Vehicular Population Research Articles

An Appraisal of Vehicular Increase in India with Population Growth Scenario

Road transport is vital to the economic development and social integration of the country. Road transport encompasses a wide range of services and industries from road freight/passenger services providers and road/highways/expressways infrastructure. Besides, the sector also uses a wide array of services necessary for the functioning of the road transport sector which cover banking, insurance, repair services etc. India's road transport sector is very important and well efficient, it is only imperative that India has a high and increasing vehicular population. The road network is only facilitating this increase. The current study tries to find out and show the trends in vehicular increase with population, along with discussing various other aspects, and focusing more on vehicular growth part rather than population increase. The purpose is to find out what are the real factors that cause the vehicular increase, or should automobile increase be looked upon at as a result of population increase or the economic growth or the market orientation. The data has been taken from the census 2011 and the Road transport yearbook 2007–09. Various graphical, statistical and GIS tools have been used to showcase the data. The different segments of study focus on mainly, importance of road transport sector in India, registered motor vehicles in India, vehicular increase in India, state -wise distribution of vehicle population, city- wise distribution of vehicle population and major concerns such as road accidents, pollution. The paper tries to show the scenario in India first on a national level and then on a state level. It tries to find out the regional variation (by doing a state-wise analysis) as well as concentration of automobiles in million plus cities.

Air Pollution: Its Causes and Consequences With Reference To Kathmandu Metropolitan City

Rapid increase in human and vehicular population along with a continuous increase in primary energy consumption in Kathmandu metropolis results in continuous increase in TSP, PM10 SO2, CO, NO2 and other air polluting dust smog and gases. Emissions from automobiles, factories and domestic heating, cooking, refuse burning in Metropolitan areas have created air pollution which has threatened the well being of the city dwellers. Housing congestion, traffic congestion and various commercial activities have produced high amount pollutant emissions in various forms which have ultimately polluted the surrounding environment and adversely affected human health in the metropolis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v8i0.11509 The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Vol.8-10, pp. 27-33: 2010

English

INTRODUCTION: Bangalore is one of the most sought-after cities in the country with rapid growth in IT industry and rise in the number of job opportunities which has led to increase in vehicular population to about 1.5 million, with an annual growth rate of 7 - 10%. Traffic congestion has been found to disturb mood, lead to frustration and work absences. Hence the present study was undertaken to know the emotional states of stress, anxiety and depression in city bus drivers and compare the results with non-drivers of similar working environment. OBJECTIVES: To measure stress, anxiety and depression in city bus drivers. And, to compare the results with non-drivers of similar working environment. METHODOLOGY: Comparative parallel study done with 30 male city bus drivers as cases and 30 male bus conductors as controls in the age group of 20-60 years. The study group was matched for working hours and socio economic status. Appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria were excised and informed consent was taken. Depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS), a 42 item questionnaire evaluating depression, anxiety and stress was administered to all subjects. RESULTS: compiled and statistically analyzed. Drivers were more stressed compared to non-drivers which was statistically significant (p<0.01), whereas anxiety and depression scores showed a similar trend though without a statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Results highlight that city bus drivers are more stressed compared to non-drivers working in the same environment. Therefore measures to combat the stress need to be emphasized.

Quantifying the Impacts of Beijing Subway on Energy Consumption and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Emissions

This paper estimates the impacts of Beijing Subway on energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The ASIF methodology is developed to estimate the emissions based upon passenger travel behaviors in Beijing, which is notably different from popular existing approaches that calculate emissions from vehicular population. This methodology enables policy analysts to quantify how different subway development strategies and patterns would affect about CO2 emissions.

