Vent Sizing Research Articles

Analysis of pressure behavior during runaway reaction with case studies of various depressurization designs

In chemical plants, safety valves are installed on process equipment where pressure rise would occur to prevent their rupture. However, it is difficult to estimate accurate vent size for two-phase flow, and the analysis of pressure rise behavior during a runaway reaction is important. However, ISO method sometimes gives unpractical vent size, therefore, a detailed process dynamic simulation model was constructed in this study. A detailed model was constructed with Aspen and Advanced Reactive System Screening Tool (ARSST) experimental data. The model for depressurization from reactor was the refined omega-method of ISO, which was programmed with Aspen Custom Modeler. The case studies of dynamic simulation are carried out and the result of vent size estimated from ISO method were compared. In addition, some case studies on various process conditions and safety valves such as diameters and set pressures of safety valve, the presence of exhaust gas lines and different solvents were carried out. Different combinations of these conditions produced significantly different behavior in the runaway reaction. Therefore, these results lead to the understanding of runaway reaction and may expect to provide some options for constructing safer processes practicably and economically.

Numerical simulation of the influence of vent conditions on the characteristics of hydrogen explosion in confined space

To reduce the injury caused by hydrogen explosion accident, numerical simulation study is carried out to study the characteristics of hydrogen explosion in confined space under different venting conditions. The results show that in the process of the flame passing through the side vent, the position of the side vent can affect the leading role of the side venting on the flame front distortion. When the flame front is in front of the side vent, the flame is accelerated by the traction of co-flow. When the flame front passes through the side vent, the flame propagation speed under various working conditions is greatly reduced due to the combined action of reflected wave and vertical flow field. When the front of the flame is located behind the side vent, the flame propagation speed fluctuates greatly only when the side vent is 1 m away from the ignition end, and the flame propagation to the end of the pipe is kept at a low speed in other venting conditions. The pressure relief effect of the side vent is positively related to the size of the side vent. When the side vent is located in the middle of the pipe, the pressure relief effect is the best. When the size of the vent is small, the pressure relief effect is greatly affected by the location of the vent. The peak overpressure in h-1-40, h-3-40, h-5-40 decreases by 49.21%, 83.89%% and 78.03%, respectively. With the increase of the size of the side vent, the pressure relief effect of the side vent is almost not affected by its size. The peak overpressure in H-1-80, H-3-80, H-5-80 only decreases by 90.17%, 94.99% and 92.78%, respectively.

INSIGHTS INTO THE FLOW WITHIN THE WELL DOCK OF A MOTHERSHIP DURING FEEDER VESSEL DOCKING MANOEUVRES

An experimental campaign has been undertaken to explore the flow around a feeder vessel as it manoeuvres in and out of the well dock of a mothership. The parent hulls for this study are drawn from the floating harbour transhipper concept created by Sea Transport Corporation. Laser measurement techniques have been employed to analyse the flow field within the well dock while the feeder vessel both enters and departs. For the Master of the feeder vessel to safely perform these manoeuvres, the complex flows resulting from the highly confined nature of the well dock concept need to be understood and potentially mitigated. It is shown that the inclusion of vents in the well dock can significantly influence the flow and that their effectiveness is determined by the size of the vents. This study further progresses the authors’ recent work on the same novel concept where the confined water effect of the well dock and inclusion of vents is quantified for both the seakeeping behaviour and the docking/departure performance. It is concluded that the use of vents is very beneficial when a feeder vessel docks or departs the well dock, however a compromise on the vent size must be reached in order to reduce adverse effects on feeder vessel motions when docked and exposed to a seaway. It is likely that the optimum solution, that covers all operational parameters, only requires the inclusion of relatively small vents.

