Vehicle Restriction Research Articles

Automated driving: A biomechanical approach for sleeping positions

Occupants of autonomous vehicle have frequently indicated the desire to sleep or rest while driving, yet little has been known regarding the suitable design criteria for a biomechanically reasoned in-vehicle sleeping position. This study was aimed at evaluating the biomechanical quality of different backrest and seat pan angle combinations, and at predicting the most favourable sleeping positions based on vehicle restriction. More specifically, the interface pressure distribution and subjective suitability rating of 23 subjects was assessed in a total of nine (3 × 3) combinations of seat pan (20°, 30°, 40°) and backrest (145°, 155°, 165°) angles. Biomechanical quality was evaluated with an interface pressure score (IPS) based on sensitivity weighted pressures and the total contact area. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that IPS significantly improves with increasing seat pan angle whereas backrest angles of 155° or 165° lead to significant better IPS compared to flatter ones (145°). The overall highest IPS was observed for a 40°-seat pan angle in combination with a 155°-backrest angle. Subjective suitability rating revealed that people prefer a combination of 165° backrest angle with a seat pan of 20°; however, eight of nine combinations can be considered as suitable for sleeping. Therefore, the combination of a 40°-seat pan angle and 155° backrest is recommended by the present study for an in-vehicle sleeping position due to the increased biomechanical quality.

Will the vehicle restriction policy maintain a long‐term deterrent effect?

As one of the efficient travel demand management approaches, vehicle restriction policy has been widely implemented worldwide. However, non-compliant behaviours occur and undermine such a policy. Maintaining a long-term deterrent effect on individuals is crucial. This study conducts an empirical analysis to investigate whether the vehicle restriction policy can prevent non-compliant behaviours in the long run. On the basis of a newly implemented vehicle restriction policy, i.e. odd-and-even policy in Langfang, China, compliance duration that represents the period from the beginning of the policy to the first rule-breaking behaviour of an individual is investigated by applying survival analyses. Moreover, this study proves the existence of inertia in rule-breaking behaviour. Findings reveal that a considerable proportion of vehicles would commit their first offence within a short period of time after the policy coming into force. Inertia would further increase the frequency of rule-breaking behaviour. Thus, vehicle restriction policy can hardly maintain a long-term deterrent effect. This study provides implications for understanding the deterrent effect of transportation policies and offers insights into policy improvement.

Understanding customers’ battery electric vehicle sharing adoption based on hybrid choice model

Carsharing as a sustainable mode faces many difficulties such as low market share and acceptance rate in developing and developed countries. In order to develop effective promotion strategies, this study provides insights on the effects of the key factors, including customers’ attitude, level of service, and vehicle restriction policies, on the adoption of battery electric vehicle sharing service. The hybrid choice model framework is incorporated to quantify unobserved attitudinal variables and their effects. In the framework, factor analysis methods are used to construct the factor structure for latent attitudinal variables, a multiple-indicator multiple-cause model is incorporated to capture the relationship between observed variables and latent variables, and a multinomial logit model is used to comprehensively investigate the effects of the key factors on carsharing choice. Results indicate that Beijing permanent residency, demand for private cars, travel pattern, and home-work area have the most significant effects on the attitude towards carsharing. Attitudes such as environmental consciousness, social benefits, satisfaction with transport system, and reliability significantly affect the adoption of battery electric vehicle sharing. Vehicle cruising range and free-floating availability are two crucial factors that hinder the adoption of battery electric vehicle sharing against conventional gasoline vehicle sharing. Results also indicate that the quota scheme on private car plate registration improves the adoption intention of carsharing while restrictions on vehicle use owing to license plates significantly affects the adoption of battery electric vehicle sharing. The findings act as a reference for policy-making, promotion strategy, and operation management of carsharing.

Research on Air Pollution Control Measures Based on System Dynamics A Case Study of Beijing

In this paper, we construct a system dynamics model of the air pollution control measures. Simulation experiments predict the trend of PM2.5 concentration under different conditions. The conclusions of the study are as follows: firstly, the urgent task of controlling air pollution in Beijing is strictly control the value-added of high energy consumption and high pollution industries as well as vehicle restriction. Secondly, advocating afforestation and increasing financial support. In addition, the new restrictions for the motor vehicles with foreign brands to be implemented in Beijing in 2019 has a significant effect on air pollution control.