STUDY ON PEDESTRIAN AND SLOW MOVING TRAFFIC

When the consideration take place about the traffic of Chandigarh, no one think about the traffic related issue on slow moving traffic like pedestrian, bicyclist and other slow moving traffic. Though the motor vehicles have the revolutionized the road transport, but the steep growth of traffic in Chandigarh in recent years has caused an increment in traffic congestion and the rate of accident. According to the black book 2013 compiled by road accident analysis by Chandigarh traffic police, Geographical area of the Chandigarh is 114 sq. kms. Total population of Chandigarh is over 11 lakhs. Vehicular population of the city is more than 8.8 Lacs which is the highest per capita vehicular population in the country. Everyday more than 100 vehicles are added in U.T. Chandigarh. Total road length of Chandigarh is 1536 kms. More than 130 lives are being lost every year in Chandigarh Walking is an important mode of transport. In sector areas a significant proportion of trips up to 1-2Kms in length are performed on foot. Moreover every journey necessarily starts and ends as a walk trip. Since pedestrian are more vulnerable to being involved in accidents, it is imperative that adequate consideration should be given to their safety through provision of facilities like guard rails, secured crossing areas, footpath and grade separations. Pedestrian facilities should be planned in an integrated manner so as to ensure a continuous pedestrian flow. It should be useful therefore to look at pedestrian needs for an area as a whole and prepare an overall strategic plan. The basic aim should be to reduce pedestrian conflicts with vehicular traffic to the minimum. Efforts should be made to create such conditions that pedestrian are not forced to walk in unsafe circumstances and that the motorist respects the position of pedestrian. While planning the convenient of pedestrian should be paramount consideration. Otherwise the facilities provided will not be fully used. Suggestions formulated as traffic management schemes to provide safety to the pedestrians by reducing conflict in between vehicle movement and pedestrians

STATUS OF NOISE IN YESHWANTHPUR CIRCLE (BANGALORE NORTH) BASED ON ON-SITE DATA RECORDINGS AND ANALYSIS

The most unbearable environmental pollutant in the present day condition is the noise. It is definitely an unwanted sound. In the present day, noise levels have gone up in almost all the places, which is proved as health hazard, causing harmful physical and physiological problems. Bangalore is the fastest growing city in Asia. Many manufacturing industries and multi- national companies for software development are making their bases in Bangalore, because of favorable environment. Rapid urbanization of Bangalore city have increased the human population, industries and vehicular population, which are the major sources of noise. Hence, it was felt necessary to carry out the proposed study to assess the noise levels in the selected part of Bangalore. The survey area covers a distance of 15Kms around the periphery of M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology. In north of Bangalore this area was chosen to assess the present noise levels and compare with the permissible limits of sound pressure level. The selected area was covered by locating 15 stations on the boundary. Noise level measurements were made at respective stations. The sound level reading were recorded for fifteen days. The daytime survey was conducted for eight days followed by night time survey for next seven days.

Geochemical Evaluation of Metal Content of Soils and Dusts of Benin City Metropolis, Southern Nigeria

Forty-two (42) composite soils samples and fifty- seven (57) dusts samples were collected from within Benin City metropolis, southern Nigeria. All the samples were air dried, disaggregated and subsequently analyzed to determine the concentration of heavy metals using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The pH, Electrical conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of the samples were also determined. The pH ranges from slightly acidic to alkaline (5.5-7.1) and (6.0-7.2); EC (37.0-860.0 μS/cm) and (100.0-1437.0 μS/cm) as well as TDS (24.1-559.0 mg/L) and (65-934 mg/L) for soils and dusts respectively. Metals concentration in the soils and dusts are: Cu (4-1125 ppm) and (31.0-210.0 ppm); Pb (9.0-2889.0 ppm) and (40.0-440.0 ppm); Zn (29.0- 10000.0 ppm) and (116.0-729.0 ppm); Ni (2.0-52.0 ppm) and (10.0-28.0 ppm); Sr (4.0-969.0 ppm) and (10.0-196.0 ppm); Cd (Below Detection Limit, Bdl-27.2 ppm) and (Bdl-1.20 ppm); Cr (15.0 ppm-90.0 ppm) and (32.0-64.0ppm) and As (Bdl-6.0 ppm) and (Bdl-4.0 ppm) respectively. The geochemical and geo-accumulation index maps produced showed large variability in the spatial distributions of elements in topsoil and dusts respectively as well as their pollution status. Further evaluation of the results using contamination indices revealed that Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Ni and As are enriched in soils and dusts obtained from areas with dense human and vehicular population as well as areas with considerable commercial activities.

