbal Participles and Adjectival Participles by Libyan EFL Students

This study explores Libyan EFL learners’ awareness of the process of adjectivalisation, and more specifically the process of using the participle form and progressive form of verbs as adjectives used in English Language. In addition, this study aims to test Libyan students’ recognition of adjectival participles and whether they will be able to distinguish them from verbal participles, prove them as real adjectives with their progressive – ing, and participle – ed, – en forms, and find out appropriate Arabic equivalents of these adjectives easily. The data gathered for this study were based on students’ marks they got by answering a two-part test consisting of an introductory part which is a multiple-choice test, followed by the main part which is the translation test. In the first part, the participants who were 30 students enrolled in Translation III course, were asked to choose the correct adjectivalised participle, and in the second part, the participants were asked to translate some participles used as adjectives into Arabic language. The study was mainly based on quantitatively as well as qualitatively analysing students’ answers to the test questions. The findings of this research revealed that only 16.67 % of the participating students successfully recognized verbal participles used as adjectives. On the other hand, 33.33 % of the students have appropriately rendered the involved de-participle adjectives into Arabic. In addition to the previous results, 20 % of the respondents properly recognized the present participle adjectives, whereas 50% of them truly recognized past adjectival participles in English.

Grammatical Deviations in the Lesson Plans Among Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED) English Students

This study sought to analyze the grammatical deviations from the collected lesson plans of BSED English students. It also describes the types and causes of grammatical deviations that occur in their lesson plans. The data were taken from the 41 collected lesson plans of BSED English students who were enrolled during the second semester of the school year 2022-2023. The qualitative-descriptive research method was used to substantially analyze the grammatical deviations within the content of the collected lesson plans. The researcher and three validators checked and reviewed the generated data to ensure that the grammatical deviations were accurately identified. The Grammatical deviations that were found in the lesson plans among BSED English students across all year levels were: subject-verb agreement and verb form. The findings revealed that subject-verb agreement had the highest occurrences of deviations due to the influence of their language transfer, which often had distinct systems and patterns, while the verb form had moderate occurrences. The findings transpire that BSED English students are not merely regarded as grammatically incompetent, just because of grammatical deviations found in their lesson plans. Nonetheless, they should be understood that their grammatical deviations are influenced and shaped by the sociolinguistic reality, language variations, and cultural backgrounds. Which can still be used as a medium in delivering the lessons, and likewise influence the learners’ academic development.

Kontrastif Kolokasi dalam Penerjemahan Arab-Indonesia

The comparative study conducted in this research is to see the differences and similarities between Arabic and Indonesian collocations and to see how the collocation process is translated. The comparative study was conducted using a comparative descriptive methodological approach. This research is a type of library research, which describes research conducted solely based on facts or phenomena contained in the data. The data processing process is carried out using three steps of contrastive analysis, the first is a description, the second is an overview and the third is a comparison as well as describes the collocation process in translation. Through these several stages, lexical and grammatical collocation data can be obtained both in Arabic and Indonesian as follows: words that are side by side or side by side between prepositions and verbs where the prepositions used are the prepositions (fî), ??(ilâ)??? (alâ), (an), ?(li) and (bi), resulting in the form or category of verb + preposition. Meanwhile, lexical collocations in Arabic use noun + noun, adjective + noun, verb + noun, preposition + noun and Indonesian lexical and grammatical collocations take the form of subject + predicate, noun + adjective, noun + noun, noun + adjective, noun + noun, verb + noun, adjective + noun. Furthermore, in the translation process, the lexical and grammatical collocation forms from the two languages cannot be translated literally or word for word (as is) but must be translated according to the context of the sentence and the culture used in the language.

