Range Of Vehicles Research Articles

An Ambient Measurement Technique for Vehicle Emission Quantification and Concentration Source Apportionment.

We develop a new technique called plume regression where fast response instruments located at the roadside are used to measure exhaust plumes of passing vehicles. The approach is used to generate highly disaggregated vehicle emissions information by vehicle type, which compares well with traditional vehicle emission remote sensing. Additionally, the technique provides valuable new information on ambient concentration source apportionment by vehicle type. The technique is flexible enough to consider a wide range of air pollutants and be deployed at roadside ambient monitoring locations. The new approach is used to quantify emissions and concentration source apportionment for ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). We find that emissions of NH3 are generally very well controlled from diesel vehicles including those with selective catalytic reduction systems that use NH3 to reduce emissions of NOx. By contrast, gasoline passenger cars are shown to be the dominant contributor to NH3 emissions, which increase with vehicle mileage. Average fuel-specific NH3 emission factors for gasoline vehicles range from 0.3 to 1.2 g kg-1, while diesel vehicle emission factors remain below 0.06 g kg-1, with the exception of Euro VI buses with the latest regulatory provisions (0.5 g kg-1).

Biologics-based technologies for highly efficient and targeted RNA delivery

The demand for RNA-based therapeutics is increasing globally. However, their use is hampered by the lack of safe and effective delivery vehicles. Here, we developed technologies for highly efficient delivery of RNA cargo into programmable extracellular vesicle-mimetic nanovesicles (EMNV) by fabricating hybrid EMNVs-liposomes (Hyb). Tissue targeting is endowed by highly efficient genetic platforms based on truncated CD63 (ΔCD63) or PTGFRN proteins. For the first time we reveal their efficiency to functionalize EMNVs, resulting in >10-fold enhancement of NP internalization in vitro and >2-fold in vivo. RNA delivery using Hyb demonstrated efficiency of >85% in human and mouse cell lines. Comparative analysis of EMNVs and Hyb lysosome colocalization and stability suggested that Hyb enter the lysosomal compartment and escape over time, whereas EMNVs primarily avoid it. Finally, we used these technologies to generate liver-targeting Hyb loaded with therapeutic siRNA, and demonstrated the robust efficiency of this system in vitro and in vivo. These technologies can be adapted for manufacturing a wide range of next-generation vehicles for highly efficient, safe delivery of RNA into desired organs and tissues for therapeutic and prophylactic applications.

Breaking through the Key Challenges to Further Electrification of Public Transport in Beijing

In recent years, with the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection and the increasingly serious problem of urban traffic congestion, the Beijing Municipal Government has actively promoted the development of green transportation, among which electric buses, as a low-carbon, environmentally friendly and energy-saving mode of transportation, are regarded as an important measure to improve air quality and reduce pollution emissions, which has attracted much attention. As electric buses grow, so do the operational challenges of the promoted electric buses, including high initial investment costs, inadequate charging infrastructure, technical limitations in terms of vehicle range and charging speed, and a lack of more supportive policies and regulations. This paper summarizes and analyzes the current situation of electric buses in Beijing. And proposes to solve the challenges encountered in the operation of electric buses by implementing targeted strategies. For example, optimize government financial subsidy measures and implement diversified financial support; The government supports companies to carry out technological innovation and invest in R&D to enhance electric vehicle technology; further promote the construction of charging infrastructure and improve the level of charging services; Effectively deploy battery recycling; promote the integrated development of intelligent vehicles and networking, and accelerate the construction of intelligent public transportation systems; strengthening international cooperation and resource sharing; and the development of a comprehensive policy to promote and facilitate the electrification of public transport in Beijing. Inject new impetus into Beijing's sustainable urban development.