Energy use of, and CO2 emissions from China’s urban passenger transportation sector – Carbon mitigation scenarios upon the transportation mode choices

This paper estimates the energy consumption and CO2 emissions from China’s urban passenger transportation sector up to year 2030. A “bottom-up” methodology is developed to estimate the emissions based upon passenger travel behaviors in cities, which is notably different from popular existing approaches that calculate emissions from vehicular population. This methodology enables policy analysts to (1) quantify how different urban development strategies and patterns would affect about CO2 emissions; (2) directly link behavioral changes with urban development patterns and policies; and (3) analyze and understand the sensitivities of the urban passenger transportation sector in responding to both national- and city-level policies for carbon mitigation, thus helping the policy evaluation and development.Detailed information regarding urban passenger travels are collected in grouped Chinese cities of six categories. With the newly developed methodology, total carbon emissions from China’s urban passenger transportation sector under three scenarios are considered. The results showed that mode choice changes are the most sensitive to policies. Promoting public transportation and limiting car usage can contribute 21% of the total energy reduction of China’s transportation sector in 2030. Enhancing the above by optimizing street network and urban form, this contribution can be doubled in size.

MODELING GROWTH TREND AND FORECASTING TECHNIQUES FOR VEHICULAR POPULATION IN INDIA

Forecasting and estimation of growth in vehicular population is a sine qua non of any major transportation engineering development. It requires capturing the past trend and using it to predict the future trend based on qualified assumptions, simulations and models created using explanatory variables. This work attempts to review the in vogue approaches and investigate a more contemporary approach, the Time Series (TS) Analysis. Three fundamentally different methods were explored and results from each of these analyses were collated to check for respective levels of accuracy in predicting vehicular population for the same target year. Within the scope of this study and estimation, results obtained from TS Analysis were found to be considerably more accurate than those from Trend Line Analysis and observably better than those from Econometric Analysis. To reinforce these observations and inferences drawn, a second set of analysis was done on more recent input by using AADT data from PeMS, California. Inter alia this was carried out to contrast any statistical improvement observed when doing TS analysis with rich and accurate data. With all the data sets used and locations analyzed for forecasting, the Time Series analysis technique was invariably found to be a potent tool for forecasting.

MODELLING OF ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE IN SELECTED AREAS OF NASHIK CITY.

Most of the cities in India are facing serious noise pollution problems due to the concentration of motor vehicles and human population within the limited urban areas. The increase in noise pollution with increase in vehicular population is obvious. The study presents the status of noise pollution in selected areas of Nashik due to road traffic. The study was conducted using sound level meter at selected period of time and at selected locations. The study indicated that the noise levels in commercial areas, out of the study area under consideration, exceeded permissible levels. The results can be used for traffic management, land use planning and polluition control

Modelling, simulation and feasibility analysis of bus rapid transit system in Pune, India

The city of Pune, India, has a very large vehicular population, most of which being two wheelers, moreover, unorganised roads, undisciplined traffic and unreliable public transport system are adding heavily to the woes of this rapidly emerging hub. As a remedy to this issue, a bus rapid transit system was introduced in Pune a few years ago; this system immediately showed promise in decongesting roads and encouraged use of public transport. Efficiency and practicality of this system have been scrutinised by comparing it with the situation before its introduction. Using actual behavioural statistics of both systems and simulating them using basic discrete event simulation, the new system has been evaluated on various aspects. In addition, a feasibility analysis of the new system has been done by keeping in mind the current circumstances in Pune. Finally, a review of the system till date has been presented with future implications and critical changes essential for the smooth running of the system in the day...

A Novel Approach for the Detection of Drunken Driving using the Power Spectral Density Analysis of EEG

In today’s scenario, more and more people are required to travel back and forth to various places. With the increasing vehicular population and their movements on the roads, accidents are also steadily increasing. It has become a nightmare for the authorities to prevent /reduce such fatal accidents on the roads. But the authorities’ efforts are in vain. It is shocking to know the study results that around 50% of the road accidents are owing to drunken driving all over the world [1][2] . Any mechanism or device to reduce such deaths will be of great help. Drunken driving and its subsequent catastrophe can be avoided by monitoring the EEG of the driver. The power of the EEG signal in frontal region decreases with the increase in the amount of alcohol intake, and the power of the EEG signal in central, occipital region increases. Therefore, power spectral density can be used as a parameter to differentiate EEG of alcoholic from nonalcoholic, thereby reducing drunken driving. Results are presented to support this approach.

