Vehicular Communication Applications Research Articles

High gain cylindrical dielectric resonator integrated with horn for multiband wireless applications

In this article, a multiband high gain cylindrical dielectric resonator (CDR) integrated with conical horn antenna is reported. This antenna has been designed for multiband wireless frequency applications. To enhance the gain, modified conical-shaped horn is integrated to the CDR. The proposed antenna resonates at 2.3, 3.5, 3.9, 7.5, 9.2, and 9.95 GHz, respectively. Antenna attains measured 14.1 dBi peak gain at 10.7 GHz resonant frequency. In all the frequency bands, antenna offers more than 80% radiation efficiency. Simulated and experimental results show a commendable agreement. This antenna covers LTE services, Citizens Broadband Radio Service, WiMAX, vehicular communication, cellular communication, and radar applications.

Design of a 16‐beam pattern‐reconfigurable antenna for vehicular environment

This article presents the design of a multipattern antenna with pattern switching for vehicular communications. The proposed antenna has four triangular patches integrated onto a split square ring (SR) resonator to operate at two distinct frequencies, viz. 2.4 and 3.5 GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a view to enhancing the link reliability of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), WiMax, and vehicle to vehicle communication frequencies. Each triangular patch is separately excited using a microstrip line feed to enable beam steering. The ground plane of the antenna is embedded with two SR slots to improve the bandwidth and radiation performance. Further gain enhancement is achieved by loading the antenna with a plane reflector located at a distance of 20 mm from the antenna's ground surface. In reality, this reflector is realized using the vehicle's roof which provides gain enhancement up to 5.2 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 4 dBi at 3.5 GHz. By exciting single to multiple ports sequentially 16 different radiation patterns are obtained, which provides high-gain omnidirectional coverage. The prototype antenna is fabricated and the simulation results are verified using experimental measurements. From the results, it is evident that the proposed antenna is suitable for vehicular communication applications.

Popularity Incentive Caching for Vehicular Named Data Networking

In recent years, vehicular named data networking (VNDN) has quickly ascended to the spotlight and gained enormous popularity, which has emerged as a candidate to support various applications of vehicular communications. VNDN has the potential improve the data dissemination efficiency by mitigating the performance degradation from Internet Protocol (IP) addressing, unstable connectivity and diversified service requirements. With the number of connected vehicles increasing rapidly, the traffic burden of the base station (BS) also grows. As an effective edge computing paradigm, in-vehicle caching can significantly relieve the pressure of the BS. However, the design of a fair caching strategy is still challenging due to the selfish nature of individuals. In this paper, to address the above issues, a popularity-incentive caching scheme (PICS) is proposed in VNDN, where the BS will reward vehicles who execute cache offloading and content sharing with others. To balance the conflict of interest between the BS and vehicles, a Stackelberg game is modeled with rational utilities envisioned. Next, we propose the solution of this game model and evaluate the influence of different weight parameters. Finally, simulation results validate the effectiveness of PICS.

Compact flexible inkjet-printing antenna on paper and transparent PET substrate materials for vehicular instrument communication

Flexible inkjet-printed antenna models are designed on paper and transparent polyethylene terephthalate substrate material for vehicular instrument communication applications. The antenna model 1 is designed initially on a low-cost photo paper substrate material and later model 2 is designed on flexible PET substrate for vehicular instrument communication with dimensions of 40×38.5×0.2 mm3. The proposed antenna model on PET substrate is providing the excellent bandwidth of 7.6 GHz with impedance bandwidth of 78%. The proposed antenna is designed to operate in vehicular communication bands, which includes the cellular communication bands, V2X communication bands and other wireless applications like Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long-Term Evolution (LTE2600), Wireless local area network 2.4 GHz (WLAN), World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), IEEE802.11p protocol based Vehicle-to-everything 5.8 GHz, Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments 5GHz (WAVE) communications bands. The prototyped models are fabricated and tested for validation and found perfect matching with the simulation results with respect to reflection coefficient, radiation patterns and gain. The achieved results based on the proposed techniques can be extended for other flexible substrates to design complex advanced antennas and communication modules.

CSRR‐loaded T‐shaped MIMO antenna for 5G cellular networks and vehicular communications

This article proposes a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna for 5G-based vehicular communication applications. The designed MIMO antenna consist of two element iterated T-shape antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) and split ring resonator. The antenna providing reflection coefficient S11 s11 ≤10 dB and bandwidth of 6.3 and 3.96 GHz over the frequency range of 26.83 to 33.13 GHz and 34.17 to 38.13 GHz, respectively. For the suitable future vehicular millimetric wave communications, this antenna achieved resonant frequencies at 28, 33, and 37 GHz. The designed antenna has achieved peak gain of 7.11 dB in operating band. It is fabricated on 12 x 25.4 x 0.8 mm3 Rogers RT duroid 5880 substrate with dielectric constant (εr) of 2.2. The antenna is placed on vehicle in virtual environmental using ANSYS SAVANT tool and the simulated results are showing good matching with the measured results of proposed MIMO antenna.