Noncompliance behavior against vehicle restriction policy: A case study of Langfang, China

Abstract To alleviate traffic congestion, vehicle restriction policies have been widely used globally. However, noncompliance behavior undermines the effectiveness and sustainability of such policies. This study focuses on investigating the characteristics of noncompliance behavior under two vehicle restriction policies, namely, one-day-per-week (ODPW) and odd-and-even (OAE) policies. On the basis of license plate recognition data that record the traffic condition under ODPW and OAE policies in Langfang, China, descriptive statistics are used to illustrate the characteristics of noncompliance with the policies. Furthermore, a zero-inflated model is used to determine the manner in which influencing factors (i.e., local versus external indicator, unrestricted travel rate, daily travel distance within the urban restriction area, and distance between the source intersection and central business district) affect noncompliance frequency. Results show that under the two policies, holding a nonlocal license plate, traveling a long distance daily in the urban restriction area, and departing from a location far from the city center increase the probability of noncompliance behavior of individuals. However, unrestricted travel rate, which represents the frequency of vehicle trips on unrestricted days, exhibits different influences on noncompliance behavior under the two policies. This study provides an in-depth interpretation to noncompliance behavior under vehicle restriction policies and aids improve the long-term effectiveness of the policies.

A Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Vehicle Restriction Policy for Reducing Overtourism in Udo, Korea

Overtourism has given rise to conflict among various stakeholders. Accordingly, to control overtourism, the public sector has started to implement policies. Recently, Udo off Jeju Island in South Korea has begun experiencing overtourism; to prevent the situation from deteriorating, the public sector implemented a vehicle restriction policy. This study used a cost-benefit analysis framework to assess the social costs and benefits of the public policy to control overtourism in Udo. Through interviews and relevant data and documents, this study classified analysis items related to the policy that could be either a cost or benefit to different stakeholders. The social cost-benefit analysis showed that the net benefit increases, the longer the policy continues, thus ensuring it is adequate and feasible to implement the policy. An effective management public policy for the sustainability of the region’s tourism should always be promoted.

Analysis of the attributes to decision-making process of the urban freight vehicle choice for Brazilian scenario

The largest cities in Brazil are experiencing a crisis in their urban mobility model. It increases the complexity of the urban distribution process, which requires a considerable effort in decisions such as vehicular choice for urban freight transport. Some attributes might influence the commercial vehicle choice by the decision makers, and they may be related to aspects of the vehicle, the cargo, the delivery area, the freight vehicle restrictions and the requirements from the operation. Recognising this challenge, the key attributes that influence the urban freight vehicle choice were identified through a systematic literature review and their adherence to the Brazilian reality was evaluated through a survey. Also, a stated preference survey was carried out to measure the relationship between decisions on the choice of commercial vehicular mode and the main attributes in this process. The results could support urban transport planners in the development of effective public policies.

As Zonas de Baixa Emissão nas Cidades

The problem of emissions crosses the boundaries between states and is considered a global issue. In this sense, it is undeniable the responsibility attributed to cities to elaborate strategies for the mitigation of these pollutants. Considering this problem, the aim of this article is to bring a reflection about the conditions for the implementation of Low Emission Zones (LEZ)- considered a regulatory vehicle restriction measure – in order to reduce emissions locally. Therefore, from a descriptive, exploratory research based on literature review, the international experiences bring some relevant reflections for planning a LEZ: define precisely where the LEZ will be implemented; define the type of vehicle to be restricted; develop a mechanism, electronic (license plate control) or manual (vehicle labeling), to control vehicles circulating within zones; set the opening hours; set penalties and fines for drivers who do not meet the requirements for driving in the defined space; and, finally, develop strategies to manage vehicle access from other municipalities. Thus, this local public policy - LEZ - can be considered an inducer to broaden the concept of low emission transport within the cities.

Transport Service Provider Perception of Barriers and Urban Freight Policies in Brazil

The aim of this paper is to analyze the perceptions of the transport service providers on the barriers in urban freight transport and the restrictions imposed on freight vehicles, identifying which urban freight transport policies can improve this activity in Brazil. Principal component analysis allowed us to identify which are barriers in urban cargo transport and the restrictions imposed on freight vehicles. In addition, we evaluated freight policies that can improve the activity using probabilistic preference. We obtained the database from a web-based survey of transport service providers in Brazil. The results indicate that the urban freight vehicle restriction is related to congestion and availability of loading and unloading areas. The freight vehicle restriction is a result of the lack of information and data. The theft of cargo significantly impacts urban freight transport. Transport service provider company perceptions indicate an urban mobility plan as the most-required freight policy to improve freight mobility. To reduce the barriers to urban freight planning, an understanding of the problem involving the stakeholders is needed. To do so, the challenge is to change the culture in the transportation planning process by integrating various actors to create an urban logistics plan that generates opportunities for the city.