An assistance technology towards maintaining efficient driving strategies of electric vehicle

ABSTRACT In order to overcome the problems of electric vehicle (EV) range anxiety and inadequate charging station, a driver assistance technology is presented here. The proposed technology assists a driver to maintain an efficient driving strategy (EDS) that minimizes energy consumption toward increasing the driving range. Additionally, it provides an anticipated range of EV corresponding to its current battery charge which alerts the driver to take a decision for required charging. EDS is determined by solving a multi-objective optimization problem corresponding to the current route characteristics. Optimization problem considers three primary objectives, minimization of energy consumption and travel time and maximize journey comfort, and follows an EV drive model. Effectiveness of the proposed technology is identified by analyzing the effect of adopting EDS in a micro-trip planning with an E-bus based on experimental drive data. A drive model for the E-bus is formulated and validated through comparative analysis of speed, motor current, and voltage that are obtained in simulation and experimentation. Such analysis was performed independently in four micro-trips identified from E-bus drive data following a typical route. It was found that the driver assistance technology reduces both energy consumption and travel time than that found by following a random driving strategy.

A cost-effectiveness comparison of renewable energy pathways for decarbonizing heavy-duty vehicles in China

Decarbonizing heavy-duty vehicles is becoming increasingly important, yet multiple renewable-based decarbonization pathways have not been compared systematically. To fill this gap, this study develops a techno-economic and environmental model that integrates the fuel cycle and vehicle cycle to assess these pathways for China. The model includes two energy storage technologies: batteries and hydrogen, three energy transmission options, and two vehicle types: fuel cell electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles. Five distinct low-carbon pathways are evaluated on a ton-kilometer basis, including cost, greenhouse gas emissions, and abatement cost relative to conventional diesel trucks. Results indicate that the most cost-effective battery electric vehicle pathway offers a 7 % lower ton-km cost than diesel trucks for a 49-ton gross vehicle weight. Battery electric vehicle charging combined with hydrogen for power generation is more cost-effective than direct use of hydrogen in fuel cell electric vehicles. All studied pathways can achieve over 80 % emission reduction compared to diesel trucks, with fuel cell electric vehicle pathways having the highest abatement costs of 103–117 USD/tonCO2. Analysis of the impact of gross vehicle weight and vehicle range indicates that battery electric vehicle pathways outperform fuel cell electric vehicle pathways across most dimensions. Costs of battery electric vehicle pathways do increase sharply for vehicle ranges beyond about 700 km, and fuel cell electric vehicles become more cost-effective relative to battery electric vehicles for ranges above approximately 1100 km, although all pathways are much more costly than diesel trucks at long ranges. The sensitivity analysis highlights the importance of powertrain efficiency and cost projections show that fuel cell electric heavy-duty vehicles can achieve cost-parity before 2030. These results highlight the desirability of promoting the adoption of heavier battery electric vehicles and providing more targeted subsidies for long-range fuel cell electric vehicles.

3D-Printed Carbon Scaffold for Structural Lithium Metal Batteries.

Focus on advancement of energy storage has now turned to curbing carbon emissions in the transportation sector by adopting electric vehicles (EVs). Technological advancements in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), valued for their lightweight and high capacity, are critical to making this switch a reality. Integrating structurally enhanced LIBs directly into vehicular design tackles two EV limitations: vehicle range and weight. In this study, 3D-carbon (3D-C) lattices, prepared with an inexpensive stereolithography-type 3D printer followed by carbonization, are proposed as scaffolds for Li metal anodes for structural LIBs. Mechanical stability tests revealed that the 3D-C lattice can withstand a maximum stress of 5.15 ± 0.15MPa, which makes 3D-C lattices an ideal candidate for structural battery electrodes. Symmetric cell tests show the superior cycling stability of 3D-C scaffolds compared to conventional bare Cu foil current collectors. When 3D-C scaffolds are used, a small overpotential (≈0.075V) is retained over 100 cycles at 1mA cm-2 for 3 mAh cm-2, while the overpotential of a bare Cu symmetric cell is unstable and increased to 0.74V at the 96th cycle. The precisely oriented internal pores of the 3D-C lattice confine lithium metal deposits within the 3D scaffold, effectively preventing short circuits.