Ventilation and energy performance study on platform screen doors with adjustable vents in a subway station

Environmental control system (ECS) accounts for approximately one third of the whole energy consumption of rail transit in the northern regions of China. Particularly, the ventilation system, which provides fresh air through the air shaft and exhausts the excess heat from the station, occupies the largest proportion of the energy consumption. For the aim of reducing ventilation energy consumption by utilizing piston wind adequately, the application of innovative platform doors (IPD) with adjustable vents is investigated at side platforms in this study. Full-scale numerical model is developed based on an actual subway station and the simulation results are validated by the test data. The influence of three key factors (location, size and opening angle of the adjustable vents) on fresh air volume and thermal environment on platform are studied. The fresh air volume and temperature of the platform were compared between one train and two-train conditions in side platforms with IPD. For different platform forms, comparison on fresh air volume and thermal environment is conducted between side and island platforms with IPD, and the results indicate that piston wind provide more fresh air and improve the thermal environment more significantly at side platform. Finally, energy conservation potential of the IPD is studied at side platforms in different climatic regions. The results reveal that the ventilation energy consumption is reduced by 19.31%-57.25% in different climatic regions by effective utilization of the piston wind in the whole year.

Calorimetric evaluation of thermal stability and runaway hazard based on thermokinetic parameters of O,O–dimethyl phosphoramidothioate

Accidents related to pesticides have occurred with increasing frequency in recent years. One such accident, involving O,O–dimethyl phosphoramidothioate (DMPAT), which is an essential pesticide intermediate in the manufacture of organophosphorus pesticides, occurred in Taichung, Taiwan, in 2016. The results of thermogravimetric analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry, and vent sizing package 2 experiments revealed that the atmosphere, heating rate, and stirring conditions of DMPAT affect its thermal stability. Multiple thermokinetic methods were adopted to determine the values of thermal safety parameters. Through multiple linear regression, a reaction model of DMPAT was developed. The time to conversion limit and self-accelerating decomposition temperature were determined. The results of this study provide a reference for ensureing the thermal safety of DMPAT processing, use, storage, and transport and preventing thermal decomposition accidents.

Improving size selectivity of round pot for Charybdis japonica by configuring escape vents in the Yellow Sea, China.

Sustainable development of the important economic species, Asian paddle crab (Charybdis japonica), has attracted attention in the coastal waters of the Yellow Sea, China. The commonly used round pots are almost nonselective, resulting in severe bycatch of juveniles. In this study, we explored a method to improve the size selectivity for C. japonica by mounting escape vents on the side panels of each pot. The selectivity of pots with escape vent sizes of 70 mm × 20 mm, 70 mm × 25 mm, 70 mm × 30 mm, and 70 mm × 35 mm was tested using a catch comparison method. The estimated minimum landing size (MLS) of carapace height (27 mm), according to the regulated MLS of carapace length (50 mm), was used as a reference point to explain the results. Significant increases in the size of crabs caught by pots were found with the enlargement of escape vent size (Kruskal–Wallis test, P < 0.01). The pots with 70 mm × 20 mm, 70 mm × 25 mm and 70 mm × 30 mm escape vents released nearly 50%, 75% and 95% of undersized individuals, respectively, and these three types of pots retained approximately 90% of legal-sized individuals compared with the control pots without escape vents. The pots with 70 mm × 35 mm escape vents released nearly all undersized individuals, but they also released most legal-sized individuals. Pots with an escape vent size of 70 mm × 30 mm were recommended for the sustainable development of C. japonica in the Yellow Sea of China. The results of this study reiterate the importance of carapace height for determining the size selectivity, which can serve as a reference to formulate management regulations in the coastal waters of the Yellow Sea, China.

Numerical Simulation of Airbag and Study on the Effect of Airbag Parameters on Head Injury Criteria

Abstract: In the case of an accident, inflatable restraints system plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of vehicle occupants. Frontal airbags have saved 44,869 lives, according to research conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).Finite element analysis is extremely important in the research and development of airbags in order to ensure optimum protection for occupant. In this work, we simulate a head impact test with a deploying airbag and investigate the airbag's parameters. The airbag's performance is directly influenced by the parameters of the cushion such as vent area and fabric elasticity. The FEM model is analysed to investigate the influence of airbag parameter, and the findings are utilised to determine an optimal value that may be employed in the construction of better occupant safety systems. Keywords: airbag, finite element method, occupant safety, frontal airbag, vent size, fabric elasticity, head injury criteria

Simulating the Transport and Dispersal of Volcanic Ash Clouds With Initial Conditions Created by a 3D Plume Model

