Vehicle Skidding Research Articles

Analysis of factors affecting vehicle skidding during braking on curved sections of superhighways

Analysis of factors affecting vehicle skidding during braking on curved sections of superhighways

Nighttime Pothole Detection: A Benchmark

In the field of computer vision, the detection of road potholes at night represents a critical challenge in enhancing the safety of intelligent transportation systems. Ensuring road safety is of paramount importance, particularly in promptly repairing pothole issues. These abrupt road depressions can easily lead to vehicle skidding, loss of control, and even traffic accidents, especially when water has pooled in or submerged the potholes. Therefore, the detection and recognition of road potholes can significantly reduce vehicle damage and the incidence of safety incidents. However, research on road pothole detection lacks high-quality annotated datasets, particularly under low-light conditions at night. To address this issue, this study introduces a novel Nighttime Pothole Dataset (NPD), independently collected and comprising 3831 images that capture diverse scene variations. The construction of this dataset aims to counteract the insufficiency of existing data resources and strives to provide a richer and more realistic benchmark. Additionally, we develop a baseline detector, termed WT-YOLOv8, for the proposed dataset, based on YOLOv8. We also evaluate the performance of the improved WT-YOLOv8 method and eight state-of-the-art object detection methods on the NPD and the COCO dataset. The experimental results on the NPD demonstrate that WT-YOLOv8 achieves a 2.3% improvement in mean Average Precision (mAP) over YOLOv8. In terms of the key metrics—AP@0.5 and AP@0.75—it shows enhancements of 1.5% and 2.8%, respectively, compared to YOLOv8. The experimental results provide valuable insights into each method’s strengths and weaknesses under low-light conditions. This analysis highlights the importance of a specialized dataset for nighttime pothole detection and shows variations in accuracy and robustness among methods, emphasizing the need for improved nighttime pothole detection techniques. The introduction of the NPD is expected to stimulate further research, encouraging the development of advanced algorithms for nighttime pothole detection, ultimately leading to more flexible and reliable road maintenance and road safety.

Novel asphalt pavement with directional heat conduction for melting of ice and snow in plateau and cold areas

Abstract Because of the low temperature in plateau and cold areas, highway pavements are greatly affected by ice and snow, which typically lead to vehicle skidding, rollover, and even more severe traffic accidents. For infrastructure such as airports and roads, electric heating technology has been used for ice melting and snow removal with the advantage of using clean and renewable energy. However, the traditional electric heating pavement suffers from low thermal conductivity, energy scattering during the heating process, and the lack of an intelligent heating control system. To improve the efficiency of ice and snow melting and realize intelligent control, this study developed an innovative design for the heat conduction structure of the pavement. The proposed structure consists of the upper layer of the highway pavement, heat source layer, heat insulation layer, lower layer, and the base layer from top to bottom, which can realize directional heat conduction and heat insulation. The validity of the design is verified by thermal conductivity test, simulation test, and finite element modelling. The results hold scientific significance in terms of promoting snow melting pavement research and the development of new snow and ice melting technology. .

Impact of combined alignments and adverse weather conditions on vehicle skidding

Roadways in Wyoming are characterized by challenging horizontal profiles, vertical profiles, a combination of the two and adverse weather conditions, all of which affect vehicle stability. In this study, we investigated the impact of different operating speeds when negotiating combined horizontal and vertical curves under unfavorable environmental conditions on Wyoming's interstates via vehicle dynamics simulation software. The simulation tools provided the acting forces on each tire of the vehicle and the side friction (skidding) margins. This allowed for examining the interaction between vehicle dynamics and road geometry in such alignments. Also, linear regression analysis was implemented to investigate the skidding margins based on the simulation results to demonstrate when a vehicle is more likely to deviate from its desired trajectory. Specifically, this examines the contributing factors that significantly influence the skidding margins. The results indicated that: 1)the skidding margins are dramatically decreased by adverse weather conditions even with lower degree of curvature and gradient values of combined curves and more particularly at higher operating speeds conditions. Increasing the vehicle speed on the curve by 10%, the skidding margin dropped by 15%. 2) Compared to heavy trucks and sports utility vehicles (SUVs), passenger cars require the highest side friction demand. 3) The effect of applying brakes on vehicle stability depends on the road surface condition; applying the brakes on snowy road surfaces increases the potential of vehicle skidding especially for heavy trucks. This study assessed the curve speed limits and showed how important to assign safe and appropriate limits speed since the skidding likelihood is significantly sensitive to the vehicle speeds. This study is beneficial to Wyoming's roadway agencies since hazardous sections having combined horizontal and vertical curves are identified. Also, critical situations that require additional attention from law enforcement agencies are pinpointed. Finally, recommendations that are valuable to roadway agencies are made based on this study's findings.