Analysis of drag reduction and partial setup of riblets surface on the airfoil

Using riblet structures to modulate the turbulent boundary layer to reduce frictional drag is important for vehicle stability and range. The flow on the airfoil surface at different angles of attack is different, and the effect of the riblets structure on the turbulent boundary layer flow will be changed, which in turn affects the drag reduction effect. In this paper, the drag reduction characteristics of V-shaped riblets are investigated experimentally by the particle image velocimetry technique. The distributions of mean velocity, friction coefficient, drag reduction rate, and coherent structure in the boundary layer on the airfoil surface at angles of attack from 0° to 12° are analyzed, and the effects of smooth and riblets surfaces on the turbulent flow characteristics near the wall are compared. Based on these results, the airfoil surface was zonally covered with riblets to investigate further the effects of the riblets' covering positions on the drag reduction of the airfoil at different angles of attack. The results show that the riblets reduce the intensity, distribution, and probability of the eject and sweep events in the turbulence bursts by suppressing the velocity fluctuations at the near-wall surface, thus realizing the reduction of turbulence drag. The zoned arrangement of riblets can effectively regulate the airfoil surface flow and reduce the unfavorable effects of the riblets on the laminar flow region and flow separation region on the surface of the airfoil with different angles of attack, and the results of the study can provide a reference for the influence of the coverage range of the riblets on the drag reduction effect.

Large-scale energy storage for carbon neutrality: thermal energy storage for electrical vehicles

AbstractThermal Energy Storage (TES) systems are pivotal in advancing net-zero energy transitions, particularly in the energy sector, which is a major contributor to climate change due to carbon emissions. In electrical vehicles (EVs), TES systems enhance battery performance and regulate cabin temperatures, thus improving energy efficiency and extending vehicle range. The enhanced efficiency reduces overall energy consumption in EVs. Consequently, this reduction in energy demand can lead to decreased infrastructure needs, minimising the scale and investment required in energy production and distribution systems. Furthermore, the integration of TES with existing infrastructure allows for the simultaneous charging of thermal and electrical energy, leveraging waste heat or renewable energy sources. This not only cuts costs by optimizing resource use but also bolsters sustainability by minimising reliance on non-renewable energy sources. The widespread adoption of TES in EVs could transform these vehicles into nodes within large-scale, distributed energy storage systems, thus supporting smart grid operations and enhancing energy security. Strategic investments and regulatory updates are essential to realise a sustainable, carbon-neutral transportation future, underpinned by robust, cost-efficient infrastructure.

Usability Evaluation of Optimized Digital Elevation Model Derived from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Light Detection and Ranging Data for Settlement Estimation of Soft Ground

Usability Evaluation of Optimized Digital Elevation Model Derived from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Light Detection and Ranging Data for Settlement Estimation of Soft Ground

A Review on Tribological Considerations in the Transition from IC Engines to Electric Vehicles

The shift from internal combustion (IC) engines to electric vehicles (EVs) marks a significant transformation in the automotive industry, prompting a comprehensive reassessment of various engineering considerations. Among these, tribological factors play a critical role in ensuring the performance, reliability, and longevity of vehicle components. This review examines the tribological challenges and opportunities posed by the transition to EVs, focusing on key components such as bearings, gears, and braking systems, which face unique operating conditions in electric powertrains compared to their IC counterparts. The paper addresses how electric vehicles encounter distinct tribological scenarios, such as lower operating temperatures but higher torque loads, which demand new materials and lubrication strategies. It also explores how the near absence of internal combustion in EVs affects component wear and the mechanisms of friction reduction. Additionally, the tribological challenges in IC engines are revisited to provide a comparative understanding of how they differ from those in EVs, particularly regarding energy efficiency and frictional losses. This review emphasizes the importance of minimizing wear and friction to maximize energy efficiency, which is crucial for extending vehicle range and improving performance in EVs. By synthesizing the latest research findings and industry advancements, the review offers valuable insights for researchers and engineers involved in the design and optimization of tribological systems for the next generation of electric vehicles.