Volcanic ash transport and dispersion (VATD) models simulate atmospheric transport of ash from a volcanic source represented by parameterized concentration of ash with height. Most VATD models represent the volcanic plume source as a simple line with a parameterized ash emission rate as a function of height, constrained only by a total mass eruption rate (MER) for a given total rise height. However, the actual vertical ash distribution in volcanic plumes varies from case to case, having complex dependencies on eruption source parameters, such as grain size, speed at the vent, vent size, buoyancy flux, and atmospheric conditions. We present here for the first time the use of a three-dimensional (3D) plume model based on conservation laws to represent the ash cloud source without any prior assumption or simplification regarding plume geometry. By eliminating assumed behavior associated with a parameterized plume geometry, the predictive skill of VATD simulations is improved. We use our recently developed volcanic plume model based on a 3D smoothed-particle hydrodynamic Lagrangian method and couple the output to a standard Lagrangian VATD model. We apply the coupled model to the Pinatubo eruption in 1991 to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach. Our investigation reveals that initial particle distribution in the vertical direction, including within the umbrella cloud, has more impact on the long-range transport of ash clouds than does the horizontal distribution. Comparison with satellite data indicates that the 3D model-based distribution of ash particles through the depth of the volcanic umbrella cloud, which is much lower than the observed maximum plume height, produces improved long-range VATD simulations. We thus show that initial conditions have a significant impact on VATD, and it is possible to obtain a better estimate of initial conditions for VATD simulations with deterministic, 3D forward modeling of the volcanic plume. Such modeling may therefore provide a path to better forecasts lessening the need for user intervention, or attempts to observe details of an eruption that are beyond the resolution of any potential satellite or ground-based technique, or a posteriori creating a history of ash emission height via inversion.

Vascular Bursts Act as a Versatile Tumor Vessel Permeation Route for Blood-Borne Particles and Cells.

Dynamic bursting in tumor vasculature has recently sparked interest as a novel particle transportation route for drug delivery. These bursts facilitate the transport of sub-100nm nanoparticles into tumors, though their contribution on the access of other blood-borne particles remains unknown. To evaluate the versatility of this phenomenon, the in vivo kinetics of a variety of intravenously injected particles and their penetration in tumor xenografts and allografts are compared. Dextran, polymeric micelles, liposomes, and polymeric vesicles with diameters ranging from 32 to 302nm are found to colocalize in virtually all vascular bursts. By mathematical modeling, the burst vent size is estimated to be 625nm or larger, indicating the dynamic and stochastic formation of large permeation routes in tumor vasculature. Furthermore, some burst vents are found to be µm-sized, allowing the transport of 1µm microspheres. Moreover, antibody drugs and platelets are capable of utilizing vascular burst transportation, demonstrating the application of this phenomenon to other types of therapeutics and cellular components. These findings indicate the vast potential of vascular bursts, extending the biological and therapeutic significance of this phenomenon to a wide range of blood-borne particles and cells.

Evaluation of thermal reaction for two azo compounds by using 20-L apparatus and calorimetry

Azo compounds are widely involved in the industrial processes of dyes, pigments, initiators, and blowing agents. Unfortunately, these compounds have a bivalent unstable –NN– composition, which can be readily broken when the ambient temperature is elevated. Self-accelerating decomposition might cause a runaway reaction and lead to a fire, explosion, or leakage when the cooling system fails or other events occur. This study investigated the explosion properties, thermal stability parameters, and thermal hazard and mechanism of 2,2′–azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and 2,2′–azobis–2–methylbutyronitrile (AMBN). We used a 20-L apparatus, vent sizing package 2, synchronous thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry under explosive, adiabatic, and dynamic conditions to acquire the explosive curves, thermal curves, and thermodynamic parameters of the substances. Moreover, the differential isoconversional method (Friedman method) and ASTM E698 equation were employed to obtain the apparent activation energy Ea. All the experimental results revealed that AIBN is more dangerous than AMBN. The Ea of AIBN was lower than that of AMBN. The results can be used to construct an azo compound thermal hazard database for use for searches and reference examples by industry and related research areas.

