Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Applications Research Articles

Distributed Edge Computing to Assist Ultra-Low-Latency VANET Applications

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a recent class of peer-to-peer wireless networks that are used to organize the communication and interaction between cars (V2V), between cars and infrastructure (V2I), and between cars and other types of nodes (V2X). These networks are based on the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) IEEE 802.11 standards and are mainly intended to organize the exchange of various types of messages, mainly emergency ones, to prevent road accidents, alert when a road accident occurs, or control the priority of the roadway. Initially, it was assumed that cars would only interact with each other, but later, with the advent of the concept of the Internet of things (IoT), interactions with surrounding devices became a demand. However, there are many challenges associated with the interaction of vehicles and the interaction with the road infrastructure. Among the main challenge is the high density and the dramatic increase of the vehicles’ traffic. To this end, this work provides a novel system based on mobile edge computing (MEC) to solve the problem of high traffic density and provides and offloading path to vehicle’s traffic. The proposed system also reduces the total latency of data communicated between vehicles and stationary roadside units (RSUs). Moreover, a latency-aware offloading algorithm is developed for managing and controlling data offloading from vehicles to edge servers. The system was simulated over a reliable environment for performance evaluation, and a real experiment was conducted to validate the proposed system and the developed offloading method.

A Cooperative Road Topology-Based Handoff Management Scheme

Selecting the most stable partner on a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a challenging task due to its unique mobility, driver behavior, and networking requirements. Although new partner selection protocols are introduced for mobile ad hoc networks and general mobility, there is a lack of a partner selection protocol that is suitable for VANET. This paper discusses the requirements of such a protocol and presents a handoff protocol that is tailored to VANET requirements. We leverage the use of partner-assisted handoff by introducing a vehicle link expiration time (VLET) metric that is designed to maximize intervehicular connections. The suitability of the proposed protocol is carefully studied and then compared to state-of-the-art protocols. A performance analysis comparing average connection time, connection stability, handoff delay, and success rate is carried out. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol enhances the handoff on VANET and can increase the average connection time among vehicles by 175%. This research advocates the importance of using road topology and traffic information for any future VANET handoff protocols and paves the way for future research on using the introduced VLET in other VANET applications.

Congestion control in vehicular adhoc network: a survey

Vehicular adhoc network (VANET) has a significant potential in reducing traffic congestion to provide a stress-free and safer platform for road drivers to travel on the road. However, the current VANET is vulnerable to several challenges which need to be overcome. Congestion control is considered as one of the main challenges in VANET due to the high dynamic topology characteristic. Reliable congestion control (CC) are necessary to provide effectient dissemination of time-critical safety messages in VANET applications; safety and non-safety applications. In this paper, we present the overview on VANET, its application and challenges. We also discuss on the congestion control and provide a brief survey on the congestion control algorithms such as vehicular cloud computing, multiplicative rate decreasing algorithm, multi-objective Tabu search, D-FPAV algorithm and beaconing strategies which have been proposed in order to provide better solutions towards achieving a successful Smart Tranporation System.

Integrating Fog Computing with VANETs: A Consumer Perspective

Emerging vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) applications are requiring a lot more communication and computation capabilities. Today's cloud infrastructures are not specifically designed to cope with the requirements presented by promising VANET applications. In this regard, fog computing focuses on moving computational resources toward the edge of the network to cater for these increasing processing and storage requirements. Thus, vehicular fog extends the fog computing paradigm to traditional vehicular networks that consist of several IoT devices. This overcomes the shortcomings of vehicular clouds by enabling ubiquitous vehicles, efficient communication, location-aware service provision, improved response time, and lower latency. This article presents fog-computing-based VANET architecture along with an infotainment application scenario. In the experiments, the cache size of fog nodes has been used as a parameter to evaluate its impact on different performance metrics in the fog-enabled VANET environment. We conclude the article by presenting various benefits of a fog-enabled VANET while investigating future challenges and their potential solutions.