A Photovoltaic and Wind-Powered Electric Vehicle with a Charge Equalizer

This research aims at proposing an alternative to improve the efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs) and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the context of electric mobility. A photovoltaic and wind hybrid energy system was installed in a Chok S2 electric vehicle. In addition, a charge equalization system was included to balance and maximize the performance of each of the EV’s five batteries connected in series. The results show a 20% improvement in vehicle efficiency after conducting tests on a 17 km Andean route. The photovoltaic system generated 535 W, while the wind system generated 135 W/s at a speed of 45 km/h. These findings highlight the potential of hybrid renewable energy systems to improve the efficiency and range of electric vehicles.

Validation of a generic finite element vehicle buck model for near-side crashes

Objective Finite element (FE) reconstructions of motor vehicle crashes using human body models are effective tools for developing a better understanding of occupant kinematics and injuries in real-world lateral crash conditions, but current near-side reconstruction methods are limited by the paucity of full-scale FE vehicle models. The objective of this study was to validate a generic vehicle model equipped with left-side airbags and intrusion capability by simulating a series of near-side crash tests for a range of vehicles and assessing model accuracy using objective evaluation methods. Methods Moving deformable barrier crash tests were reconstructed for five common vehicle classifications (compact passenger, mid-size passenger, sport utility vehicle, pickup truck, and van) using an updated version of a previously developed simplified vehicle model. Unknown vehicle and intrusion properties (pretensioner force, seatback airbag pressure, curtain airbag pressure, door panel stiffness, ratio of dynamic-to-static intrusion, intrusion velocity, and intrusion scaling factor) were estimated by parameterizing them across 224 simulations per crash test using a Latin hypercube design of experiments. Model accuracy was assessed for 13 anthropomorphic test device signals using the Correlation and Analysis (CORA) objective rating method and injury metric comparisons. Results Maximum ratings of 0.69, 0.67, 0.52, 0.52, and 0.62 were achieved for the compact passenger, midsize passenger, sport utility vehicle, pickup truck, and van classifications, respectively. On average, the abdomen displayed the most accurate behavior (0.51 ± 0.12), followed by the thorax (0.50 ± 0.10) and head (0.50 ± 0.07). The pelvis displayed the least accurate behavior (0.46 ± 0.18) of any region. Reconstructions overpraedicted injury metrics in all cases. Conclusions All vehicles achieved “fair” biofidelity ratings and the compact passenger and midsize passenger vehicles achieved “good” biofidelity ratings, validating them for kinematic evaluations with vehicle-to-vehicle nearside crash reconstructions. Regression models were developed for injuries and CORA ratings and can be used to optimize vehicle parameters in future studies.

Investigation of cabin heating in electric vehicles with integrating solar cells and heat storage systems

In recent years, the production and usage of electric vehicles have been encouraged due to zero emissions, efficiency, and economic factors. Efficient cabin heating and thermal management in electric vehicles are crucial for enhancing passenger comfort, extending battery life, and optimizing overall energy usage, thus contributing to the sustainability and practicality of electric transportation. Heating the cabin of electric vehicles in winter has a negative effect on range. Therefore, methods are being researched to use energy efficiently without sacrificing passenger comfort and minimizing the effect on the vehicle's range. This study presents an innovative radiator design specifically crafted for Electric Vehicles (EVs), leveraging solar panels to heat water for the radiator. This system enables the vehicle to harness solar energy for heating a water tank while stationary, effectively serving as an energy storage reservoir. Upon vehicle movement, the radiator system activates to disperse the stored thermal energy throughout the cabin, ensuring superior thermal comfort. Consequently, optimizing battery range is achieved as the heating load typically leads to significant range reductions. From the obtained results in experiment 2, the results indicated that the cabin temperature rose from 3 °C to around 15 °C within a few minutes, reflecting an increase of approximately 12 °C. According to the results, this indicates that there will be a reduction in energy consumption of between 1.9 % and 3 % for a one-hour travel range in this electric vehicle. The findings of this investigation demonstrate that utilizing warm water energy storage effectively enhances cabin thermal management.