Design optimization of forced air-cooled lithium-ion battery module based on multi-vents

In this paper, a multi-vent-based battery module for 18,650 lithium-ion batteries was designed, and the structure of the module was optimized by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Compared with the previous researches on the layout of one air inlet and one air outlet, the thermal management system with multi-vents was more effective for improving the cooling performance. Firstly, the effects of the number, size and position of vents on the cooling performance of the battery module were explored. Then, the uniform variation of the spacings among the battery cells and the uneven variation of the spacings among internal, middle and external cells were discussed. Finally, the thermal states of the battery module under different air inlet velocity and discharge rate were analyzed. The results indicated that the layout with one inlet located at the top center and four outlets located at the lower right corner of four sides was superior to other layouts. The maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference of which were reduced by 7.167 °C (16.4%) and 3.216 °C (48.7%) compared with the original model. When the cell spacings were varied uniformly, the cooling effect of 1 mm spacings was more significant; the cell arrangement mode with dense inside and sparse outside obtains the best cooling effect when the cell spacings were varied unevenly under fixed battery module volume. After optimization, the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference were reduced by 7.260 °C (16.6%) and 5.016 °C (76.0%) respectively. Furthermore, when the batteries were discharged at 3C rate, at least an air inlet velocity of 2 m/s could be provided to enable the optimal module to operate stably. The present study provided an effective thermal management strategy for forced air-cooling systems.

Numerical study of external explosion characteristics induced by indoor natural gas vented explosion

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to ascertain the harm to personnel and equipment caused by an external explosion during natural gas explosion venting. The external explosion characteristics induced by the indoor natural gas explosion are the focal points of the investigation.Design/methodology/approachComputational fluid dynamics technology was used to investigate the large-scale explosion venting process of natural gas in a 6 × 3 × 2.5 m room, and the characteristics of external explosion under different scaled vent size (Kv = Av/V2/3, 0.05, 0.08, 0.13, 0.18) were numerically analyzed.FindingsWhen Kv = 0.08, the length and duration of the explosion fireball are 13.39 and 450 ms, respectively, which significantly expands the degree and range of high-temperature hazards. The suitable flow-field structure causes the external explosion overpressure to be more than twice that indoors, i.e. the natural gas explosion venting overpressure may be considerably more hazardous in an outdoor environment than inside a room. A specific range for the Kv can promote the superposition of outdoor rupture waves and explosion shock waves, thereby creating a new overpressure hazard.Originality/valueLittle attention has been devoted to investigating systematically the external explosion hazards. Based on the numerical simulation and the analysis, the external explosion characteristics induced by the indoor large-scale gas explosion were obtained. The research results are theoretically significant for mitigating the effects of external gas explosions on personnel and equipment.

A Method for Magma Viscosity Assessment by Lava Dome Morphology

Lava domes form when a highly viscous magma erupts on the surface. Several types of lava dome morphology can be distinguished depending on the flow rate and the rheology of magma: obelisks, lava lobes, and endogenic structures. The viscosity of magma nonlinearly depends on the volume fraction of crystals and temperature. Here we present an approach to magma viscosity estimation based on a comparison of observed and simulated morphological forms of lava domes. We consider a two-dimensional axisymmetric model of magma extrusion on the surface and lava dome evolution, and assume that the lava viscosity depends only on the volume fraction of crystals. The crystallization is associated with a growth of the liquidus temperature due to the volatile loss from the magma, and it is determined by the characteristic time of crystal content growth (CCGT) and the discharge rate. Lava domes are modeled using a finite-volume method implemented in Ansys Fluent software for various CCGTs and volcanic vent sizes. For a selected eruption duration a set of morphological shapes of domes (shapes of the interface between lava dome and air) is obtained. Lava dome shapes modeled this way are compared with the observed shape of the lava dome (synthesized in the study by a random modification of one of the calculated shapes). To estimate magma viscosity, the deviation between the observed dome shape and the simulated dome shapes is assessed by three functionals: the symmetric difference, the peak signal-to-noise ratio, and the structural similarity index measure. These functionals are often used in the computer vision and in image processing. Although each functional allows to determine the best fit between the modeled and observed shapes of lava dome, the functional based on the structural similarity index measure performs it better. The viscosity of the observed dome can be then approximated by the viscosity of the modeled dome, which shape fits best the shape of the observed dome. This approach can be extended to three-dimensional case studies to restore the conditions of natural lava dome growth.