A Survey on Recent Advances in Vehicular Network Security, Trust, and Privacy

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming the most promising research topic in intelligent transportation systems, because they provide information to deliver comfort and safety to both drivers and passengers. However, unique characteristics of VANETs make security, privacy, and trust management challenging issues in VANETs’ design. This survey article starts with the necessary background of VANETs, followed by a brief treatment of main security services, which have been well studied in other fields. We then focus on an in-depth review of anonymous authentication schemes implemented by five pseudonymity mechanisms. Because of the predictable dynamics of vehicles, anonymity is necessary but not sufficient to thwart tracking an attack that aims at the drivers’ location profiles. Thus, several location privacy protection mechanisms based on pseudonymity are elaborated to further protect the vehicles’ privacy and guarantee the quality of location-based services simultaneously. We also give a comprehensive analysis on various trust management models in VANETs. Finally, considering that current and near-future applications in VANETs are evaluated by simulation, we give a much-needed update on the latest mobility and network simulators as well as the integrated simulation platforms. In sum, this paper is carefully positioned to avoid overlap with existing surveys by filling the gaps and reporting the latest advances in VANETs while keeping it self-explained.

JARINGAN AD-HOC VEHICULAR (VANET) : TINJAUAN TENTANG ARSITEKTUR, KARAKTERISTIK, APLIKASI, DAN PROTOKOL MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL (MAC)

VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is an ad-hoc wireless network which nodes are composed by mostly moving vehicles and infrastructure communications or access points along the road. It integrates adhoc networking, cellular technology, wireless LAN and other technologies, which include GPS(Global Positioning System), digital mapping, sensing technologies and advanced information processing tools to support Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS). VANET is developed mainly to improve road safety and to increase the traffic efficiency. It is designed to support the exchange of warning messages among the vehicles to increase the passenger safety and other information related to VANET applications and services . To achieve these goals, there are several issues that should be addressed. One of these challenges is designing reliable and efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for VANET. Due to VANET’s distinguishing characteristics, such as high mobility of the nodes, dynamic network topology, enough battery power, high processing power, etc, the MAC protocols designed for MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) are not suitable for VANET. The research community has been working to develop MAC protocols appropriate for this ad-hoc network by proposing new design or modifying the existing one.In this paper, the VANET’s architecture, characteristics, applications and standard are discussed and then a comprehensive study of several MAC protocols available in the literature is presented.

A Hierarchical Failure Detector Based on Architecture in VANETs

The failure detector is one of the fundamental components for maintaining high availability of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). However, the dynamic nature of VANETs caused by the high mobility of vehicles and communication link failures has a serious impact on the performance of failure detection. Therefore, it is very meaningful to design a suitable failure detector that can deal with the dynamic nature of VANETs well. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical failure detector based on the architecture of VANETs. This failure detector can adapt to the dynamic network conditions and meet the different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of multiple applications in VANETs. Different from existing failure detectors, we propose a failure detector that employs a detection-result sharing mechanism and groups the nodes according to the architecture of VANETs. We evaluate our proposed failure detector by using NS2 and GT-ITM to simulate the work environment of VANETs. The experimental result shows that our proposed failure detector can improve the detection time by at most 45% and the detection accuracy by at most 25% under similar detection overhead.

IRPanet: Intelligent Routing Protocol in VANET for Dynamic Route Optimization

This paper presents novel routing protocol, IRPANET (Intelligent Routing Protocol in VANET) for Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET). Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks are special class of Mobile Adhoc Network, created by road vehicles installed with wireless gadgets). Since the environment is dynamic due to high mobility and the topology changes are too frequent, no connection or path can be established between nodes. The issues are challenging for the design of an effective and efficient protocol for such a dynamic environment. This problem can be solved using probabilistic, heuristic and even machine learning based approaches incorporated with store and forward mechanism. Here, we proposed a design framework using heuristics and probabilistic approaches composite with the time series techniques for selecting best and optimize path for forwarding packets using open street map (OSM). Our proposed algorithm uses various parameters (Heuristics Based Routing) for calculating optimal path for packets to be sent, such geographical position (GPS installed in every vehicle), velocity / speed of vehicle, priority of the packets, distances (Euclidean, Haversine, Vicinity) between vehicle, direction of vehicle, communication range of the vehicle, free buffer of nodes and network congestion. These networks can be used for medical emergency, security, entertainment and routing purposes (applications of VANET). These parameters while used in collaboration provide us a very strong and admissible heuristics. We have mathematically proved that the proposed technique is efficient for the routing of packets especially in medical emergency situation.