Traffic restrictions for heavy vehicles: Leaf-cutting ants avoid extra-large loads when the foraging flow is high

A better knowledge of the behaviors that reduce traffic congestions is essential to understand the success of the trail system despite of costs. Leaf-cutting ants use a trunk-trail system to transport leaf fragments into their nests. Some ants carry extra-large leaf fragments and walk slower than the rest of laden workers, thus slowing the ant column behind them. Here we experimentally address whether fragment size selection by leaf-cutting ants depends on the foraging ant flow. If ant behavior aims at minimizing delays associated with carrying extra-large loads, we expect that extra-large loads will be selected mostly under low ant flow conditions. In 38 foraging trails from 18 nests of Acromyrmex crassipinus located in Chaco Serrano woodland, Argentina, we recorded the removal of medium and extra-large baits under variable ant flow conditions. Ants selected extra-large loads mainly under low flow conditions; the increment of ant flow caused an exponential decrease in the proportion and in the preference to carry extra-large fragments. Restriction of heavy vehicles during peak hours is a common traffic rule that prevents traffic jams in transport networks. Our results suggest that this rule may also apply in ant societies that use foraging trails. Avoiding delays generated by carrying large loads appear to be another reason to transport leaf fragments below the individual load capacity, which might help to better understand the high variation in load sizes carried by leaf-cutting ants. This work might help to explain how by following simple traffic rules the trail system can be successful despite its costs, and also illustrate how individual ant behavior can be influenced by nestmates, thereby improving resource harvest in the colony as a whole.

Analisis Kinerja Simpang Bersinyal di Simpang Papar Untuk Perencanaan Jalan Tol Kertosono-Kediri

The Papar intersection is a very congested route because the location is in the Kertosono-Kediri toll road planning area for the economic distribution of the Western and Southern East Java Provinces. There needs to be a traffic engineering management so that the intersection is not increasingly saturated. As a benchmark is the forecasting of traffic performance carried out for 2 years from 2019 to 2021. The intersection of the Simpang Papar due to the construction of the Kertosono-Kediri toll road will decrease the value of the DS by developing the Kertosono-Kediri toll road so that the DS value is below 1 (one). The lowest 2021 DS is 0.17, while the highest DS is 0.46. Based on the results of forecasting, the intersection of Papar after the construction of the Kertosono - Kediri toll road has increased the volume of traffic along with the growth in vehicle numbers. The lowest 2045 DS year is 0.94, while the highest DS is 2.51. The solution to dealing with traffic congestion in the year 2045 is by traffic monitoring, especially the signal settings and vehicle restrictions. Keywords— traffic performance, degree of saturation, signal intersection, toll planning

The optimization of traffic congestions in big cities: the role of the motor vehicle restriction mechanism

In large cities, the traffic congestion has become an important issue that hinders urban economic development. The motor vehicle restriction policy is an important means for big cities to reduce traffic congestions, and is also used by many large cities around the world. According to the practical experience in Beijing, this paper makes the survey to analyze the impact of restrictive policies on residents’ travel choices and takes travel habits into consideration, to provide an urban traffic congestion solution. This paper argues that the restriction policy as an effective way to optimize the traffic in large cities by reducing the proportion of motor vehicle travel choice by 33.2%. In addition, travel habits as a conductive mechanism play the key role in solution of urban traffic congestions.

Analisis Kinerja Simpang Tak Bersinyal di Simpang Mengkreng Untuk Perencanaan Jalan Tol Kertosono – Kediri

The mengkreng intersection is a very congested route because its location is near Nganjuk, Kediri and Jombang Regencies for the economic distribution of the West and East Java Provinces. Traffic engineering management is needed so that the intersection is not increasingly saturated. As a benchmark, traffic performance forecasting is carried out for 3 years from 2019 to 2022. Based on forecasting results, the Mengkreng intersection will decrease its DS value by carrying out the Kertosono - Kediri toll road development plan so that the DS value is below 1 (one). In 2019 the lowest DS was 0.79, while the highest DS was 1.61. While in 2022 the lowest DS is 0.45, while the highest DS is 2.72. The solution to deal with traffic congestion in 2045 is through traffic engineering and vehicle restrictions.