Pseudonym Management Through Blockchain: Cost-Efficient Privacy Preservation on Intelligent Transportation Systems

Research into the established area of the intelligent transportation system is evolving into the Internet of Vehicles, a fast-moving research area, fuelled in part by rapid changes based on cyber-physical systems. It needs to be recognized that existing vehicular communication systems are susceptible to privacy vulnerabilities which require addressing. A practical challenge is that many vehicular communication applications and services make use of basic safety messages that contain the identity of the vehicle, location, and other personal data. A popular way of dealing with this privacy issue is to utilize a pseudonym change scheme to protect the vehicle's identity and location. However, many such schemes suffer that the cost grows and the certificate management difficulty raises with the number of pseudonyms generated and stored, casting doubt of the economic feasibility of that approach. We propose a decentralized blockchain-based solution for pseudonym management that overcomes these limitations. This scheme consists of pseudonym distribution and a shuffle operation, allowing the reuse of existing pseudonyms to different vehicles. The results reported here, including those from our simulations, demonstrate that the proposed scheme can reuse existing pseudonyms and achieve a better degree of anonymity at a lower cost than existing schemes.

Design of Dual-Band Antenna for 2.45 and 5.8 GHz ISM Band

A dual-band microstrip rectangular patch antenna for WLAN in vehicular communication applications is proposed. The aim of this research is to achieve smaller size, better bandwidth and good radiation capability. The designed antenna has a frequency bandwidth of 184 MHZ with the upper cut-off frequency of 2.4953 GHz and the lower cut-off frequency of 2.3113 GHz which are the operating frequencies for IEEE 802.11b/g/n WLAN applications and IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee application. The second resonance is at 5.8 GHz frequency with a bandwidth of (5.850–5.925 GHz) the 802.11p standard intended for use in vehicular communication systems and for the mobile operation. The rectangular patch with Inset Line Feed technique is used to design the antennas. First, the design parameters for single element of rectangular patch antenna for 5.8 GHz are calculated from the design equations, and then, the design is extended to operate in dual band using the slots at the ground plane and two cylinders at the corners of the slot to obtain good radiation characteristics. The simulation of the proposed antenna has been carried out in computer simulation technology software, and the results are evaluated.

Design and study of multiband planar wheel‐like fractal antenna for vehicular communication applications

AbstractIn this article a multiband antenna is proposed for potential vehicular communication applications that falls under sub‐6 GHz band such as IMT2000, GSM1800/1900, LTE, universal mobile telecommunication system, WLAN, dedicated short‐range communication, and so on. A conventional circular monopole radiating element is used in this design with partial ground plane and later it is modified by incorporating the circular slots in a tree‐like fractal structure. The novel defected ground structure consisting of a semi‐circular slot and a pair of mirror‐imaged quarter circles introduced at the top edge of the partial ground, which lies exactly beneath the microstrip line feed. The structural parameters are optimized to obtain the desired pass band performance under vehicular bands. Further, to investigate the antenna performance in the vehicular environment, it is virtually placed on the top of a car model and the radiation performance is analyzed and are presented in this work. The antenna is prototyped, and the measurement results are providing good correlation with that of simulation results.

A Cooperative Caching Scheme Based on Mobility Prediction in Vehicular Content Centric Networks

Vehicular content centric networks (VCCNs) emerge as a strong candidate to be deployed in information-rich applications of vehicular communications. Due to vehicles’ mobility, it becomes rather inefficient to establish end-to-end connections in VCCNs. Consequently, content packets are usually sent back to the requesting node via different paths in VCCNs. To improve network performance of VCCNs, node mobility should be exploited for vehicles to serve as relays and to carry data for delivery. In this paper, we propose a scheme called cooperative caching based on mobility prediction (CCMP) for VCCNs. The main idea of CCMP is to cache popular contents at a set of mobile nodes that may visit the same hot spot areas repeatedly. In our CCMP scheme, we use prediction based on partial matching to predict mobile nodes’ probability of reaching different hot spot regions based on their past trajectories. Vehicles with longer sojourn time in a hot region can provide more services and should be preferred as caching nodes. To solve the problem of limited buffer at each node, we design a cache replacement based on content popularity to guarantee that only popular contents are cached. We evaluate CCMP through the opportunistic network environment simulator for its salient features in success ratio and content access delay compared to other state-of-the-art schemes.