Modeling thermal analysis for predicting thermal hazards relevant to transportation safety and runaway reaction for 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile)

The pure decomposition behavior of 2,2′-azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) and its physical phase transformation were examined and discussed. The thermal decomposition of this self-reactive azo compound was explored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to elucidate the stages in the progress of this chemical reaction. DSC was used to predict the kinetic and process safety parameters, such as self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT), time to maximum reaction rate under adiabatic conditions (TMRad), and apparent activation energy (Ea), under isothermal and adiabatic conditions with thermal analysis models. Moreover, vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) was applied to examine the runaway reaction combined with simulation and experiments for thermal hazard assessment of AIBN. A thorough understanding of this reaction process can identify AIBN as a hazardous and vulnerable chemical during upset situations. The sublimation and melting of AIBN near its apparent onset decomposition temperature contributed to the initial steps of the reaction and explained the exothermic attributes of the peaks observed in the calorimetric investigation.

非对称大跨度拱棚低温环境下的温度场研究

In order to improve the effective sunshine time, heat storage capacity and temperature distribution uniformity of traditional arch shed under low temperature, this paper designed a large-span arch shed which has larger sunny side span and east-west orientation. According to the numerical and measured data, it is concluded that the heat storage capacity and temperature distribution of asymmetrical arch shed are better than those of symmetrical arch shed within a certain range of the ratio between sunny and shaded side. After that, ten different asymmetric arch sheds were designed. It is concluded that the structure of 11+9 m along north-south direction has the best heat storage capacity. Besides that, the analysis of outside wind speed and opening size of top vent were carried out. It is found that the outside wind and top vent can effectively promote convection and exchange of the air, and then achieve the purpose of reducing the temperature. At the end of this paper, in order to identify the relationship of temperature with the structure of arch shed, outside wind speed, and opening size of top vent, a mathematical model was built based on response surface methodology, which would provide theoretical guidance for the design of arch sheds.

Effects of 1-butyl-3-metylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate on the thermal hazard of triacetone triperoxide (TATP)

We investigated the thermal hazard of triacetone triperoxide (3,3,6,6,9,9-hexamethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexoxonane, TATP) due to the influence of ionic liquid (IL). First, cyclic TATP was purified with a solvent mixed with methanol and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]). Second, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) were utilised to analyze the composition of the products. It was proved that the samples matched with the purchased sample to a greater extent. The thermal decomposition process of TATP was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry analyser (TGA) and vent sizing package 2 (VSP2). Based upon the data of DSC tests, the apparent activation energy (Ea) of these three samples was worked out and compared with the Starink calculation method. The maximum peak temperature (Tmax) and the average decomposition heat (ΔHd) of TATP became lower when the concentration of the [BMIM][BF4] increased because of the mixed solvent. The results of the TG experiments were consistent with those of the DSC tests. Based upon the VSP2 data, the thermal hazard data pertaining to Tmax, the maximum pressure (Pmax), self-heating rate, and the pressure rise rate were obtained. The data derived from this regard decreased when [BMIM][BF4] was added to the mixed solvent. We explored the effects of [BMIM][BF4] on the thermal decomposition hazard of TATP. The decomposition mechanism of TATP was studied when the [BMIM][BF4] was added. Moreover, the bond dissociation energy of TATP molecule was 113.13kJ/mol calculated by Gaussian software simulation.

Transient process simulation of a thermal explosion at a propylene purification unit using calorimetric techniques

In Taiwan, on July 30, 2011, a huge explosion occurred at a propylene purification unit when eliminating impurities such as H2O, H2S, and COS. This incident severely eroded public faith in mechanisms for ensuring chemical process safety. Plant operators failed to identify the serious situation; this failure has been blamed on their use of insufficient detection equipment and inaccurate data. In this study, we demonstrated a relationship between propylene and the thermal characteristics of the sorbents used. To reconstruct the accident, reaction pathway analysis, pseudo-adiabatic adsorption conditions, and precise thermal parameters were modelled using vent sizing package 2, a pseudo-adiabatic calorimeter. For an in-depth analysis, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling techniques were employed. The results indicated that propylene adsorption immediately raised the sorbent bed temperature. Severe oligomerisation was identified upon the temperature reaching 150 °C; this was suspected to be the main reason for the thermal chain reaction and its effects. Moreover, gaseous-phase propylene diminished the heat-removal capacity during the process. This led to considerable adsorption heat, causing a chain reaction that resulted in the explosion and fire. CFD results showed that shortening the liquefaction period was effective for operation safety. Finally, the unavoidable adsorption heat release acted as the initiator, triggering the advanced reaction in a nonrigorous system. In this study, practicable numerical methods were expanded to predict the runaway reaction of the adsorbent system, and the results revealed blind spots in the system data with respect to the accident scenario.

