Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Network Research Articles

Performance evaluation of ad-hoc on-demand distance vector protocol in highway environment in VANET with MATLAB

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), the development of this network in recent years has become one of the most important areas of research. The primary goal of using the VANET network is to reduce the number of deaths and enhance road safety. VANET network faces some problems when routing packets between vehicles, due to the high-speed movement of vehicles. Therefore, researchers have begun to develop routing protocols in the VANET network to overcome these problems when routing packets between vehicles. In this study, the effect of changing the number of vehicles on the performance of ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol will be studied in the highway environment and in the case of vehicle movement at variable speeds between (40-120 km/h) and the simulation time is 200 sec. The ad-hoc ondemand distance vector protocol performance was evaluated by three performance measures (end-to-end delay, dropped packets, overhead and packet delivery ratio).

Reliability-Aware Multi-Objective Optimization-Based Routing Protocol for VANETs Using Enhanced Gaussian Mutation Harmony Searching

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is an emerging technology that can be applied in intelligent transportation systems. Routing protocols are essential for obtaining reliable VANET networks. This article proposes a novel framework, designated as Reliability Aware Multi-Objective Optimization Based VANETs Routing (RAMO). The framework includes three levels: the first is the simulation of the VANET system; the second is the routing criteria, based on reliability and geometrics; the third level is the routing algorithm. The actual network is the next stage. Furthermore, the framework includes an optimization block that controls the parameters of each of the reliability, geometrical and routing blocks. The optimization is presented under the multi-objective perspective and based on the development of a novel variant of multi-objective harmony searching. This has been designated as Enhanced Gaussian Mutation Harmony Searching (EGMHS), which includes Gaussian mutation, objective decomposition and a harmony memory extraction algorithm. The evaluation was performed based on two levels. The first was the EGMHS evaluation using nine benchmarking mathematical functions, while the second was the RAMO evaluation based on the network simulator. The metrics obtained, including set coverage, delta metric, hyper-volume, packet delivery ratio (PDR) and end-to-end (E2E) delay, demonstrate the superiority over the baseline approaches of both EGMHS and RAMO with EGMHS.

Dynamic Vehicular Clustering Enhancing Video on Demand Services Over Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

Nowadays, video streaming applications are becoming one of the tendencies driving vehicular network users. In this work, considering the unpredictable vehicle density, the unexpected acceleration or deceleration of the different vehicles included in the vehicular traffic load, and the limited radio range of the employed communication scheme, we introduce the “Dynamic Vehicular Clustering” (DVC) algorithm as a new scheme for video streaming systems over vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET). The proposed algorithm takes advantage of the small cells concept and the introduction of wireless backhauls, inspired by the different features and the performance of the Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced network. Vehicles are clustered together to form dynamically ad-hoc sub-networks included in the vehicular network. The goal of our clustering algorithm is to take into account several characteristics, such as the vehicle's position and acceleration to reduce latency and packet loss. Therefore, each cluster is counted as a small cell containing vehicular nodes and an access point that is elected regarding some particular specifications. Based on the exceptional features of the LTE-Advanced network (small cells and wireless backhauls) the DVC algorithm is a promising scheme for video streaming services over VANET systems. Experiments were carried out with a virtual topology of the VANET network created with four clusters to implement the DVC algorithm. The results were compared with other algorithms such as Virtual Trust-ability Data transmission (VTD), Named Data Networking (NDN), and Socially Aware Security Message Forwarding (SASMF). Our algorithm can effectively improve the transmission rate of data packets at the expense of a slight increase in end-to-end delay and control overhead.

A Benchmark for Multi-Objective Routing in Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks Using The Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

The growing number of vehicles in cities has a great impact on our quality of life, such as air and noise pollution, traffic jams and traffic accidents. Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System (C-ITS) relies on communication technologies to provide innovative services and applications for transportation and traffic management. In the C-ITS context, users, roadside infrastructure and vehicles need to be connected and, for this purpose, a wide variety of wireless technologies can be used (e.g, vehicular WiFi, cellular and visible light communication). In this work we consider a VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork) using vehicular WiFi (based on 802.11p). The communications in VANET networks have been studied for years and several routing algorithms have been developed for such a kind of network. However, a benchmark to compare the performance of such algorithms is still lacking. To fill this gap, the present work proposes a benchmark composed by instances of data routing for different scenarios in the VANET. Moreover, we propose a multi-objective algorithm based on ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) to compare with such benchmark. The results of simulations show the impact of several factors in the VANET connectivity, such as vehicle density, geographical location, propagation and fading models. The results are promising and indicate the importance of choosing appropriated simulation models.