Теоретичне дослідження умов максимально допустимого буксування рушіїв колісних енергетичних засобів

Goal. Determination of the maximum allowable skidding of wheel drives, provided there is no cut and the manifestation of such a level of its displacement by the tire grips, which does not exceed the specified strength limit. Methods. Are based on the use of sections of the theory of traction dynamics of a tractor, which consider the rolling process of an elastic traction wheel on a deformed soil surface. Theoretical calculations of the obtained analytical regularities were carried out in the MathCad 15.0 software environment. The initial data were the parameters of the typical soil environment of the south of Ukraine and the design parameters of tractors of traction classes 1.4 and 3, which are most common in this area. Results. An analytical dependence has been developed that allows you to determine the maximum permissible level of skidding of wheeled power vehicles, taking into account the shear strength limit of the soil medium. According to the calculations, it was established that the maximum allowable value of wheel drive towing significantly depends on the condition of the agrotechnical background on which the tractor moves. A quantitative characteristic of this condition is the coefficient of rolling resistance of the wheel drive. No less significant influence on the value of the maximum permissible skidding of the drivers of wheeled power vehicles is exerted by the angle of the position of the ground grip on the tire in relation to its longitudinal axis of symmetry. Conclusions. Theoretical studies have established that the greater the coefficient of rolling resistance of a wheeled vehicle on this or that agrotechnical background, the smaller the maximum permissible value of its skidding should be, with a more economical impact on the soil environment. Compared to a tractor of traction class 1.4 (MTZ-892), the use of a power tool of traction class 3 (XTZ-17221) is possible with higher values of the maximum permissible towing. The results of mathematical modeling prove that with an increase in the value of the angle of placement (inclination) of the ground grip to the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the wheel drive, the maximum permissible level of its skidding should be lower.

The use of the multivariate antiskid sensor to gain maximum trailed load of the rolling stock

The article examines the use of the antiskid sensor to gain maximum trailed load.Skidding means the slip of wheels of a vehicle (tram, railway carriage) along the bearing surface (road, rails) where the linear speed of the wheel surface is lower than the speed of the bearing surface towards the vehicle.
 The wheel slip occurs during braking. It is caused by the excess braking force over the traction with the bearing surface. Skidding of rail vehicles leads to the wear-out of locked wheels in the place of their contact with the rail and to the flat area on the wheel tire. 
 To prevent skidding of railway vehicles, one should regulate the braking force, depending on the load, using the cargo automatic mode or apply systems and devices of antiskid and nonskid equipment of vehicle units. The system for gaining maximum trailed load by attaching rail vehicles to the electric drive should have a skidding detection device(tram, railway carriage). At specified parameters of the engine and traction converter, the coefficient of transmission and the time constant of the nonskid device are chosen in case of steadiness. 
 For this purpose, one linearizes the system and builds the stability area in plane of the specified parameters using the D-decomposition method.
 The final choice of the coefficient of transmission and the time constant is made so that the system will be less subject to fluctuations and the slip speed will be as resilient as possible.
 The system for gaining maximum trailed load by attaching rail vehicles to the electric drive will be optimized by its supplementing with corresponding technical means that can include the use of the multivariate antiskid sensor.
 Contemporary antiskid devices involving quick-response electronic equipment will allow not just preventing wheel failures but also increasing the adhesive coefficient in contaminated areas of the route.
 The use of the multivariate antiskid sensor will allow obtaining a more informative useful signal in order to expand the functional capacity of the sensor, increase the reliability of its operations, which will ensure maximum trailed load of the rolling stock.

Toward Synthetic Data Generation to Enhance Skidding Detection in Winter Conditions

In this paper, we propose the use of a neural network to identify lateral skidding events of road vehicles used during winter driving conditions. Firstly, data from a simulation model was used to identify the essential vehicle dynamics variables needed and to create the network structure. Then this network was retrained to classify real-world vehicle skidding events. The final network consists of a 3 layer network with 10, 5 and 1 output neurons 13 inputs, 4 outputs and a 5 step time delay. The retrained network was used on a limited set of real vehicle data and confirmed the effectiveness of the network classifying lateral skidding events.

