Vehicle Window Research Articles

플렉서블 디스플레이 기반의 융합형 디자인개발에 관한 연구 -Head-Up Display 가상시나리오 구현을 중심으로-

헤드업 디스플레이(Head-Up Display)는 차량내 정보 제공 디스플레이로서 운전자에게 운행시 필요한 정보들을 차량 윈도우를 통해 제공하여 시야를 확보하는 동시에 주행에 필요한 정보를 습득할 수 있는 장치이다. 초기 헤드업 디스플레이는 수입차량 위주로 장착되었지만 점차 국산 중대형차량에도 장착되어 운전자에게 운행정보에 대한 편의성을 확보한 운전이 가능하도록 제공되어 지고 있다. 현재 출시되는 자동차들의 각 브랜드별 헤드업 디스플레이는 정보표시요소의 일관성 및 인터페이스가 한정적으로 표현되고 있으며 기술형식으로는 도트 반사형 방식으로 적용되어 GUI의 적용방식의 한계점을 드러내고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 사례조사 및 분석을 통해 주행 중에 필요한 실시간 정보표시요소들을 도출하고, POI(Point of Interest) 관심정보의 우선순위를 파악하여 분석된 결과를 바탕으로 최근 개발되어지는 투명디스플레이 기술을 통하여 사용자에게 새로운 GUI가이드라인을 제공을 연구 목적으로 둔다. Head-Up Display, an information-providing display, is a device that provides necessary information through a vehicle window for a driver when driving, with which the driver secures the visibility and acquires information necessary for driving. Head-up displays in early days were mostly installed in imported vehicles but increasingly, being installed in medium and large-sized domestic vehicles, they secures convenience of driving and information acquirement. The information display element of each of currently released brand cars not only has limits in consistency and in displaying interface but also reveals the limitation of a way to apply GUI, being applied to dot reflective form in terms of the technology type. Accordingly, this study draws real time information element described as necessary during driving through case survey and analysis, and aims to provide a user with new GUI guideline through transparent display technology recently developed based on results analyzed with priority of POI(Point of Interest) information.

Electron beam irradiated silver nanowires for a highly transparent heater.

Transparent heaters have attracted increasing attention for their usefulness in vehicle windows, outdoor displays, and periscopes. We present high performance transparent heaters based on Ag nanowires with electron beam irradiation. We obtained an Ag-nanowire thin film with 48 ohm/sq of sheet resistance and 88.8% (substrate included) transmittance at 550 nm after electron beam irradiation for 120 sec. We demonstrate that the electron beam creates nano-soldering at the junctions of the Ag nanowires, which produces lower sheet resistance and improved adhesion of the Ag nanowires. We fabricated a transparent heater with Ag nanowires after electron beam irradiation, and obtained a temperature of 51 °C within 1 min at an applied voltage of 7 V. The presented technique will be useful in a wide range of applications for transparent heaters.

The Effect of High-Pressure Devitrification and Densification on Ballistic-Penetration Resistance of Fused Silica

Recent experimental and molecular-level computational analyses have indicated that fused silica, when subjected to pressures of several tens of GPa, can experience irreversible devitrification and densification. Such changes in the fused-silica molecular-level structure are associated with absorption and/or dissipation of the strain energy acquired by fused silica during high-pressure compression. This finding may have important practical consequences in applications for fused silica such as windshields and windows of military vehicles, portholes in ships, ground vehicles, spacecraft, etc. In the present work, our prior molecular-level computational results pertaining to the response of fused silica to high pressures (and shear stresses) are used to enrich a continuum-type constitutive model (that is, the so-called Johnson-Holmquist-2, JH2, model) for this material. Since the aforementioned devitrification and permanent densification processes modify the response of fused silica to the pressure as well as to the deviatoric part of the stress, changes had to be made in both the JH2 equation of state and the strength model. To assess the potential improvements in respect to the ballistic-penetration resistance of this material brought about by the fused-silica devitrification and permanent densification processes, a series of transient non-linear dynamics finite-element analyses of the transverse impact of a fused-silica test plate with a solid right-circular cylindrical steel projectile were conducted. The results obtained revealed that, provided the projectile incident velocity and, hence, the attendant pressure, is sufficiently high, fused silica can undergo impact-induced devitrification, which improves its ballistic-penetration resistance.

Conventional, Hybrid, or Electric Vehicles: Which Technology for an Urban Distribution Centre?