Restraint systems considering occupant diversity and pre-crash posture

Objective Use volunteer data and parametric finite element (FE) human body models to investigate how restraint systems can be designed to adapt to a diverse population and pre-crash posture changes induced by active safety features. Methods Four FE human models were generated by morphing the midsize male GHBMC simplified model into geometries representing a midsize male, midsize female, short obese female (BMI 40 kg/m2), and large obese male (BMI 40 kg/m2) based on statistical skeleton and body shape geometry models. Each human model was positioned in a generic vehicle driver environment using two occupant pre-crash postures based on volunteer test results including one resulting from 1-g abrupt braking events. Improved restraint designs were manually developed for each occupant model in a 56 km/h frontal crash condition by adding a knee airbag, adjusting the shoulder belt load limit, steering column force, and driver airbag properties (tethers, inflation, and vent size). The improved designs were then tested at both pre-crash postures. Injury risks for the head, neck, chest, and lower extremities were analyzed. Results Human size and shape dominated the occupant injury measures, while the pre-crash-braking induced posture had minimal effects. Some of the safety concerns observed for large occupants include head strike-through the airbag and a conflict between head and chest injuries, which were mitigated by a stiffer restraint system with properly-tuned driver airbag. Chest injuries were a prominent safety concern for female occupants, mitigated by a softer seatbelt and smaller airbag size near the chest. Obese occupants exhibited a higher likelihood of lower extremity injuries indicating a need for a knee airbag. A diverse set of improved restraint designs were effective in lowering injury risks, indicating that restraint adaptability is necessary for accounting for occupant diversity. Conclusions This study investigated the effects of occupant size and shape variability, posture, and restraint design on injury risk for high-speed frontal crashes. More forward initial postures due to active safety features may decrease head, neck, and lower extremity injury risk, but may also increase chest injury risk. Safety concerns observed for large occupants include head strike-through and a conflict between head and chest injuries. Obese occupants had higher knee-thigh-hip injury risk. New restraints that adapt to occupant size and body shape may improve crash safety for all occupants. Further investigation is needed to confirm and extend the findings of this study.

Fire Simulation for Vent Flow and Temperature in Engine Room of Small Ship: Effects of Ceiling Duct Location and Side Vent Size

Fire Simulation for Vent Flow and Temperature in Engine Room of Small Ship: Effects of Ceiling Duct Location and Side Vent Size

Thermal runaway evaluation using DSC1, VSP2, and kinetics models on Cu etchant and its waste in high-tech etching process

Cu etchant solutions have been widely used in etching processes because of their high etching efficiency and low cost for manufacturing electric products. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a major components of Cu etchants, is known for its instability and reactivity under thermal induction, metal-ion catalysis, or pyrolysis; thus, Cu etchants have a higher risk of thermal explosion than other etchant solutions do. In this study, the exothermic reaction of the Cu etchant was initiated at approximately 70 °C, and the exothermic enthalpy (ΔH) of the first peak was measured to be approximately 274.4 J g−1 using differential scanning calorimetry 1 (DSC1). The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)—Ozawa/Kissinger method, and Advanced Kinetics and Technology Solutions (AKTS)—Friedman simulation, were used to calculate the reaction kinetics. Thermal runaway and gas evolution were evaluated through vent sizing package 2 (VSP2). The pressure of the Cu etchant surged from atmospheric pressure to a maximum pressure of 225.075 psig, with a pressure increase of 168.684 psig min−1 in the VSP 2 adiabatic test. Finally, to improve the safety operation during the etching process, thermokinetic analysis was used to identify appropriate kinetic parameters for the thermal decomposition of the Cu etchant.