The influence of the pavement friction coefficient evolution caused by traffic flow on the risk of motorway horizontal curves.

The friction coefficient between the tire and the road is one of the key parameters affecting road traffic safety. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the risk of skidding for the vehicles due to the friction evolution caused by the traffic polishing in the horizontal curve. Based on the reliability theory, an innovative dynamic risk assessment model is developed in the present study for passenger cars and trucks. The influence of two traffic characteristics for pavement friction is quantified: cumulative traffic volume (CTV) and annual average daily traffic of trucks (AADTT). The speed distribution on the horizontal curve of the motorway is obtained through field experiments as the basic parameter of the model. The Hasofer-Lind Method is adopted to solve the reliability and the risk probability of vehicle skidding. The results show that in the traffic characteristics, the AADTT has a significant impact on the pavement friction; When the AADTT on the road exceeds 2000 veh/d, the increasing CTV leads to friction decrease rapidly and therefore has a significant impact on the risk of horizontal curve. Especially for roads with more than 50 million vehicles of the CTV, the risk of the horizontal curve shows a sharp increase with CTV rising. The research results can provide reference for the road maintenance department to determine the timing of road maintenance.

Model Optimization of Agricultural Machinery Information Control System Based on Artificial Intelligence

Agricultural mechanization information in our country has the main problems existing in the management and utilization. The analysis of China’s agricultural mechanization management model and related software is presented based on combining modern science and technology as well as the development of agricultural mechanization management information system based on network software to standardize the management information collection, processing, storage and transmission, agricultural mechanization management information science, standardization, automation, etc. According to the analysis, the output target speed after fusion is more stable, and the stability is increased by 59.59% compared with the single-point GNSS velocity measurement data, and by 18.32% compared with the data measured by the binocular vision velocity measurement system. It has realized the goal of accurate speed measurement from low speed to high speed. In particular, it has solved the problems such as vehicles unable to complete positioning and vehicle skidding caused by trees blocking GNSS satellite signals during field operations.

A Post Impact Stability Control for Four Hub-Motor Independent-Drive Electric Vehicles

This article presents a post-impact lateral stability control strategy integrated for Four Hub-Motor Independent-Drive Electric Vehicles (4MIDEV) to address the issue of loss of vehicle stability control due to vehicle skidding and saturated tire forces upon light vehicle collision using active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC). Upon a light vehicle collision, vehicle experiences lateral and yaw motions due to collision impact-induced yaw moment. A multiple-objective hierarchical control strategy to attenuate vehicle yaw moment and regain stability control is proposed. Two potential sets of control reference states for the control strategy motion control are considered: desired DYC states and the drift equilibrium. A direct yaw moment controller based on sliding mode control (SMC) theory is designed to track the desired yaw rate. For the AFS, the tracking of desired DYC sideslip angle is performed using a SMC based controller, whereas the tracking of drift equilibrium state values employs a state feedback controller. An SMC longitudinal controller is designed for deceleration control of the vehicle after collision. Upon compensation of the yaw moment, a multiple sliding surface control theory-based lane controller is employed for lateral path deviation and heading angle control. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is validated on Carsim and Matlab/Simulink joint simulation platform. Simulation results showed that the proposed control strategy is effective in improving the post-impact stability control of the 4MIDEV on a high-velocity condition, and the control strategy that tracks the drift equilibrium showed better control performance on low adhesion coefficient surface.

Risk Assessment of Rollover and Skidding due to Pavement Roughness and Differential Settlement for Enhancing Transportation Safety

In this paper, a closed-loop simulation of vehicle dynamics in CarSim is utilized as surrogate measures to study the effect of pavement roughness and differential settlement on risk of vehicle rollover and skidding. It is found that the influence of pavement roughness on vehicle rollover is significant and the influence of pavement roughness on vehicle skidding is insignificant. The influence of pavement roughness of grade A and B on safety margin of vehicle rollover can be negligible. Pavement roughness of grade C and D significantly reduces the safety margin of vehicle rollover. A 5 cm settlement difference on pavement reduces the safety margin of vehicle skidding on a good road. When the settlement difference is 5 cm, the vehicle rollover and skidding are greatly affected by the lane-changing speed. It provides an effective and general method based on vehicle dynamics for studying transportation safety as well as for setting up criteria for pavement maintenance.