Assessing the vulnerability of urban rail transit network under heavy air pollution: A dynamic vehicle restriction perspective

With the sharp increase of vehicle emissions in urban areas, some cities in China have launched dynamic vehicle restriction policies to reduce carbon emissions by limiting the use of private cars. The dynamic vehicle restriction policies include One-Day-Per-Week (ODPW) and Odd-And-Even (OAE). The implementation of these policies can cause private car users to switch to public transport. This adds tremendous pressure on urban public transportation systems, especially the rail transport network (RTN). In this study, we examine the impact of dynamic restriction policies on RTN’s vulnerability. An evaluation indicator system for RTN’s vulnerability is first constructed using the average shortest path, congestion degree, and average passenger flow intensity. Thereafter, we simulate the cascading failure process of the RTN using a load capacity model. The simulation results show that implementing dynamic vehicle restriction policies will lead to cascading failure of the RTN and increase its vulnerability. According to the simulation results, it was found that when the restriction policy changes from ODPW to OAE, the RTN is more likely to cause cascading failure and its vulnerability increases sharply. Consequently, transport operators should adopt various measures to prevent the cascading failures of RTN and reduce its vulnerability according to different restriction policies.

Evaluating Signalization and Channelization Selections at Intersections Based on an Entropy Method.

Direct left turns (DLTs) could cause traffic slowdown, delay, stops, and even accidents on intersections, especially on no-median roads. Channelization and signalization can significantly diminish negative impact of DLTs. In China, a total of 56 large and medium-sized cities, including 17 provincial capitals, have adopted vehicle restriction policies due to traffic congestion, vehicle energy conservation and emission reduction, which cause travel inconvenience for citizens. This paper mainly studies signalization and channelization selections at intersections based on an entropy method. Based on the commonly used three evaluation indexes, the number of vehicles, CO emissions and fuel consumption have been added. The entropy evaluation method (EEM) method is innovatively used to objectively calculate the weight of the six indexes, which carry out the optimal traffic volume combinations for intersections of present situation, channelization and signalization. A VISSIM simulation is also used to evaluate the operating status of three conditions. The results show that EEM could help enormously in choosing different methods at a certain intersection. With the EEM, six indexes decrease by 20–70% at most.

Road network analysis of Guwahati city using GIS

Starting from the past or medieval period to the present day situation, history clearly indicates that the development of a region was and even today is function of a good transportation network. In the present day, society demands for an efficient and unobstructed road network after experiencing major issues or problems like traffic congestion, delay, pollution, increased vehicle operating cost and road accidents. Keeping in mind the above needs and constraints to traffic movement, an analysis of a digitized road network of the concerned city/town can be one of the best remedy to solve the problems. Such analysis is best suited in ArcGIS, Geographic Information System (GIS) software for creating, analyzing and compiling maps for obtaining information. In the present study an effort was made to prepare a road network map of Guwahati city and to find the shortest route between two places by proper analysis and digitization of its existing road network system in order to solve the traffic related problems to great extent. Network Analyst is a special analysis tool in ArcGIS which not only scrutinize the closest facility available in network of digitized interconnected lines but also facilitates in optimizing route during floods and emergency responses. One of the best models that can be generated through Network Analysis is the shortest route between required origin and destination points. The analysis is done based on input of certain network attributes like traversing distance, time and cost of travel, barriers, vehicle restrictions etc. All the important roads connecting each other within the Guwahati City were digitized in the GIS environment and proceeded further to serve the purpose.

Assessment of power consumption of electric machinery in agricultural tasks for enhancing the route planning problem

In field operations, machinery is subject to resource restrictions that lead to a significant number of approaches to make it more efficient. Operational times, costs and manoeuvres, machinery effort, among others, are often considered for route planning strategies. In particular, the route planning problem (RPP) has been widely studied for both single and fleet of agricultural machinery performing a previously assigned task, considering the above constraints. However, such a study is limited to engine combustion of agricultural machinery. With electrically powered vehicles, it is yet to be determined how to estimate the power consumption and the power requirements for the route planning problem, to ensure that the vehicle will be able to complete the task. In electric machinery, the power is associated with the rolling resistance, the aerodynamic resistance of the vehicle, its mass, the terramechanic relationship between the wheel and the terrain, among other factors. In this work, it is analytically presented the estimation of the instantaneous power consumption (IPC) of an electric machinery in agricultural tasks, given a previously defined route, according to the nature of the terrain that it is traversing; and it is latter empirically validated in the field. The experiments performed in an avocado grove show a root mean square error of 60 kW in the estimation of the IPC, against 900 kW when using manufacturer information. The results shown herein can be used for further enhancing the route planning problem and the decision making process of the farmer, by adding power restriction (and thus, energy usage) of electric vehicles to the RPP.