Performance Characteristics of a Dual Fuel Engine Operated with Mahua Biodiesel and Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Abstract Fuel crisis because of dramatic increase in vehicular population and environmental concerns have renewed the interest of the scientific community to look for alternative fuels of bio-origin such as vegetable oils and ethanol. India is looking at biodiesel derived from Mahua oil (MO), as one of the renewable alternative fuels for compression ignition (CI) engine. Although MO biodiesel (MOB) has several advantages over fossil diesel, in the present scenario, the use of biodiesel is restricted due to its high cost. In India, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is easily available and is one of the cheapest gaseous fuels. Hence, use of LPG to fuel a CI engine along with MOB seems to be an option for substitution of fossil diesel. In the present work, LPG, which was fumigated along with the air and biodiesel was admitted into the engine cylinder through conventional fueling device as an igniter. A single cylinder CI engine was modified to work in dual fuel mode and engine tests were carried out at rated speed under variable load conditions. The performance of the engine in dual fuel mode was compared with the diesel. The dual fuel operation results in thermal efficiency close to the diesel and also reduces the NOx and smoke emissions significantly. From the experimental results, we concluded that biodiesel in dual fuel mode with cheaper gaseous fuel induction is an option for reducing the operating cost of the biodiesel fuelled CI engine.

Performance evaluation of a dual fuel engine (Diesel + LPG)

The paper presents the results on the existing diesel engines that can be suitably modified to operate on the dual fuel mode to conserve diesel and also reduce environmental pollution. The conventional fuels, petrol and diesel for internal combustion engines are getting exhausted at an alarming rate, due to tremendous increase in the vehicular population. Further these fuels cause serious environmental problems as they release toxic gases into the atmosphere at high temperatures and concentrations. Some of the pollutants released by the engines are UBHC, CO, NOx, smoke and particulate matter. In view of this and many other related issues, these fuels will have to be replaced by alternative and eco-friendly fuels. A 4-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine has been considered for the purpose of experimentation. It is modified suitably to run on the dual fuel mode. LPG carburetor is incorporated on the intake side of the engine. The fuel injection system is also altered so that it injects only the pilot fuel. The engine is interfaced with a computer, so that the data could be generated on-line and stored for the off-line analysis. The performance of the engine is evaluated at a constant speed of 1500 rpm under varying load conditions for different proportions of LPG energy. The LPG energy substitution could be done up to 50% at lower loads and up to 20% at higher loads. The engine performance is better on pure diesel up to engine loads of about 35%. At higher engine loads, the dual fuel mode is superior to the pure diesel mode of operation. This is true with regard to the emissions also. The smoke density is considerably reduced on dual-fuel operation, compared to that of pure diesel operation. At lower loads, for improved performance, the engine could be operated on pure diesel operation. However for higher loads, the operation could be switched over to the dual fuel mode. The threshold load of transition from diesel fuel mode to the dual fuel mode is found to be about 35%. Dual fuel engines can be conveniently used in various applications, particularly at higher loads.Keywords: Dual-fuel, emissions, gas carburetor, LPG, lower loads, higher loads, performance.

Combustion characteristics of diesel engine operating on jatropha oil methyl ester

Fuel crisis because of dramatic increase in vehicular population and environmental concerns have renewed interest of scientific community to look for alternative fuels of bio-origin such as vegetable oils. Vegetable oils can be produced from forests, vegetable oil crops, and oil bearing biomass materials. Non-edible vegetable oils such as jatropha oil, linseed oil, mahua oil, rice bran oil, karanji oil, etc., are potentially effective diesel substitute. Vegetable oils have reasonable energy content. Biodiesel can be used in its pure form or can be blended with diesel to form different blends. It can be used in diesel engines with very little or no engine modifications. This is because it has combustion characteristics similar to petroleum diesel. The current paper reports a study carried out to investigate the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of jatropha oil methyl ester and its blend B20 (80% petroleum diesel and 20% jatropha oil methyl ester) and diesel fuel on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injections, water cooled diesel engine. This study gives the comparative measures of brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, smoke opacity, HC, NOx, ignition delay, cylinder peak pressure, and peak heat release rates. The engine performance in terms of higher thermal efficiency and lower emissions of blend B20 fuel operation was observed and compared with jatropha oil methyl ester and petroleum diesel fuel for injection timing of 20° bTDC, 23° bTDC and 26° bTDC at injection opening pressure of 220 bar.