Transparent and conformal wheel-shaped fractal antenna for vehicular communication applications

In this article, a low cost, compact conformal antenna is proposed for vehicular communications applications. The concept of fractal geometry is applied in this design to make the model more attractive in its appearance as well as to attain desired bands in the vehicular communication spectrum. It is fabricated on a transparent and flexible poly vinyl chloride material of size 55 mm × 40 mm × 3 mm. The proposed antenna is intended to operate in GSM-1800/1900, Digital Communication System (DCS-1800), Personal Communication Service (PCS-1900), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long-Term Evolution (LTE2600), Industrial, Scientific, and Medical radio band (ISM 2.4G), Wireless local area network (WLAN), Bluetooth, World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), IEEE802.11p protocol based Vehicle-to-everything, Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) communications bands. The prototype of the antenna in its planar and conformal versions exhibit the wideband characteristics and their measured results show good agreement with that of obtained simulation results. The virtual analysis of platform mounted characteristics of the proposed antenna at two different locations of the vehicle (vehicle roof-top and on side-view mirror) are performed in ANSYS Savant simulation tool and the corresponding far-field radiation performance is characterized.

Design of penta‐band antenna with integrated LNA circuit for vehicular communications

In this study, the design of concurrent penta-band capable antenna with integrated low-noise amplifier (LNA) for vehicular wireless communication applications is presented. Spiral structured penta-band-based planar monopole antenna is designed to cover navigational frequencies 1.2 and 1.5 GHz, wireless communication frequencies 2.4 and 3.3 GHz and dedicated short range communication frequency 5.8 GHz. LNA was designed and developed with pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor technology, frequency transformation technique, and load-pull methodology that operates simultaneously at all desired frequencies. The designed antenna with integrated LNA helps better return loss and improved impedance bandwidth compared with passive antenna designs. The developed antenna module operates simultaneously at 1.2, 1.5, 2.4, 3.3, and 5.8 GHz with a gain >10 dB and noise figure <;2 dB. More than 150 MHz impedance bandwidth achieved at all the desired bands with this proposed integrated antenna module with LNA.

Offset Aperture-Coupled Double-Cylinder Dielectric Resonator Antenna With Extended Wideband

A compact dielectric resonator antenna for ultrawideband vehicular communication applications is proposed. Two cylindrical dielectric resonators are asymmetrically located with respect to the center of an offset rectangular coupling aperture, through which they are fed. Optimizing the design parameters results in an impedance bandwidth of 21%, covering the range from 5.9 to 7.32 GHz in the lower band and a 53% relative bandwidth from 8.72 to 15 GHz in the upper band. The maximum achieved gain is 12 dBi. Design details of the proposed antenna and the results of both simulations and experiment are presented and discussed.

Motivating Network Deployment: Vehicular Communications

Many new and promising vehicular communications applications are currently being developed. However, sufficient network resources to support these applications, in terms of equipped vehicles, base stations, and other infrastructure, are simply not yet available and are progressing slowly. In this article, we examine the strengths and uses of dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and cellular vehicular networks. We then explore strategies, beyond government mandates and subsidies, to encourage vehicular network deployment.

Concurrent Multi-Band Low-Noise Amplifier

With rapid expansions of wireless communications, requirements for transceivers that support concurrent multiple services are continuously increasing and demanding design of a concurrent low-noise amplifier (LNA) with low noise figure (NF), high gain, and high linearity over a wide frequency range for various wireless applications. The proposed work focuses on a concurrent multi-band LNA that works at navigational frequencies, namely, of 1.2[Formula: see text]GHz and 1.5[Formula: see text]GHz, wireless communication frequencies, namely, of 2.45[Formula: see text]GHz and 3.3[Formula: see text]GHz, dedicated short range communication (DSRC) frequency of 5.8[Formula: see text]GHz for the vehicular communication applications. This circuit has a distinct input matching network which resonates at all desired five frequency bands and is achieved by adapting frequency transformation method. To accomplish simultaneous reception of the desired penta-band, the output matching is designed with simple LC matching network with the aid of load-pull methodology.