A Survey: Issues and Challenges of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a vast and emerging area of research in vehicular communication technology. VANET is an infrastructure less network. It is utilized for upgrade in safety regarding applications and ease while during driving. VANET interfaces vehicles to share secure data during travelling on highways or roadways. The VANET applications are being developed for urban areas over the entire world. VANET provides an identity recognize system that has high effect in upgrade of activity administrations and overcoming the accidents on road. The major goal of this technology is to assemble a vehicle safety and security environment. There are so many architectures, algorithms and protocols and implementation have been made in current years to enhance the performance of vehicles during travelling. In this research study, the authors discuss the recent problems such as developments, exploitation, safety, security problems and the latest plans successively run in various environments. They provide the information about simulators needed to execute the VANET. The primary objective of this paper is to review and generate a new idea in vehicular communication.

VANET routing protocol with traffic aware approach

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a type of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) that forms vehicles as nodes. Routing is the basic fundamental requirement of VANET applications. Therefore, it is necessary to devise a routing protocol that fits well for rapid topology changes and disconnected network conditions. To address these specific needs of VANET, we present a novel greedy routing protocol for vehicular networks called VRPTA that suite well for both city environment and the high way environment. With the help of localisation system named global positioning system (GPS), the proposed protocol is designed to efficiently relay the data in the network by considering different scenarios like road traffic variation and various environment characteristics. The protocol communicates in between vehicles as well as vehicle to infrastructure whichever is applicable, thereby ensuring reliable transmission. In addition, we also consider the information about vehicles speed, direction and density of a city traffic configuration consisting of double direction roads, multi lanes and highway scenario. The work is implemented using NS2 simulator.

Hybrid and Multifaceted Context-Aware Misbehavior Detection Model for Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have emerged mainly to improve road safety and traffic efficiency and provide user comfort. The performance of such networks' applications relies on the availability of accurate and recent mobility-information shared among vehicles. This means that misbehaving vehicles that share false mobility information can lead to catastrophic losses of life and property. However, the current solutions proposed to detect misbehaving vehicles are not able to cope with the dynamic vehicular context and the diverse cyber-threats, leading to a decrease in detection accuracy and an increase in false alarms. This paper addresses these issues by proposing a Hybrid and Multifaceted Context-aware Misbehavior Detection model (HCA-MDS), which consists of four phases: data-collection, context-representation, context-reference construction, and misbehavior detection. Data-centric and behavioral-detection-based features are derived to represent the vehicular context. An online and timely updated context-reference model is built using unsupervised nonparametric statistical methods, namely Kalman and Hampel filters, through analyzing the temporal and spatial correlation of the consistency between mobility information to adapt to the highly dynamic vehicular context. Vehicles' behaviors are evaluated locally and autonomously according to the consistency, plausibility, and reliability of their mobility information. The results from extensive simulations show that HCA-MDS outperforms existing solutions in increasing the detection rate by 38% and decreasing the false positive rate by 7%. These results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed HCA-MDS model to strengthen the security of VANET applications and protocols.

An improved certificateless aggregate signature scheme without bilinear pairings for vehicular ad hoc networks

Certificateless aggregate signature (CL-AS) is a digital signature technique used to achieve improved performance in resource-constrained environments like vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) by eliminating the certificate issue in the traditional public key cryptography (PKC), addressing the key escrow problem in identity-based PKC, and utilizing the efficiency benefits of aggregate signature. Recently, an efficient CL-AS scheme for VANETs was proposed which the authors claimed to be existentially secure against forgery attacks in the random oracle model. In this paper, the scheme was analyzed and found to be insecure under existing security model. Consequently, we propose a new efficient certificateless aggregate signature scheme for VANETs applications based on elliptic curve cryptography. The proposed scheme does not only meet the privacy and security requirements for VANETs, but supports batch verification, autonomy, and conditional privacy preservation. In addition, the proposed scheme is provably secure against existential forgery on adaptive chosen message attack in the random oracle model based on the hardness assumption of the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. Extensive efficiency analysis demonstrates that the performance of the proposed scheme exceeds those of the recent related schemes in terms of computation cost and communication overhead.