Prediction of PM 10 concentrations at urban traffic intersections using semi-empirical box modelling with instantaneous velocity and acceleration

At urban traffic intersections, vehicles frequently stop with idling engines during the red-light period and speed up rapidly during the green-light period. The changes of driving patterns (i.e., idle, acceleration, deceleration and cruising patterns) generally produce uncertain emission. Additionally, the movement of pedestrians and the influence of wind further result in the random dispersion of pollutants. It is, therefore, too complex to simulate the effects of such dynamics on the resulting emission using conventional deterministic causal models. For this reason, a modified semi-empirical box model for predicting the PM 10 concentrations on roadsides is proposed in this paper. The model constitutes three parts, i.e., traffic, emission and dispersion components. The traffic component is developed using a generalized force traffic model to obtain the instantaneous velocity and acceleration when vehicles move through intersections. Hence the distribution of vehicle emission in street canyon during the green-light period is calculated. Then the dispersion component is investigated using a semi-empirical box model combining average wind speed, box height and background concentrations. With these considerations, the proposed model is applied and evaluated using measured data at a busy traffic intersection in Mong Kok, Hong Kong. In order to test the performance of the model, two situations, i.e., the data sets within a sunny day and between two sunny days, were selected to examine the model performance. The predicted values are generally well coincident with the observed data during different time slots except several values are overestimated or underestimated. Moreover, two types of vehicles, i.e., buses and petrol cars, are separately taken into account in the study. Buses are verified to contribute most to the emission in street canyons, which may be useful in evaluating the impact of vehicle emissions on the ambient air quality when there is a significant change in a specific vehicular population.

Temporal variability of benzene concentration in the ambient air of Delhi: A comparative assessment of pre- and post-CNG periods

CNG (compressed natural gas) was fully implemented in public transport system in Delhi in December 2002. The study assesses the benzene concentration trends at two busy traffic intersections and a background site in Delhi, India. Monitoring was done for two different time periods viz; in the year 2001–2002 (pre-CNG) and two winter months (January and February) of the year 2007 (post-CNG) to assess the impact of various policy measures adopted by the government of Delhi to improve the air quality in the city. Annual average benzene concentration for the pre-CNG period was found to be 86.47 ± 53.24 μg m −3. Average benzene concentrations for the winter months (January–February) of pre- and post-CNG periods were 116.32 ± 51.65 μg m −3 and 187.49 ± 22.50 μg m −3, respectively. Enhanced values could be solely attributed to the increase in the vehicular population from 3.5 million in the year 2001–2002 to ∼5.1 millions in the year 2007.

Smoking Is a Marker of Risky Behaviors Independent of Substance Abuse in Injured Drivers

Objective. Smoking has been linked to disease and injury. The purpose of this study is to investigate the smoking habits of motor vehicular driver trauma center patients and their association with previous injury history and risky behaviors. Methods. The studied population included 323 motor vehicular driver injury patients (123 smokers and 200 non-smokers) interviewed as part of a larger study of psychoactive substance use disorders at an adult Level I trauma center. Patients with head injuries, hospital stays of less than two days, and diminished cognition were excluded. Interviews included demographics (age, gender, race, marital status), socioeconomic status (SES; income, education, employment), risky behaviors (seatbelt non-use, drinking and driving, riding with drunk driver, binge drinking), and trauma history information (vehicular, assault, and other injuries). Substance abuse (alcohol and drug dependence) was evaluated in depth using DSM III-R criteria. Smokers and non-smokers were compared in relation to control and dependent variables using student's t test and chi-square (α = 0.05). Outcome variables included previous trauma history and risky behaviors. Multiple logistic regression models using step-down selection methods (α = 0.05) were constructed with risky behaviors and trauma history as dependent variables including demographics, SES and substance as independent variables. Results. Smokers represented 38 percent of the 323 patients studied. Smokers (n = 123) were younger (34 vs. 43 years), more likely to be male (72 percent vs. 50 percent), not married (72 percent vs. 56 percent), and had higher rates of alcohol (29 percent vs. 9 percent) and drug dependence (14 percent vs. 3 percent) than non-smokers (n = 200). Educational achievement (20 percent vs. 15 percent less than high school) and income level (24 percent vs. 23 percent with less than $15,000 of yearly income) were not different between smokers and non-smokers. Smokers were more likely than non-smokers to have a history of prior vehicular trauma (48 percent vs. 26 percent), assault (25 percent vs. 9 percent), or other injury (50 percent vs 37 percent). The following injury-prone behaviors were also more common among the smokers than non-smokers: seatbelt non-use (49 percent vs. 29 percent), drinking and driving (38 percent vs. 15 percent), riding with drunk driver (38 percent vs. 13 percent), and binge drinking (68 percent vs. 26 percent). In multiple logistic regression models adjusting for demographics, SES, and substance abuse, smoking revealed significantly higher odds ratios (OR) for the following dependent variables: seatbelt non-use (OR = 2.9), riding with drunk driver (OR = 2.2), binge drinking (OR = 2.4), previous vehicular (OR = 2.0), and assault injuries (OR = 2.5). Smoking did not reach significance for drinking and driving and other (non-vehicular and non-assault) injury. Conclusion. Smoking is independently associated with risky behaviors and repeated history of vehicular or assault injury within the vehicular trauma population.