A Low-Latency and Energy-Efficient Multimetric Routing Protocol Based on Network Connectivity in VANET Communication

Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) are important applications of 5G mobile communication technology. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are key part of intelligent transportation systems. Although 5G technology and infrastructure can significantly promote the development of VANETs, in some scenarios, for example, if 5G service is not available or the vehicle speed is too fast, device to device (D2D) will be an important means of communication. Therefore, combining 5G and D2D VANET communication is crucial to provide better connectivity. However, due to high-speed mobility, uneven distribution, and unpredictable vehicle behavior, the VANET network topology changes rapidly, and network connectivity is unstable. This phenomenon represent a considerable challenge to the routing protocol; at the same time, the continuous establishment of new routes needs to send a large number of routing requests (RREQ) and routing reply (RREP) packets, and it therefore consumes considerable energy. How to choose a more stable route is the key to implementing the routing protocol. In this paper, we take the most representative features of vehicles and roadways into consideration and based on the hypothesis of uneven vehicle distribution, we use a nonhomogeneous Poisson process to analyze the network connectivity and take the network connectivity as one of the routing decision metrics. Therefore, using fuzzy logic to make routing decisions under multiple selection criteria, we developed a new routing protocol named LENC (low-latency and energy-efficient routing based on network connectivity). Simulations have been performed comparing classical AODV and LENC. The results indicate that LENC represents a great improvement in routing stability and is superior to AODV in several aspects.

An optimized link state routing protocol for real-time application over Vehicular Ad-hoc Network

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) provides good services through Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) platform. These networks encounter various challenges to support voice calls with acceptable Quality of Service (QoS). The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) is used to investigate the performance of VoIP applications in the VANET network. The network was tested before and after running the OLSR algorithm, the testing focused on Quality of Service (QoS) parameters like end-to-end delay, delay variation (jitter), and probability of packet loss between two moving hops through multi-hop Ad-hoc networks in different scenarios, using the ITU G.711 VoIP codec. After measured the end-to-end delay, jitter, and probability of packet loss for two nodes the algorithm decreased delay by 18.72%, while decreased jitter by about 20.42% and decreased packet loss by about 128.6%. However, The OLSR has shown initial good performance for four hops, and then added more hops the delay exceeded 400 ms which is not acceptable according to ITU-T recommendations. This was achieved by implementing a testbed to extract the desired results as opposed to using a simulation.

A Behavior-Based Malware Spreading Model for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications in VANET Networks

Network attacking using malware has become very popular on the Internet and in many other networks, namely Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) networks. It is required to have the model describing the malware spreading based on factors, which directly affect this process to limit its influences. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model called SEIR-S (Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Recovered–Susceptible) based on the characteristics of the VANET network and the well-known disease-spreading model SIR (Susceptible–Infectious–Recovered). We take into account possible behaviors of malware and provide the corresponding states to vehicles: Susceptible (S), Exposed (E), Infectious (I), Recovered (R). We evaluate the basic reproduction number R0 of the model and perform a stability analysis of the proposed model. The results show that, when R0 < 1, the malware spreading will gradually decrease, and, when R0 > 1, that spreading cannot be extinguished. We also point out the condition that we can control the endemic in the VANET network. In addition, the correctness of the proposed model is verified using both numerical analysis and agent-based simulation on NetLogo.

Payoff-based Dynamic Segment Replication and Graph Classification Method with Attribute Vectors Adapted to Urban VANET

Due to the number of constraints and the dynamic nature of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET), effective video broadcasting always remains a difficult task. In this work, we proposed a quality of video visualization guarantee model based on a feedback loop and an efficient algorithm for segmenting and replicating video segments using the Payoff-based Dynamic Segment Replication Policy (P-DSR). In the urban VANET environment, P-DSR is defined by taking into account the position of the vehicles, the speed, the direction, the number of neighboring vehicles, and the reputation of each node to stabilize the urban VANET topology. However, the management of various load control parameters between the different components of the urban VANET network remains a problem to be studied. This work uses a multi-objective problem that takes the parameters of our algorithm based on the Graph Classification Method with Attribute Vectors (GCMAV) as input. This algorithm aims to provide an improved class lifetime, an improved video segment delivery rate, a reduced inter-class overload, and an optimization of a global criterion. A scalable algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the GCMAV. The simulations were carried out using the NetSim simulator and Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms framework to optimize parameters. Experiments were carried out with realistic maps of Open Street Maps and its results were compared with other algorithms such as Seamless and Authorized Multimedia Streaming and P-DSR. The survey suggests that the proposed methodology works well concerning the average lifetime of the inter-classes and the delivery rate of video segments.