Freight transport has an important impact on urban welfare. It is estimated to be responsible for 25% of CO2 emissions and up to 50% of particles matters generated by the transport sector in cities. Facing that problem, the European Commission set the objective of reaching free CO2 city logistics by 2030 in major urban areas. In order to achieve this goal, electric vehicles could be an important part of the solution. However, this technology still faces a number of barriers, in particular high purchase costs and limited driving range. This paper explores the possible integration of electric vehicles in urban logistics operations. In order to answer this research question, the authors have developed a fleet size and mix vehicle routing problem with time windows for electric vehicles. In particular, an energy consumption model is integrated in order to consider variable range of electric vehicles. Based on generated instances, the authors analyse different sets of vehicles in terms of vehicle class (quadricycles, small vans, large vans, and trucks) and vehicle technology (petrol, hybrid, diesel, and electric vehicles). Results show that a fleet with different technologies has the opportunity of reducing costs of the last mile.

Model Vehicle Routing Problem dengan Karakteristik Rute Majemuk, Multiple Time Windows, Multiple Products dan Heterogeneous Fleet untuk Depot Tunggal

In this paper we developed a VRP model for multiple routes, multiple time windows for multiple products and heterogeneous vehicles. The solution were constructed using a heuristic approach, i.e, a sequential insertion algorithm. Additionally, this model is applied to solve fuel distributions for eight customers in East Nusa Tenggara. It needs two tankers with capacity of 4700 kilo liters, so that those distributions can be accomplished with a minimum number of vehicles, total completion time, and range of completion time. The result of this study shows that for a heterogeneous vehicles problem, a vehicle with the largest capacity may not necessarily be the vehicle that provides an optimal solution. Moreover, advance trials should be conducted by providing a limited number of tankers for each tanker capacity, so the description of heterogeneous vehicles becomes more visible. In the future research, the solution will be improved by utilizing relocation techniques.

The transparent cockpit

You're traveling down the highway with the road flashing by beneath your feet and the scenery looming everywhere- fore and aft, left and right, above and below. Gone are the usual blind spots created by your vehicle's doors, window frames, roof, and floor. You're as free as a bird and just as aware of your surroundings. We call this form of augmented reality a transparent cockpit because it would make the driver of a car feel like he's piloting an airplane-another place where this technology might be used. We have implemented it in test cars using cameras, imaging software, projector displays, and reflective surfaces. Thus equipped, human beings could drive very safely while still enjoying the open road-more open, indeed, than ever before.

Optimization of injection molding process parameters to improve the mechanical performance of polymer product against impact

Injection molding is the most widely used process in manufacturing polymer products. The warpage induced during injection molding process has an important influence on the mechanical performance of injection molded products. Therefore, how to optimize process parameters becomes the key issue in improving the mechanical performance of the product towards the expected service conditions. In this paper, a combined artificial neural network and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm method is proposed to optimize the injection molding process. An integrated finite element analysis of the injection molding process, the warpage-induced residual stresses during assembly, and mechanical performance of serviced product is firstly proposed. A back propagation neural network model is then developed to map the complex nonlinear relationship between process parameters and mechanical performance of the product. The PSO algorithm is interfaced with this predictive model to optimize process parameters and thereby significantly improve the mechanical performance. A case study of vehicle window made of polycarbonate (PC) is presented. Optimum values of process parameters are determined to minimize the maximum von Mises stress within the PC vehicle window under impact loading.

An analysis of U.S. federal mileage ratings for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

With the introduction of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, the US Environmental Protection Agency developed a rule to calculate “miles per gallon equivalent” (MPGe) for electric vehicle window stickers and the US Department of Energy created a separate procedure for calculation of fuel economy for use in the federally mandated corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards. The EPA rule fails to account for inefficiencies in or emissions resulting from the production of electricity and as a result greatly overestimates the life cycle efficiency of covered vehicles, which would be evident using “exergy analysis.” The DOE rule accounts for conversion efficiencies, but includes a long-standing, policy based factor (originally developed to reduce oil consumption by promoting alternatively fueled vehicles). This factor disproportionately raises the calculated performance of electrically powered vehicles. As a result, both the EPA and DOE rules incentivize policies that are not substantiated by the immediate technical merits.

The Study on Farm Vehicle Electric Window Controller with Anti-Pinch Function

The study on farm vehicle electric window controller is studied in this work. Considering the characteristic and the demand of farm vehicle window lifter, it has been designed the control system of cross arm lifter. The system can realize the motors over-current, over-voltage and overheat protection. By monitoring the current, it can identify the situation of the lifter glass way up coming cross obstacles and realize anti-pinch function automatically. Through the actual production testing, the system performance is proved to be stable and reliable, and it has a certain popularization and application value in future.