Magnetic and dielectric properties of low‐loss MnZn ferrites with wide temperature stability

AbstractTo meet the needs for higher energy efficiency and a wide operating temperature range of electric vehicles, the low‐loss MnZn ferrites in a wide temperature range have been developed by optimizing the Fe content and the oxygen partial pressure (PO2) during the sintering process in this work. For the optimal sample, power loss at 300 kHz/100mT is 204 kW/m3 at 25°C and remains below 290 kW/m3 in the wide temperature range from ‐10 to 120°C. The loss separation method was employed to clarify the effects of the Fe content and PO2 on power loss. The equivalent circuit model has been employed to fit the complex impedance and it is found that the increase of PO2 enhances both the grain resistance Rg and the grain boundary resistance Rgb. The enhancement of Rgb is mainly responsible for the reduction of eddy current loss and consequently power loss. Dielectric permittivity is as large as about 15000 in this series of samples due to the electric polarization at the rich grain boundaries. Dielectric loss is very low between ‐50 and 150°C and has little contribution to the energy loss.

Development of a Frugal Onboard Tire Pressure Monitoring Control System

Tires, the bridge between vehicles and roads, play an unparalleled role in both performance and safety. In everyday use, the tire health is often neglected, with factors such as tread depth, inflation pressure, and tire damage overlooked by most users, leading to ∼\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim$$\\end{document}30% of cars in developed nations, operating with underinflated tires, a situation exacerbated in developing nations. Hence, innovations such as tire Pressure Monitoring Systems have become imperative. The objective of the current work is to develop an economical, direct, on-board tire pressure monitor for automotive tire health upkeep. This is achieved through the integration of a pressure sensor and transmitter with an Arduino, and wireless transmission of the data to the dashboard display. While the initial model, tested on a bicycle, effectively displayed tire pressure on the handlebar-mounted LCD screen with an accompanying LED indicating deviations from the standard pressure, the current design has lot of scope for improvement by the utilization of a wireless technologies for the pressure sensors for continuous monitoring of tire pressures in a range of vehicles from two-wheelers to heavy vehicles.

Research on the influence of environment temperature and running condition on the driving range of battery electric vehicle

Reduction of the driving range under either cold temperature or real-world running condition has become the biggest challenge for battery electric vehicle (BEV). In this paper, a simulation platform that combines a kinematics model, a thermal management model, and extracted typical running conditions has been established to estimate the energy flows inside the electric vehicle under cold temperature and real-world running condition. Three vehicles have been selected to validate the accuracy of the simulation platform, giving an accuracy between 90.6% and 96.6% according to different running conditions. Under highway running condition, the driving range could be reduced by 54%. Under urban running condition, when the environment temperature drops down to −20°C, the driving range is only 49.1% of that under 20°C. In addition, there could be a 4.4% increase in driving range if the target cabin temperature could be decreased from 28°C to 20°C. According to simulation, the application of motor waste heat recovery, internal gas recirculation, and heat pump, could increase the driving range at −7°C under urban running condition by 3.5%, 2.9%, and 3.9%, indicating a 10.3% improvement in total. This has been validated via experimental test after implementing these three approaches onto the test vehicle.

Design optimization of finned multi-tube PCM heat exchanger for enhancing EV energy performance

This study presents an optimized design of a finned multi-tube phase change material-based thermal energy storage system for electric vehicle thermal management, addressing the challenge of low battery efficiency in cold climates. While finned multi-tube designs are recognized for their thermal advantages, their application in electric vehicles has been underexplored. Previous research often overlooks the full operational cycle of electric vehicles, including charging (melting), discharging (solidification), and driving conditions. This work bridges the gap by optimizing the thermal energy storage design using a multi-objective genetic algorithm to enhance both thermal efficiency and energy density. The optimized design reduces melting and solidification times by 68.6% and 60.3%, respectively, and increases energy density by 4.9% compared to the initial design. The study further integrates the optimized thermal energy storage system into an electric vehicle thermal management strategy, analyzing its performance under real-life driving cycles in various ambient temperatures. This integration reduces total energy consumption by 20.6% compared to a baseline system. These findings offer a novel approach to improving the driving range of electric vehicles in cold climates by minimizing power demand on electric batteries for cabin heating.