GPSR Routing Performances Enhancement for VANET networks with Taguchi Optimization Mechanism

Routing mechanism plays an important role in the performances of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET). Hence, various routing mechanisms are proposed to enhance VANET performances, however few researches are dedicated to optimize these routing mechanisms. In this paper an optimization mechanism is proposed to improve the performances of Greedy Perimeter stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol. Design of Experiments is used along with Taguchi Optimization method to fine tune GPSR internal routing parameters against VANET network scenarios. The target of optimization in this work is set to network performances including network throughput, delay and packet delivery ration (PDR). These targets are mathematically combined to form a single optimization target. A simulation experiments are performed to evaluate VANET performances. Obtained results showed that the proposed optimization improves the VANET performances in terms of throughput, PDR and delay. Further real-time integration of Optimization and routing mechanism can improve network performances.

Implementation of the Friis Free Space Propagation Model in the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Routing Protocol in the Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) with Variations of Road Models

The use of VANET technology is to create better traffic management. Different road conditions and high mobility of vehicles cause problems in VANET such as efficient search processes, network routes that need to be maintained, and data transmission problems. DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) predefines and generates routes on demand and is designed to work on multihop ad-hoc networks without centralized control. The Friis Free Space propagation model is used to model the Line of Sight (LOS) that occurs in a free space environment. The variation of road models in Indonesia is grouped into four groups, namely express roads, intercity roads, urban roads, and residential roads. In each of these road models, simulation testing is carried out based on different vehicle number scenarios. Network Simulator v3.27 (NS-3.27) and SUMO as a mobility generator were used for the simulation. The parameters of average throughput, packet delivery ratio and MAC/PHY overhead sequentially measure the DSR performance. The results on the express roads with Friis Free Space propagation produce values of 6.52 KBps, 7.71%, 39.59 KBytes. Test results on intercity roads 5.72 KBps, 11.17%, 5.48 KBytes. Test results on urban roads 16.50 KBps, 32.22%, 0.0016 KBytes. While the test results on residential roads were 12.66 KBps, 24.72%, 0.779 KBytes. The test results show that the road model in Indonesia with the performance of the DSR routing protocol with Friis Free Space propagation on the VANET network from the best to the worst, respectively, is the urban road model, residential road model, intercity road model, and express road model.

Security Measures with Enhanced Behavior Processing and Footprint Algorithm against Sybil and Bogus Attacks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are created according to the principles of ad hoc mobile networks (MANETs), i.e., spontaneous creation of a wireless network for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Each vehicle in this network is treated as a node that is part of the mobile network. VANET turns all cooperating vehicles into a wireless router or node. This makes it possible to connect all cars within range to a stationary unit and create a wide network with a huge range. VANET is widely used for better traffic management, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, and road information provision. The VANET network is exposed to identity and information attacks, concealing or delaying data transmission, or information theft. Therefore, there are multiple types of attack, such as Sybil or bogus, that might harm the whole network infrastructure. The consequences of the mentioned two attacks could lead not only to the given infrastructure but could cause hammering people’s lives. In this paper, we analyze the ongoing methods for preserving Sybil and bogus attacks in a VANET network together with the authors’ methods: the Bogus & Sybil Trust Level & Timestamp (B&STL&T) algorithm and the Bogus & Sybil Enhanced Behavior Processing & Footprint (B&SEBP&F) algorithm. The first algorithm, the Bogus & Sybil Trust Level & Timestamp (B&STL&T) algorithm was improved into the Bogus & Sybil Enhanced Behavior Processing & Footprint (B&SEBP&F), presented in the paper. The proposed methods were tested with multiple scenarios using different variations of bogus and Sybil attack and various attacker–victim node number ratios. During analysis, it was observed that detection of all attackers in the network was reduced by approximately 30% in comparison to previous work and that of other cited authors.

An intelligent cluster optimization algorithm based on Whale Optimization Algorithm for VANETs (WOACNET).