Aircraft Ground Service Scheduling Problems and Their Genetic Algorithm With Hybrid Assignment and Sequence Encoding Scheme

The aircraft ground service is a key ring to guarantee flight safety and normal operation. In the case of the traveling time of service crew from one aircraft parking place to another to be nonignorable, the scheduling optimization problem of ground service can be described as a vehicle routing problem with time windows of multiply nonidentical vehicles. To solve the problem, we propose a genetic algorithm with a hybrid encoding scheme. The encoding scheme describes the bit of a chromosome as a positive real number. Its integer part stands for the assigned crew of a flight and its decimal part for the position in job sequence by percent. The encoding scheme integrates assignment and sequence information in one number. Thus, it can be conveniently processed by all genetic operations of crossover, mutation, selection, and reproduction. A greedy heuristic is embedded as the sequencing initialization and reinitialization tool in the genetic algorithm procedure. The genetic algorithm is used to solve a lot of examples from a practical aircraft service company. The achieved results show that the algorithm is efficient.

Novel Emissive Projection Display Digitizes Glass Windows

An innovative emissive‐projection‐display (EPD) system consisting of a fully transparent fluorescent screen and a blue‐light‐emitting digital projector can be used for digital signage on the windows of buildings or vehicles. The screen can be applied to any window without obstructing the view through the glass.

Implied transfer of priority right within a group of companies: vehicle window

Implied transfer of priority right within a group of companies: vehicle window

Transparent flexible heater based on hybrid of carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires

Transparent film heaters have attracted increasing attention due to their usefulness in a wide range of applications, such as outdoor panel displays, avionic displays, and periscope and vehicle window defrosters. So far, transparent films made of only one kind of conductive nanomaterial have been tried in the fabrication of transparent film heaters. However, since each nanomaterial has its own advantages and disadvantages, satisfying various requirements from industry has so far been almost impossible. Here, we present a high-performance transparent film heater based on a hybrid of carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires. The new hybrid film shows a marked advance in haze reduction and an improvement in the flexibility of the silver nanowire film while maintaining excellent electrical conductivity. We demonstrate sufficient temperature rise even at low voltages and long-term stability of the new film heater. The present work sheds light on the feasibility of a more advanced film heater that will satisfy growing demands for better optoelectrical properties with excellent mechanical flexibility.

Influence of driving patterns on life cycle cost and emissions of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicle powertrains

We compare the potential of hybrid, extended-range plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles to reduce lifetime cost and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions under various scenarios and simulated driving conditions. We find that driving conditions affect economic and environmental benefits of electrified vehicles substantially: Under the urban NYC driving cycle, hybrid and plug-in vehicles can cut life cycle emissions by 60% and reduce costs up to 20% relative to conventional vehicles (CVs). In contrast, under highway test conditions (HWFET) electrified vehicles offer marginal emissions reductions at higher costs. NYC conditions with frequent stops triple life cycle emissions and increase costs of conventional vehicles by 30%, while aggressive driving (US06) reduces the all-electric range of plug-in vehicles by up to 45% compared to milder test cycles (like HWFET). Vehicle window stickers, fuel economy standards, and life cycle studies using average lab-test vehicle efficiency estimates are therefore incomplete: (1) driver heterogeneity matters, and efforts to encourage adoption of hybrid and plug-in vehicles will have greater impact if targeted to urban drivers vs. highway drivers; and (2) electrified vehicles perform better on some drive cycles than others, so non-representative tests can bias consumer perception and regulation of alternative technologies. We discuss policy implications.

Gesichtsverletzung durch Einklemmung in einer automatischen Scheibenschließanlage eines Kraftfahrzeugs: Ein Fallbericht

Automatic power-operated windows of modern motor vehicles present a risk of injury due to jam events. A 41-year-old man suffered an injury of his gingiva upon jamming of his face between the window and seal entry. The motor vehicle window that led to the injury had no closing force restriction. Equipping power-operated windows with closing force restriction should be required.