Optimal Design for Anti-Skid Control of Electric Vehicles by Fuzzy Approach

In this paper, a new fuzzy approach is applied to optimal design of the anti-skid control for electric vehicles. The anti-skid control is used to maintain the wheel speed when there are uncertainties. The control is able to provide an appropriate torque for wheels when the vehicle is about to skid. The friction coefficient and the moments of inertia of wheels and motor are considered as uncertain parameters. These nonlinear, bounded and time-varying uncertainties are described by fuzzy set theory. The control is deterministic and is not based on IF-THEN fuzzy rules. Then, the optimal design for this fuzzy system and control cost is proposed by fuzzy information. In this way, the uniform boundedness and uniform ultimate boundedness are guaranteed and the average fuzzy performance is minimized. Numerical simulations show that the control can prevent vehicle skidding with the minimum control cost under uncertainties.

Prediction modeling of skid resistance and texture depth on flexible pavement for urban roads

Due to the urbanization and vehicle growth in India, the accident rate was very higher especially in urban cities of India. In India on the year 2019 the country has reported around 1,51,000 deaths due to road accidents. The cause of road accidents may be due number of factors such as Road surface characteristics, geometric characteristics, human factors, vehicle characteristics and weather condition etc. Among the above factors the road surface characteristics such as macro and micro texture contributes to the vehicle skidding and causes of serious accidents, thus the above characteristics should be monitored and maintained in the road surface. In reality, monitoring the skid resistance of all roads and maintain the required skid resistance is very difficult. Hence in this study, the prediction model was developed for skid resistance and texture depth using regression technique for the optimum maintenance of urban roads surface characteristics such as skid resistance which mainly depends on the macro and micro texture of the pavement surface. In this study the vast network of roads with varying traffic characteristics, age and surfacing etc., the ease in data collection prompted to take the city of Chennai as the study area for the development of Skid resistance and texture depth prediction model. Models developed for using regression technique is found to be highly satisfactory. It is found out that factors influencing the progression of skid resistance are texture depth, traffic condition, age, variation of bitumen content from optimum and abrasion value, among which, the texture depth has greater influence on the skid resistance value. The model developed in this study can be utilized for the optimum maintenance of urban roads.

Calibrating safety-based design charts for horizontal curves using system reliability analysis and multivariate models

The majority of previous studies on reliability-based highway design focussed on assessing the risk associated with only one mode of non-compliance (i.e. insufficient sight distance on horizontal curves using 2 D sight distance calculations). Only a handful number of studies established a link between risk levels and collisions. This paper calibrates safety-based design charts for horizontal curves considering a system reliability analysis (i.e., multi-mode) where the non-compliance could result from limited sight distance and vehicle skidding. The paper first utilised LiDAR data to collect curve attributes and assess the Available Sight Distance in a 3 D environment on 244 horizontal curves in Alberta, Canada. Monte Carlo Simulation was then used to calculate the associated risk levels, and full-Bayes multivariate Poisson lognormal regression was utilised to develop statistically significant safety performance functions that relate risk levels to collisions. Safety-based design charts were calibrated to relate curve attributes to risk levels and collisions. The calibrated charts showed the importance of using multi-mode reliability analysis. An example of using the calibrated charts in estimating the expected safety benefits of geometric improvements was introduced. The developed charts can offer designers a tool to estimate the safety consequences of design alternatives and aid the decision-making process of rehabilitation projects.

A model predictive approach to control vehicle skidding by sideslip angle estimation

Circular external fixators using hexapod struts are a valuable tool in the treatment of complex, multiplanar limb deformities.

On Effects of Spinning Moments on Wheeled Vehicle Skidding

We give a mathematical description of the initial stage of both axles skidding for a wheeled vehicle on a bend that arises in the case of blocking or slipping of wheels of one of its axles. It is shown that within the framework of Zhuravlev’s model of friction, which takes into account the moments of spinning friction (they appear as a result of interaction of the wheels with the reference plane), the vehicle skidding is less than for the Coulomb friction model.