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) an important category in networking focuses on many applications, such as safety and intelligent traffic management systems. The high node mobility and sparse vehicle distribution (on the road) compromise VANETs network scalability and rapid topology, hence creating major challenges, such as network physical layout formation, unstable links to enable robust, reliable, and scalable vehicle communication, especially in a dense traffic network. This study discusses a novel optimization approach considering transmission range, node density, speed, direction, and grid size during clustering. Whale Optimization Algorithm for Clustering in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (WOACNET) was introduced to select an optimum cluster head (CH) and was calculated and evaluated based on intelligence and capability. Initially, simulations were performed, Subsequently, rigorous experimentations were conducted on WOACNET. The model was compared and evaluated with state-of-the-art well-established other methods, such as Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Ant Lion Optimization (ALO) employing various performance metrics. The results demonstrate that the developed method performance is well ahead compared to other methods in VANET in terms of cluster head, varying transmission ranges, grid size, and nodes. The developed method results in achieving an overall 46% enhancement in cluster optimization and an F-value of 31.64 compared to other established methods (11.95 and 22.50) consequently, increase in cluster lifetime.

System Model of VANET using Optimization-Based Efficient Routing Algorithm

A wireless networking strategy is the VANET (Vehicular ad hoc network). This approach is used to connect between vehicles and to raise the question of traffic quality. The most important aspect is the connection between V2v and V2i, so it is essential to ensure appropriate protection and privacy techniques. VANET safer, effective and avoid illegal vehicle interference with other cars, this work suggests an authentication scheme based on the hash feature. Only an authenticated vehicle may use the party key agreement scheme using the Chinese residual theorem. The forward and backward confidentiality was done in this manner. Security and privacy are fulfilled by our scheme. The most favorable aim is to create more useful, productive and safer roads across vehicle networks by educating the basic authorities and drivers in the future on a timely basis. Another aim is to identify wireless technology for the development of VANET. The aim is to protect and render feasible commercial requests by means of a variety of short to medium communication systems and/or other VANET networks. This technology will help the primary concern for safe contact in crucial time and meet the QOS criteria of other interactive multimedia applications or e-commerce.

Study on QoS Management for Video Streaming in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a particular type of MANET providing various wireless communications such as infrastructure communications and inter-vehicle communications. Recently, VANET networks are attracting ample attention from the scientific and business community. In VANET networks, the textual data is almost negligible compared to the multimedia data that is interactive and expressive. Quality management of video streaming over the VANET environment is a complex task, given the specific constraints of multimedia data in terms of Quality of Service (QoS), security, system performance, and a random number of vehicles. This article discusses existing video streaming techniques in VANET networks by highlighting different QoS and Quality of Experience (QoE) metrics related to video streaming. A comparative study of video streaming models of literature on VANET is presented, taking into consideration several QoS and QoE metrics. Finally, the trends in video broadcasting in VANET networks are identified as future research directions. We believe that our comprehensive survey will enhance the understanding of video streaming tasks in the VANET environment and provide useful knowledge about the research trends and directions. VANET environment and provide useful knowledge about the research trends and directions.

Clustering method and symmetric/asymmetric cryptography scheme adapted to securing urban VANET networks

Due to the number of constraints and the dynamic nature of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET), effective information exchange always remains a difficult task. Management of various load control parameters between the different nodes of the urban VANET (UVANET) network makes the optimization is difficult. In this work, we use a multi-objective problem that takes the parameters of our algorithm based on the Graph Classification Method with Attribute Vectors (GCMAV) as input. This algorithm aims to provide an improved class lifetime, an improved information delivery rate, a reduced inter-class overload, and an optimization of a global criterion. A scalable algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the GCMAV. Then, to address the performance and security challenges in the UVANET environment, we introduce an Efficient Key Management Scheme (KMSUNET) based on symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Our KMSUNET diagram takes into account the position of the vehicle nodes, the speed, the direction, the number of neighboring vehicle nodes, and the reputation of each node. The simulations were carried out using the NetSim simulator and Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEA) framework to optimize parameters. Experiments were carried out with realistic maps of Open Street Maps and its results were compared with other algorithms. The survey suggests that the proposed methodology works well concerning the average lifetime of the inter-classes and the information's delivery rate.

АНАЛИЗ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПРОТОКОЛОВ РЕАКТИВНОЙ МАРШРУТИЗАЦИИ В VANET НА БАЗЕ NS3

Since importance of improving of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) always follow modern trends by using new wireless communication technologies, the trend of latest research topics is focusing on Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET). VANET networks play a vital role in ITS due to their increasing importance for the building of ITS. VANET is a subclass of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). VANET depends on wireless technologies to establish communication between moving vehicles (nodes). An appropriate and efficient routing protocol helps to successful exchange data between mobility nodes in vehicular ad-hoc networks. VANET has a lot of similar features to MANETs such as finite bandwidth, self-arrangement, self-administration, and unstable network topology. Except it has some important features of its characteristic such as very high node mobility, delay restrictions, and frequent network outages. For this reason, routing in VANET networks is much more complex than routing in MANET networks. The purpose of this study - to evaluate the performance of protocols AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) and their impact on the performance of networks VANET. This paper differs in that it analyses the impact of network size at a large number of nodes, and different vehicle speeds on network performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, throughput, average delay, overhead and packet loss ratio and assessing the level of network performance at realistic mobility scenarios for the movement of vehicles in the street generated by Bonnmotion tool. Also, the simulation is carried out in NS-3 simulator to create VANET network topology and routing protocols.