Jamming of fingers: an experimental study to determine force and deflection in participants and human cadaver specimens for development of a new bionic test device for validation of power-operated motor vehicle side door windows

The deformability of human fingers is central to addressing the real-life hazard of finger jamming between the window and seal entry of a power-operated motor vehicle side door window. The index and little fingers of the left hand of 109 participants and of 20 cadaver specimens were placed in a measurement setup. Participants progressively jammed their fingers at five different dorsal-palmar jam positions up to the maximum tolerable pain threshold, whereas the cadaver specimens were jammed up to the maximum possible deflection. Force-deflection curves were calculated corresponding to increasing deflection of the compressed tissue layers of the fingers. The average maximum force applied by the participants was 42 N to the index finger and 35 N to the little finger. In the cadaver fingers, the average of the maximum force applied was 1886 N for the index finger and 1833 N for the little finger. In 200 jam positions, 25 fractures were observed on radiographs; fractures occurred at an average force of 1485 N. These data assisted the development of a prototype of a bionic test device for more realistic validation of power-operated motor vehicle windows.

Verletzungsrisiko von Kinderfingern in automatischen Scheibenschließanlagen von Kraftfahrzeugen

This study examines the dimensions of children's fingers and the risk of jam injuries in a 4-mm gap between glass and gasket of power-operated motor vehicle windows. The diameter of the proximal, middle, and distal phalanx and of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint of each finger of the right hand of 160 children was measured in a cross-sectional investigation. Six different drawings in cross section of gaskets and glass window panes of current motor vehicle side door windows at a vertical gap of 4 mm were drawn in correct proportion. The larger actual width of the oblique gap between window glass and gasket was measured and related to the diameters of children's fingers. Almost all fingers and joints fit in the largest actual gap of 18 mm between glass and gasket of one seal design. The European guideline 74/60/EWG specifications currently pertaining to closing force restriction do not eliminate the risk of potentially serious injury to children's fingers in motor vehicle power windows.

Finger injuries caused by power-operated windows of motor vehicles: An experimental cadaver study

The aim of this experimental cadaver study was to investigate which kinds of lesions could occur in jam events between the glass and seal entry of power-operated motor vehicle side door windows at two different closing forces.Ten hands of fresh cadaver specimens were used. Three different hand positions chosen to simulate real events in which a finger is jammed between the glass and seal entry of the window of a current motor vehicle were examined. The index, middle, ring, and little finger of each hand were separately jammed both at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint at closing forces of 300 and 500N with a constant window glass closing speed of 10cm/s. Macroscopically visible injuries were documented and radiographs of all fingers were obtained in two standard planes.At a closing force of 300N, contusion marks of the skin, palmar joint instabilities and superficial skin lesions occurred, whilst at 500N superficial skin lesions, superficial and deep open crush injuries, and fractures were observed. The results of this study experimentally demonstrate the kinds of finger injuries that could be expected in real jam events between the glass and seal entry in automatic power-operated windows.

Einklemmung eines Kinderfingers: Eine experimentelle Studie zur Bestimmung der elastischen Widerstände und der Punkte des Beginns der Knochen-/Gelenkdeformierung

Knowledge of the elastic properties of children's fingers is very important to understand the potential hazard for jamming injuries that exists in modern motor vehicles with automatic power-operated windows. This study determined the elastic resistance and the point of onset of bone/joint deformation at each of 5 different jam positions of a child's finger under continuous dorsal-palmar compression. An unembalmed finger that recently had been surgically removed from a polydactylic 8 month-old girl was jammed in a custom hydraulic test apparatus. A subminiature force sensor and an electrometric path sensor measured force and deflection values. To visualise the respective point of onset of bone/joint deformation, jamming of the finger was performed under fluoroscopy. The mean force at the point of onset of bone/joint deformation was 78.4 N. The current statutory limit of 100 N for the maximum closing force of an automatic power-operated motor vehicle window is thus well beyond the point at which finger injuries can occur in children. Assuming finger injuries in children can occur at a jamming force below approximately 80 N, a reduction of the statutory limit to us higher than 50 N is reasonable.

Vehicular Transparent Surfaces' Patterned Film for Onboard Pico Projection Applications

Tinted vehicle windows are commonly used for different applications, among which are providing privacy, reducing transmitted sunlight in hot climates, and sometimes just for aesthetics among other uses. The work reported here was geared towards retaining these traditional aspects of tinted vehicle windows while adding a new display aspect component for custom display applications. We applied a low cost dual purpose diffusely transmitting and diffusely reflective pattern onto a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic film. This custom-patterned film was then applied to both transparent and conventionally tinted vehicle window glass to observe the change in image quality projected onto them. For image projection we used a low cost VGA resolution, 45 lum liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) Pico projector. Images were observed and recorded under the same ambient light environment. The field results showed significantly improved perceptibility with 200:1 contrast ratio, on tinted vehicle windows augmented with our custom pattern printed film. Whereas images projected on surfaces without the custom patterned film were literally imperceptible.