Reducing the time loss bias: Two ways to improved driving safety and energy efficiency

The time loss bias describes the systematic overestimation of time lost when decelerating from a relatively high speed. In the present study, we investigated the debiasing effect of two educational interventions, the Paceometer (Peer and Gamliel, 2013) and a newly designed Pop-up assistant, in a video-based controlled-access highway driving scenario. The Paceometer provides participants with pace information (min/km) added to the common speedometer. The Pop-up assistant informs about the time lost when decreasing speed according to a specific situation. A mixed-design ANOVA confirmed the improvement of time loss estimations for both debiasing tools and the superiority of the Pop-up assistant, which produced temporal spillover effects. We discuss potential explanations in terms of simplifying information and anchoring and the potential benefits of both tools to reduce risky driving, fuel costs and range restrictions of electric vehicles.

덕수궁 돌담길의 역사문화가로 장소 인식 특성에 관한 연구

Today, Deoksugung Doldam-gil, which is a well-known area in Seoul, has become a mixed place as many places reaching a critical age have been converted into parks. However, the previous research on the Deoksugung Doldam-gil was deficient in that the user, an essential variable, was not considered when assessing the place. Based on that, this study aims to analyze and interpret the perception of the places in Deoksugung Doldam-gil and to analyze factors to further enrich the place to visitors. According to the research, the representative idea of Deoksugung Doldam-gil is “the distance you want to go” and that has influencing factors, such as vehicle restrictions and the improvement of the walking environment. The analysis of classifying the variables that make up the perception of the place, physical environments, activities and meanings showed high awareness in, “streets of green (3.95)” and “stone walls of curves (3.88).” In the category of activities, “walking activities in the inner city (4.01)” and “love and romance (3.57)” were high. These results seem to reflect the spatial characteristics of the streets and the familiar image of the place were important. Five factors were extracted from the factor analysis to provide a more detailed understanding of the place perception, the correlation between each factor, and the place atmosphere of Deoksugung Doldam-gil. These factors confirmed a high correlation between ‘green landscape’ and ‘historicity.’ This can be attributed to the fact that the analysis reflects vital space, visual experience, and free walking conditions to be important, and these variables are present in urban parks. It also indicates the long-accumulated image and behavior near the site of Deoksugung Palace, including the historical and cultural heritage. It was confirmed that the factors related to the cognitive perception of Deoksugung Doldam-gil and the formation of the atmosphere of the place were strongly recognized. It found that there was a need to reflect the value and importance of ‘green’ in the future as culture or in the use of preservation and management related to heritage. This study presented a direction to be noted from the perspective of a user

Analysis of Cooler Performance in Air Supply Feed for Nitrogen Production Process Using Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Method

Air is one of the essential needs that used by living things either directly or indirectly. The demand for nitrogen in the chemical industry in the world continues to increase every year, especially in the fertilizer industry. In the industry, nitrogen can be used to manufacture ammonia or start tipping on an ammonia plant, also to protect materials from bacterial and fungal disorders. In addition, in the field of nitrogen transport is often to add to vehicle restrictions Pump the wheels using nitrogen will make the wheels more durable and the wheel rim is not easily damaged. Based on the amount of demand for nitrogen gas, the nitrogen production process is conducted by Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) method. The adsorption capacity of the adsorbent depends on the temperature, pressure, type of adsorbent and characteristic of the adsorbent. In this case, the temperature at the process is one of the most important parameters, the temperature, in this case, is the temperature of the adsorbate. When a gas or adsorbate molecule is attached to the surface of the adsorbent, there will be an energy release called an exothermic event. The reduced temperature will increase the amount of adsorbate adsorbed and also for the opposite event. Because of that, it is needed an air conditioner in the form of a cooler that serves to maintain and reduce the air temperature of the feed (adsorbate) does not experience an increase when operating conditions take place. The highest nitrogen purity was 95.7%, at 7 bar PSA, cooling fluid flow rate 35.4 m/s, daily cooling 41.58%, and air feed temperature 30.7°C.