A Novel Routing Protocol for Realistic Traffic Network Scenarios in VANET

The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has traditional routing protocols that evolved from mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). The standard routing protocols of VANET are geocast, topology, broadcast, geographic, and cluster‐based routing protocols. They have their limitations and are not suitable for all types of VANET traffic scenarios. Hence, metaheuristics algorithms like evolutionary, trajectory, nature‐inspired, and ancient‐inspired algorithms can be integrated with standard routing algorithms of VANET to achieve optimized routing performance results in desired VANET traffic scenarios. This paper proposes integrating genetic algorithm (GA) in ant colony optimization (ACO) technique (GAACO) for an optimized routing algorithm in three different realistic VANET network traffic scenarios. The paper compares the traditional VANET routing algorithm along with the metaheuristics approaches and also discusses the VANET simulation scenario for experimental purposes. The implementation of the proposed approach is tested on the open‐source network and traffic simulation tools to verify the results. The three different traffic scenarios were deployed on Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) and tested using NS3.2. After comparing them, the results were satisfactory and it is found that the GAACO algorithm has performed better in all three different traffic scenarios. The realistic traffic network scenarios are taken from Dehradun City with four performance metric parameters including the average throughput, packet delivery ratio, end‐to‐end delay, and packet loss in a network. The experimental results conclude that the proposed GAACO algorithm outperforms particle swarm intelligence (PSO), ACO, and Ad‐hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) routing protocols with an average significant value of 1.55%, 1.45%, and 1.23% in three different VANET network scenarios.

A New Approach based on Fuzzy MADM for Enhancing Infrastructure Selection in the Case of VANET Network

The emergence of the 5G mobile network has a huge impact on the evolution of services and functionalities offered to its customers; this latest version of mobile networks will allow the simultaneous connection of a significant number of people and IoT devices, in addition to the improvement of several other features. 5G will serve in a large part of smart cities and especially in the field of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is one of the promising projects on which the ITS is relying on. Its main purpose is to provide communication and information-sharing support for the vehicles in its network. VANET is based on a heterogeneous network architecture composed mainly of two infrastructures, the first one is the cellular infrastructure, and the second is the road infrastructure. This paper proposes a new approach based on Fuzzy multiple attribute decision making (MADM) methods for the selection of the most appropriate infrastructure in the VANET network and consequently enhance the number of executed vertical handover to move from one infrastructure to another without loss of connection.

SECURITY STUDY OF ROUTING ATTACKS IN VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORKS (VANETS)

Abstract. The Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a fast-growing and highly motivated area of research to provide Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) services to end-users; these services are also responsible for providing an efficient driving environment. in VANET networks, several routing protocols have been designed, but still networks are vulnerable to many threats in the presence of malicious nodes. Today, security is a major challenge in various VANET applications where a bad message can directly or indirectly affect human lives. In this paper, we examine some routing attacks such as Black hole & Wormhole attacks, as well as available solutions for such attacks in existing VANET protocols.

Black hole attack detection in vehicular ad-hoc network using secure AODV routing algorithm

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) has received significant attention in the research domain of intelligent transportation system (ITS) as they provide safety and security to drivers and passengers. As compared to mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), VANETs are mainly different in terms of characteristics, and system architecture. Security in VANET has been an important issue as it effects the communication between both (V-2-V) vehicles-to-vehicle and (V-2-I) vehicle to infrastructure. In VANET, malicious attacks affect the security of the networks, and it is necessary to identify and prevent such security attacks. In VANET network, any node can function as a router for the others nodes, and a malicious node connected to the network may inject spoofed routing tables to the other nodes thereby affecting the operation of the network. To overcome this issue, a secure AODV routing protocol is developed for detection of black hole attack in this paper. The proposed method is a modified version of the original AODV routing protocol with improvements in the RREQ packet and RREP packet protocols. For added security, a cryptography function-based encryption and decryption is included to verify the source and destination nodes. The proposed approach is demonstrated on a NS-2.33 simulator using different network parameters like drop packets, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio (PDR) and routing request overhead. Results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing AODV routing protocol under black hole attack and improves the network performance.