Performance evaluation of a vegetable oil fuelled compression ignition engine

Fuel crisis because of dramatic increase in vehicular population and environmental concerns have renewed interest of scientific community to look for alternative fuels of bio-origin such as vegetable oils. Vegetable oils can be produced from forests, vegetable oil crops, and oil bearing biomass materials. Non-edible vegetable oils such as linseed oil, mahua oil, rice bran oil, etc. are potentially effective diesel substitute. Vegetable oils have high-energy content. This study was carried out to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of linseed oil, mahua oil, rice bran oil and linseed oil methyl ester (LOME), in a stationary single cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine and compare it with mineral diesel. The linseed oil, mahua oil, rice bran oil and LOME were blended with diesel in different proportions. Baseline data for diesel fuel was collected. Engine tests were performed using all these blends of linseed, mahua, rice bran, and LOME. Straight vegetable oils posed operational and durability problems when subjected to long-term usage in CI engine. These problems are attributed to high viscosity, low volatility and polyunsaturated character of vegetable oils. However, these problems were not observed for LOME blends. Hence, process of transesterification is found to be an effective method of reducing vegetable oil viscosity and eliminating operational and durability problems. Economic analysis was also done in this study and it is found that use of vegetable oil and its derivative as diesel fuel substitutes has almost similar cost as that of mineral diesel.

A semi-empirical box modeling approach for predicting the carbon monoxide concentrations at an urban traffic intersection

Emissions generated roadside and at intersections are observed to be affected when there is a sudden change in the traffic flow pattern or increase in the vehicular population, particularly, during peak hours and during special events. The vehicles that queue up at traffic intersections spend a longer amount of time in idle driving mode generating more pollutant emissions per unit time. Other driving patterns (i.e., acceleration, deceleration and cruising) are also observed at intersections, affecting the emission pattern and therefore the resulting pollutant concentrations. The emission rate is not only affected by the increase in the vehicular population but also by the constantly changing traffic flow patterns and vehicles’ driving modes. The nature of the vehicle flows also affects the rate and nature of the dispersion of pollutants in the vicinity of the road, influencing the pollutant concentration. It is, therefore, too complex to simulate the effect of such dynamics on the resulting emission rates using conventional deterministic causal models. In view of this, a simple semi-empirical box model based on the ‘traffic flow rate’, is demonstrated in the present study for estimating the hourly average carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations on a 1-week data at one of the busiest traffic intersections in Delhi. The index of agreement for a whole week, was found to be 0.84, suggesting that the semi-empirical model is 84% error free. A value of 0.87 was found for weekdays and 0.75 for weekend days. The correlation coefficient for the whole week was found to be 0.75, with 0.78 for the weekdays and 0.62 for the weekend days. The RMSE and RRMSE were found to be 1.87% and 41% for a whole week, with 1.81% and 39.93% for the weekdays and 2.0% and 43.47% for the weekend days, respectively. Specific vehicle emission rates are optimized in this study for individual vehicle category, which may be useful in assessing their impacts on the air quality when there is a significant change in a specific vehicular population and the traffic pattern.