Synergies of variable renewable energy and electric vehicle battery swapping stations: Case study for Beijing

Battery swapping technology has emerged as a promising option for simultaneously addressing electric vehicle (EV) range anxiety and uncoordinated charging impacts, thereby enabling a renewable-powered future at the city scale. This study aims to explore the potential synergies between variable renewable energy (VRE), including wind and solar power, and the city-scale operation of battery swapping stations (BSSs) under varying levels of VRE penetration. To this end, an integrated modeling framework that combines multisource traffic data with node-based BSS deployment optimization and hourly power system dispatch simulations was developed. Beijing in 2025 was selected as the case study due to its ambitious EV development goals and the substantial need for VRE integration. The simulation results reveal that system-optimized BSS operations, particularly through bidirectional charging (V2G), can significantly enhance VRE integration, reduce net load fluctuations, and mitigate carbon emissions. Specifically, increasing VRE penetration from 30 % to 70 % reduces VRE curtailment by 1.1 TWh to 6.4 TWh and avoids 3.0 t to 6.3 t of carbon emissions per vehicle annually. The economic analysis further indicates that while current time-of-use electricity pricing leads to higher costs for BSS operations, a real-time pricing mechanism offers a more economically viable solution, benefiting both power system operators and BSS operators. The integrated modeling framework developed in this study not only advances the understanding of city-scale BSS operations but also provides a valuable tool for analyzing the complex interactions between EV infrastructure, VRE integration, and urban power grids.

Advancements and Current Developments in Integrated System Architectures of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Mobility

Recognizing the challenges faced by power lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the concept of integrated battery systems emerges as a promising avenue. This offers the potential for higher energy densities and assuaging concerns surrounding electric vehicle range anxiety. Moreover, mechanical design optimization, though previously overlooked, is gaining traction among researchers as a viable alternative to achieve enhanced energy and power densities. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent research and progress in this domain, emphasizing the significance of battery architectures in enabling the widespread adoption of electric mobility. Beginning with an exploration of fundamental principles underlying LIB systems, the paper discusses various architectures involving different cell form factors, like pouch cells, cylindrical cells, and prismatic cells, along with their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, it reviews recent research trends, highlighting innovations aimed at enhancing battery performance, energy density, and safety through advanced battery system architecture. Through case studies and discussions on challenges and future directions, the paper underscores the critical role of advanced battery system architecture in driving the evolution of e-mobility and shaping the sustainable transportation landscape.

The 1D model of hybrid heat pump system designed and prototyped for electric vehicles

In this paper, a one-dimensional mathematical model of a hybrid heat pump system was developed to improve the driving range of electric vehicles considering energy consumption. The generated one-dimensional model was performed in four different heating modes under various scenarios to satisfy the heating demand considering both the driving range and the target temperature. This model was run in recirculation mode in all analyses for energy efficiency. The electric heater capacity can be reduced to prevent overheating in the cabin. The fastest proposed cases reached the target temperature in 300 s. In this case, the vehicle range was lowest and varied between 72.3 % and 77.5 %. The highest vehicle range varied between 81.3 % and 86.1 % and provided sufficient heating in approximately 900 s. In addition, the effect of preheating by different capacities electric heaters, it was observed that preheating with a low-capacity electric heater had advantages. As a result, the present study shows that the dynamic behavior of the hybrid heat pump systems allows researchers to improve electric vehicles thermal management system which had a crucial role. The results of the model were in good agreement with the experimental data presented with similar boundary conditions in available literature.