A pragmatic Analysis of Effective Political Communication from a Relevance-Theoretic Perspective

A substantial aim of political communication is to engage specific groups of citizens through pragmatic policies and various media channels to convey messages and gain the audience’s acceptance effectively. This study investigates political communication as a form of discourse that occurs within political contexts, which involves the exchange of messages among political actors to address and resolve political issues. It is an interdisciplinary field encompassing aspects of psychology, economics, culture, society, and linguistics. This paper aims to give a satisfactory explanation for the question concerning effective communication characteristics: how might politicians utilize them in their speech to be more effective? This pragmatic study in discourse is devoted to analyzing the various effective syntactic structures that arise within political interactions according to Sperber and Wilson’s Theory of Relevance. The contribution of this study is evident as guidelines for further understanding the correlation between language and cognition. The researchers find that politicians seek to cognitively take advantage of the tendency of the audience to strive for relevance. In this way, expectations and attitudes are to be recognized and met by either interlocutors. The focal point of the study is the linguistic and inferential aspects of communication (verbal and non-verbal forms), represented in explicatures and implicatures. The study’s findings exhibit the politicians’ efforts in crafting their utterances optimally to meet the audience’s expectations of relevance, which could be used as an influential method for further studies concerning discourse and communication. This research paper aims to pragmatically exploit the effectiveness of the political interactions (extracts) in the House of Commons (UK parliamentary debates).

The ‘Still Not’ Present in Andi: identifying the grammaticalization source

Abstract Andi (East Caucasian) features a verb form that marks an event that is (still) not happening, contrary to the speaker’s expectation (i.e. ‘Still Not’ Present). This form is unusual for several reasons. First, forms of this kind are not typical for the language family. Second, while it conveys negative semantics, the form does not contain negation marking, even though segmentally it is rather heavy in comparison to other synthetic tenses. Third, to our knowledge grammatical ‘still not’ expressions are typologically uncommon. The paper describes the semantics and morphosyntactic properties of the ‘Still Not’ Present and suggests a plausible grammaticalization source by comparing dialects and closely related languages. We also try to match the data to typological categories like phasal polarity.

Idiosyncratic Expression: Analysis of the Junior Students’ Paragraph Writing Test

The study analyzes the errors in the idiosyncratic expressions of 2nd-semester undergraduates in the English Language Education Program at Tanjungpura University. The objectives of the study are to describe the types of errors encountered in the students’ idiosyncratic expressions. The method of research is descriptive. The research participants were the 2nd-semester undergraduate students of the English Language Education Program of Tanjungpura University. The data were collected from corpora written by the students. Idiosyncrasy occurred in the students’ text. 187 constructions, out of 244, were deemed idiosyncratic. the types of errors found in the students’ idiosyncratic expressions were verb form errors (24,60%), subject and verb agreement errors (19,25%), plurality errors (9,63%), pronoun errors (9,09%), preposition errors (9,63%), verb tense errors (8,56%), word form errors (8,56%), article errors (5,88%) and word order errors (4,81%).

Classification of Grammatical Errors Found in English Verb Forms from Students’ Academic Writing Tasks at Gishari Integrated Polytechnic Regional College (IPRC), Rwanda

The analysis of language errors has been a beneficial exercise in academia and research, particularly for individual learners who use English as a second or foreign language. This study aimed to identify and classify grammatical errors in verb forms use among engineering students' academic writing tasks. It pursued one specific objective of categorizing errors in verb forms. The study involved 133 students and 15 teachers, who contributed to data collection through essay tests and questionnaires. Analytical methods included document analysis, deductive thematic analysis, and descriptive statistics were used to gather useful linguistic facts on the issue. The grammatical errors discovered encompassed all five verb forms errors and were categorized as omission, addition, misformation, and misordering based on students' essays and teachers' evaluation of the essays. Thus, writing errors detract the reader from the piece's overall readability with poor quality of writing and blurs written communication. Therefore, it is necessary to pinpoint the students' verb-form errors in order to provide them with the required foundational knowledge to write flawlessly. Teachers should be on the alert of grammatical verb forms errors when assessing their students’ writings and ensure they correctly use the verb forms.