Novel self-adaptive routing service algorithm for application in VANET

As a special MANET (mobile ad hoc network), VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) has two important properties: the network topology changes frequently, and communication links are unreliable. Both properties are caused by vehicle mobility. To predict the reliability of links between vehicles effectively and design a reliable routing service protocol to meet various QoS application requirements, in this paper, details of the motion characteristics of vehicles and the reasons that cause links to go down are analyzed. Then a link duration model based on time duration is proposed. Link reliability is evaluated and used as a key parameter to design a new routing protocol. Quick changes in topology make it a huge challenge to find and maintain the end-to-end optimal path, but the heuristic Q-Learning algorithm can dynamically adjust the routing path through interaction with the surrounding environment. This paper proposes a reliable self-adaptive routing algorithm (RSAR) based on this heuristic service algorithm. By combining the reliability parameter and adjusting the heuristic function, RSAR achieves good performance with VANET. With the NS-2 simulator, RSAR performance is proved. The results show that RSAR is very useful for many VANET applications.

An online target tracking protocol for vehicular Ad Hoc networks

Target tracking in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) contributes to the design of many types of applications, namely: traffic management, security, car recovery and apprehension of an illegal runaway target. Inter-vehicular communication allows vehicles to participate and collaborate in the tracking process. For such applications, a large volume of data can be required to be transferred between the participating vehicles and a control center, which can easily congest the wireless network in a VANET and decrease the tracking efficiency if not managed properly. Therefore, one important challenge in this context is optimizing bandwidth usage to avoid collisions, delays and accelerate the overall tracking process. Thus, we propose a collaborative tracking protocol for VANETs based on a new strategy that we named virtual RSUs, which aims essentially to ensure the network communication coverage during the tracking process on the one hand, and on the other hand, to optimize bandwidth usage during the overall tracking process. In addition, in order to deal with uncertainties and enhance the tracking precision and further decrease the network load, we propose a theoretical pertinence level assignment strategy based on the Transferable Belief Model (TBM), that takes the target detection notifications as inputs. We believe this protocol holds potentials to serve as a basic algorithm to implement vehicle tracking applications for VANETs. Simulative study demonstrates clearly that the proposed protocol provides better performance in terms of network load for target tracking in a VANET as compared to a previous approach.

Assessing the reliability of fog computing for smart mobility applications in VANETs

As a recent computing paradigm, Fog Computing is opening new sets of opportunities by bringing the computational resources, applications and services closer to their consumers, making it a good foundation for the Internet of Things (IoT). As part of the IoT umbrella, Vehicular ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) offer new communication and computing opportunities that traditional paradigms, such as Cloud Computing, are unable to solve, e.g. location-awareness, latency and capacity of detecting and acting in real time to unforeseen events. As a natural computing extension, Fog Computing can be the next requirement of VANETs, enabling the deployment of mobility-related applications and services.In this work we propose a generic architecture for the deployment of Fog Computing applications and services in a VANET environment. Moreover, we provide a proof-of-concept system to perform data analytics in a hybrid VANET/Fog environment. Our system is used by two Fog applications, one for city traffic anomaly detection, and another to estimate the bus time of arrival to feed traveller information. The reliability of such applications are validated through real mobility information from a large vehicular testbed currently deployed. The results show that using Fog Computing with a small set of recent regional data is very suitable for this type of applications, since the estimations of traffic anomalies and bus arrival times are very similar to those provided by the Cloud. Additionally, network performance results show that Fog applications can provide reliable information in a considerable shorter period of time, while at the same time they reduce the amount of traffic over the VANET backhaul infrastructure.