Current Challenges for Visible Light Communications Usage in Vehicle Applications: A Survey

In the context of an increasing interest toward reducing the number of traffic accidents and of associated victims, communication-based vehicle safety applications have emerged as one of the best solutions to enhance road safety. In this area, visible light communications (VLC) have a great potential for applications due to their relatively simple design for basic functioning, efficiency, and large geographical distribution. This paper addresses the issues related to the VLC usage in vehicular communication applications, being the first extensive survey dedicated to this topic. Although VLC has been the focus of an intensive research during the last few years, the technology is still in its infancy and requires continuous efforts to overcome the current challenges, especially in outdoor applications, such as the automotive communications. This paper is aimed at providing an overview of several research directions that could transform VLC into a reliable component of the transportation infrastructure. The main challenges are identified and the status of the accomplishments in each direction is presented, helping one to understand what has been done, where the technology stands and what is still missing. The challenges for VLC usage in vehicle applications addressed by this survey are: 1) increasing the robustness to noise; 2) increasing the communication range; 3) enhancing mobility; 4) performing distance measurements and visible light positioning; 5) increasing data rate; 6) developing parallel VLC; and 7) developing heterogeneous dedicated short range communications and VLC networks. Addressing and solving these challenges lead to the perspective of fully demonstrating the high potential of VLC, and therefore, to enable the VLC usage in road safety applications. This paper also proposes several future research directions for the automotive VLC applications and offers a brief review on the associated standardization activities.

Toward Environmental-Adaptive Visible Light Communications Receivers for Automotive Applications: A Review

Since more and more vehicles are using the transportation infrastructure, the safety and the efficiency of roads are of absolute importance. A solution to enhance the security of road transportation is by enabling wireless communications between vehicles and also with the traffic infrastructures (e.g., traffic lights, street lighting, or traffic signs). In this area, visible light communications (VLC) is considered of great perspective. A fundamental problematic in vehicular VLC is the design of a proper sensor capable to support long distance communications in dynamic traffic situations and in unfriendly atmospheric conditions. Therefore, this paper is focused on the design of the VLC sensors intended for vehicular communication applications, offering a review of the solutions found to mitigate the effect of the problematic conditions. Furthermore, this paper summarizes these solutions and proposes an environmental adaptive VLC receiver that would be capable to optimally adjust its settings in order to maximize the communication efficiency, but without affecting the communication robustness to noise.

Novel ultra‐wideband multi‐user receiver for transportation systems communication

Ultra‐wideband (UWB) technology can offer very efficient solutions for various vehicular communication applications. The authors propose to use this technique to establish vehicle‐to‐vehicle and vehicle‐to‐infrastructure communications. In fact, compared to traditional carrier‐based technology, UWB is a carrierless system that implements new paradigms in terms of signal generation and reception. Thus, designing a UWB communication system requires the understanding of a mechanism which allows us to have wide bandwidth and very low transmitted powers used jointly to provide a reliable radio link. UWB offers potential transceiver systems with very simple implementations. Two approaches have emerged, which meet all the communication requirements: impulse and multi‐band systems. The present work relies on the first approach. So, the authors propose to use orthogonal functions called modified Gegenbauer functions (MGF) in the UWB system. Different scenarios are studied and compared in the scope of a system offering communication for subway trains. The authors propose a new receiver for the MGF‐UWB communication system. To evaluate the performances of the proposed communication system, the bit error rate values are calculated and analysed in the presence of multi‐user interference, considering synchronous and asynchronous cases. This study shows that this new receiver offers the required performance, for our UWB communication in transport systems, better than the performance obtained using a conventional receiver.

Vehicular communication ad hoc routing protocols

Vehicular communications are now the dominant mode of transferring information between automobiles. One of the most promising applications of vehicular communications is the vehicular ad hoc networ...

Bearing-Only Maneuvering Mobile Tracking With Nonlinear Filtering Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks

Mobile node localization is important to offer wireless services in vehicular communication applications. Some typical methods realize the mobile node tracking through data fusion from time of arrival (TOA) and received signal strength (RSS) measurements provided by sensor nodes or base stations (BSs). Although the TOA/RSS method is not expensive under a concern of cost, it is very sensitive to multipath signal propagation effects. As the technology of angle of arrival (AOA) antennas is showing a rapid progress, we turn to consider AOA estimation. In this paper, the nonlinear extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the particle filter (PF) along with a three-model interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm are utilized and compared for maneuvering mobile station (MS) tracking with bearing-only measurements. A coordinated turn model is used to improve the tracking performance since the MS frequently turns in the streets. We also propose an efficient method for resampling particles to alleviate the degeneracy effect of particle propagation in the interacting multiple model particle filter (IMMPF) algorithm. Moreover, a BS sensor selection scheme is also exploited for the long-haul MS tracking case which often changes BSs in a wireless vehicular sensor network. Numerical simulations show that the three-model IMMPF algorithm outperforms the interacting multiple model extended Kalman filter algorithm and achieves a root-mean-square tracking performance which is quite close to the posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound.

Advanced smart vehicular communication system and applications

Advanced smart vehicular communication system and applications