Analysis of vehicle skidding potential on horizontal curves

High crash rates on horizontal curves during wet weather are a major road safety concern. Among the various causes of crashes on horizontal curves, wet-weather skidding is a major contributing factor. This study analyzed the mechanisms of three possible modes of vehicle skidding on horizontal curves based on theories of mechanics. The three modes of skidding analyzed were: (i) forward skidding of front steering wheel, (ii) sideway skidding of front steering wheel, and (iii) sideway skidding of rear wheel. The main objective was to provide useful information to researchers and practitioners in identifying the important factors that contribute to horizontal curve crashes. A computer simulation procedure was developed to evaluate the maximum safe vehicle speeds against the three modes of skidding on wet horizontal curved pavements. This offers a much improved method for skidding potential evaluation compared to the conventional approximate method using estimated coefficient of friction. The skidding potential of a vehicle is defined as the difference between its speed and the maximum safe speed against skidding. The smaller the difference, the higher is the skidding potential. The relative magnitudes of skidding potential for the three skidding modes were considered for different operating conditions. Different operating conditions were represented by different values of pavement curve radii, super-elevations, and wet-weather conditions represented by the thickness of pavement surface water-film. The analysis identified five key factors that affect the skidding potential of vehicles negotiating a horizontal curve. They are: vehicle speed, curve radius, superelevation, water film thickness and pavement skid resistance state.

Driving Safety Analysis Using Grid‐Based Water‐Filled Rut Depth Distribution

The water accumulated in the rutted road sections poses a threat to the safety of vehicles. Water‐filled ruts will cause partial or complete loss of the friction between tires and the road surface, leading to driving safety hazards such as hydroplaning and sliding. At present, the maximum water depth of left and right ruts is mostly adopted to analyze the safety of water‐filled ruts, ignoring the uneven change of ruts in the driving direction and the cross‐section direction, which cannot fully reflect the actual impact of asymmetric or uneven longitudinal ruts on the vehicle. In order to explore the impact of water‐filled ruts on driving safety, a three‐dimensional (3D) tire‐road finite element model is established in this paper to calculate the adhesion coefficient between the tire and the road surface. Moreover, a model of the 3D water‐filled rut‐adhesion coefficient vehicle is established and simulated by the dynamics software CarSim. In addition, the influence of the water depth difference between the left and right ruts on the driving safety is quantitatively analyzed, and a safety prediction model for the water‐filled rut is established. The results of the case study show that (1) the length of dangerous road sections based on vehicle skidding is longer than that based on hydroplaning, and the length of dangerous road sections based on hydroplaning is underestimated by 9.4%–100%; (2) as the vehicle speed drops from 120 km/h to 80 km/h, the length of dangerous road sections obtained based on vehicle sliding analysis is reduced by 93.8%. Therefore, in order to ensure driving safety, the speed limit is controlled within 80 km/h to ensure that the vehicle will not skid. The proposed method provides a good foundation for the vehicles to actively respond to the situation of the water‐filled road section.

Preliminary study to determine the maximum safe speed of vehicles based on rolling moments and vehicle skid to reduce of driving accidents

Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest death rate due to road traffic accidents. Research on vehicle safety needs to be done immediately. Some travel companies, rental vehicles, and tourism vehicles have made permit speed regulations, but the basis for selecting these limits is not scientific. In this study will be presented how to determine the maximum speed allowed in a vehicle scientifically, and how to calculate the speed of the permit can be a reference to other vehicles. This research method is analytical and experimental methods. The normal force of the wheel when the vehicle turns will be different, where the normal force of the wheel inside will first be lifted due to rolling force, and will have an impact on the skid that might occur. So, this is becoming a reference in calculating the vehicle’s maximum clearance speed. The maximum speed allowed of the vehicle under study depends on the turning radius. Therefore, knowing the wheel’s normal force from various conditions and the maximum speed of the vehicle, a safety warning system can be developed in the future to avoid vehicle accidents.

Winter Maintenance of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement: Evaluating Opportunities to Reduce Road Salt Pollution and Improve Winter Safety

Permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP) is a type of permeable pavement system that uses the joint spaces between pavers to drain water from the surface into an aggregate base and subbase layer below. Because of its ability to rapidly drain surface water, PICP has the potential to reduce the amount of ice formed on the surface during winter conditions compared with traditional impervious pavements. As a result, PICP may reduce the amount of road salt needed for de-icing paved surfaces and may also reduce the risk of pedestrian slipping and vehicle skidding throughout the winter. This study evaluates the performance of an outdoor PICP and asphalt test pad over two winter seasons in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada, by assessing differences in surface conditions, surface friction, and surface temperatures. The results of this study indicate that PICP provides equivalent or higher levels of safety compared with asphalt when treated with de-icing products at medium (0.049 kg/m2) or low (0.024 kg/m2) application rates. Re-freezing of melted snow and ice after sunset was observed on the asphalt surface creating black ice, but not on the PICP cells. Consequently, compared with asphalt pavements, PICP surfaces will require use of less de-icer and will have lower risk of slips and falls for pedestrians, and lower risk of skidding for vehicles throughout the winter.