A Computational Analysis of ECC Based Novel Authentication Scheme in VANET

<p class="abstract">A recent development in the adhoc network is a vehicular network called VANET (Vehicular Adhoc Network). Intelligent Transportation System is the Intelligent application of VANET. Due to open nature of VANET attacker can launch various kind of attack. As VANET messages are deal with very crucial information’s which may save the life of passengers by avoiding accidents, save the time of people on a trip, exchange of secret information etc., because of this security is must be in the VANET. To ensure the highest level of security the network should be free from attackers, there by all information pass among nodes in the network must be reliable i.e. should be originated by an authenticated node. Authentication is the first line of security in VANET; it avoids nonregistered vehicle in the network. Previous research come up with some Cryptographic, Trust based, Id based, Group signature based authentication schemes. A speed of authentication and privacy preservation is important parameters in VANET authentication. This paper addresses the computational analysis of authentication schemes based on ECC. We started analysis from comparing plain ECC with our proposed AECC (Adaptive Elliptic Curve Cryptography) and EECC (Enhanced Elliptic Curve Cryptography). The result of analysis shows proposed schemes improve speed and security of authentication. In AECC key size is adaptive i.e. different sizes of keys are generated during key generation phase. Three ranges are specified for key sizes small, large and medium. In EECC we added an extra parameter during transmission of information from the vehicle to RSU for key generation. Schemes of authentications are evaluated by comparative analysis of time required for authentication and key breaking possibilities of keys used in authentication.</p>

GeoZone: An interest-packet forwarding mechanism based on dissemination zone for content-centric vehicular networks

In Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), applications like road traffic reports and free parking lots distribute the same content for a large number of nodes. To distribute those contents, VANET applications need to discover the content source address and establish an end-to-end route before the content retrieval begins. Highly dynamic topologies and the need to forward several flows requesting the same content towards the source in a broadcast medium turn these applications very challenging. In this work, we propose GeoZone, a content-centric framework that forwards requests using a geo-referenced naming scheme. GeoZone builds a dissemination zone with the requesting node GPS coordinates and the GPS coordinates of the content. The dissemination zone avoids requests flooding in the wireless medium. Simulation results show that GeoZone is able to reduce 66% the number of requests in the evaluated scenarios compared to another literature proposal without sacrificing delivery rate and delay.

GNSS Time Synchronization in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks: Benefits and Feasibility

Time synchronization is critical for the operation of distributed systems in networked environments. It is also demanded in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), which, as a special type of wireless networks, are becoming increasingly important for emerging cooperative intelligent transport systems. Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is a proven technology to provide precise timing information in many distributed systems. It is well recognized to be the primary means for vehicle positioning and velocity determination in VANETs. However, GNSS-based time synchronization is not well understood for its role in the coordination of various tasks in VANETs. To address this issue, this paper examines the requirements, potential benefits, and feasibility of GNSS time synchronization in VANETs. The availability of GNSS time synchronization is characterized by almost 100% in our experiments in high-rise urban streets, where the availability of GNSS positioning solutions is only 80%. Experiments are also conducted to test the accuracy of time synchronization with 1-PPS signals output from consumer grade GNSS receivers. They have shown 30-ns synchronization accuracy between two receivers of different models. All these experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of GNSS time synchronization for stringent VANET applications.

Quantum Identity Authentication Scheme of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

With the development of the intelligent transportation system (ITS) and increasing application of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), the security of VANETs has become a crucial issue for VANETs and ITS. In this study, we propose a quantum VANETs protection scheme to address the security issue of vehicular identity authentication. It based on BB84 quantum key distribution protocol and quantum mechanics. Furthermore, the novel quantum scheme can defend most VANETs-aimed attacks. It also can be applied on connection of vehicle to everything (V2X), this is because reliability and security problem can be solved in proposed quantum scheme. By tactfully exploiting properties of quantum mechanics, our proposed scheme offers remarkable advantages which include remote identity authentication, identity revocation and irreversibility. The security analysis shows that our proposed scheme can further insure the security of VANETs identity authentication.

VANETs and Internet of Things (IoT): A Discussion

<span>Recent advancement of wireless technology and Internet of Things (IoT) have brought a significant development in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs). VANET and IoT are the key elements in the current Intelligent Transport System (ITS). Various research on VANET and IoT shows that both have substantial effects in smart transportation system. This paper aims to discuss and illustrate the main challenges and drawbacks; the routing protocols, security and privacy experienced by VANETs respectively. This paper also would like to address the importance of IoT based on VANET in traffic control management system to cope up with the new wireless technology era. Section I of this paper provides a brief explanation on VANETs and IoT, section II discusses the main challenges suffered by VANETs and IoT, section III covers on the existing applications of VANETs and IoT and section IV conclude the views.</span>