Vehicle Parking Research Articles

IoT based Smart Car Parking System using RFID in a Community

With the growth of technology in the current decade, we are confronting a parking challenge. Because large towns have a dense population, there are many vehicles on the road, which causes parking and traffic problems. The globe is confronted with a new challenge that is vehicle parking. It is estimated that one million automobiles use oil on a daily basis. This paper proposes an RFID based car parking system in a community. This system was created with the assistance of the internet of things (IOTs). IoT mainly involves the exchange of information or data between two physical devices. In the suggested system, an Arduino Uno microcontroller, ESP32, RFID sensors and IR sensors are used. The value of automation is growing every day. The primary function of Arduino in the proposed system is to serve as a platform for communicating digital devices and interactive objects capable of sensing and controlling physical components. The proposed system was built using an Arduino Uno board for vehicle parking and a ESP32 to connect the parking area to the web. In order to obtain information regarding the vacancy position of the parking slot, the suggested system included an infrared sensor in each slot. Therefore, to determine whether or not a person is in the database for the car parking system, RFID sensors are used. If the driver is listed in the database, the car will be allowed to enter the parking lot and the gate will open when the motors rotate in a clockwise direction. When the gate closes, the door will rotate in an anticlockwise direction and shows the user via led. From this proposed system, we get the information about the vacancy position of parking spot and notify the user through website. Keywords—IOT, RFID, IR Sensors, ESP32, Arduino

Electronic parking algorithm of new energy vehicle on slope based on FMPC

Since the unique structure and transmission mode of new energy vehicles, the problem of parking prediction and control has always been the focus of its research. Therefore, to handle the predictive control problem of new energy vehicles in slope environments, the FMPC algorithm is applied to replace the core PID controller of new energy vehicles, and it is effectively validated using automotive simulation software on different slopes and vehicle masses. The experimental results indicate that new energy vehicles with FMPC algorithm can complete parking in about 6 s under different slopes and vehicle masses, while the PID algorithm may experience shaking and displacement. The FMPC algorithm proposed in the study achieves better results in electronic parking control of new energy vehicles on slopes, effectively improving the parking stability of new energy vehicles, which has practicality in practical slope parking of new energy vehicles.

Path Planning for Unmanned Delivery Vehicles Based on Machine Vision

With the continuous development of e-commerce, the demand for express delivery services is constantly increasing. The emergence of unmanned express vehicles has perfectly solved the problem of end logistics. This article takes the living area of Hangzhou University of Electronic Science and Technology as an example. Based on the existing unmanned vehicle parking nodes, the greedy algorithm is first used to solve the optimal original path between the starting point and each node of the unmanned vehicle delivery route. Then, combined with machine vision theory, the real-time road conditions are measured through Hough transform and object detection, and the path planning is re carried out. Finally, based on Flexsim, an unmanned express vehicle delivery model for the living area of Hangzhou University of Electronic Science and Technology is established, Compare the efficiency of express delivery before and after machine vision path optimization to determine the degree of optimization in path planning.

Parking Analysis on Bogor Agricultural University Campus

Andi Hakim Nasution Building is a facility located at Bogor Agricultural University. Andi Hakim Nasution Building is located in the main campus area of Bogor Agricultural University, Jl, Meranti, Babakan Village, Dramaga District, Bogor Regency. This building is used for the offices of lecturers, staff and leaders, so that one of the motorized vehicle parking facilities is one of the needs of this building, but the existing parking facilities are still not neatly arranged. then it is necessary to study the analysis of parking on the Bogor Agricultural University campus. So that it can provide alternative parking control at the Andi Hakim Nasution Building so that no more motorized vehicles are found that are not neatly parked. This study aims to obtain the existing capacity of parking locations in the Andi Hakim Nasution Building and obtain parking characteristics (accumulation, duration of each vehicle, parking space turnover rate and parking index) of motorized vehicles in the Andi Hakim Nasution Building area. This study uses quantitative methods, this data collection is carried out by observation as primary data, among others, data on the number of vehicles entering, data on the number of vehicles out, data representing peak hours, peak days, normal hours, normal days, the number of Parking Space Units (SRP). The secondary data obtained by researchers through sources that have become data, which have conformity with the data that researchers are looking for in the study area, namely the area of parking area space. The result of this study is that the existing parking lot obtained secondary data with a survey method so as to produce existing data covering an area of 630m2 motorcycle parking area with a capacity of 180 ( Parking Space Unit) SRP and a tilt angle of 90 ° at the Andi Hakim Nasution Building. In this analysis study, the largest accumulated stasis capacity was 251 vehicles with an average parking duration of 9:57 hours on Tuesday, May 30, 2023. During the ten days of the survey conducted, it was found that the maximum parking volume was 403 vehicles with a maximum vehicle parking accumulation of 351 vehicles which occurred on Monday 5 June 2023, the highest motorcycle parking turn over at the Andi Hakim Nasution Building reached 223.89%, indicating that the performance of motorcycle parking was quite high. The capacity of motorcycle parking spaces at the Andi Hakim Nasution Building cannot meet existing parking needs.

Evaluasi Implementasi Peraturan Daerah Nomor 03 Tahun 2018 Tentang Pajak Parkir Di Kota Pekanbaru

Regional Original Revenue (PAD) is a source of regional revenue that comes from several regional revenues and one of them is obtained from local tax revenues, one type of which is parking tax. In order to regulate parking tax management, Pekanbaru City Regional Regulation Number 03 of 2018 concerning Parking Tax was issued, which is implemented by the Pekanbaru City BAPENDA. In the Pekanbaru City Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2011 concerning Parking Tax in article 1 point 8, it states that "Parking Tax is a Tax on the administration of parking lots outside the road body, whether those provided are related to the principal business, including the provision of motorized vehicle parking spaces". The purpose of this study is the first to find out the evaluation of the implementation of Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2011 concerning Parking Tax in Pekanbaru City. The second is to identify the inhibiting factors of Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2011 concerning Parking Tax in Pekanbaru City. The theory used is William N. Dunn's theory using 6 indicators, namely: Effectiveness, Efficiency, Adequacy, Equity, Responsiveness, and Accuracy. This research uses a type of descriptive analysis qualitative research. Using interview data collection techniques, observation and documentation. `The results of this study found that the implementation of regional regulations handled by the Pekanbaru City Regional Revenue Agency was quite satisfactory or good enough, although there were still some deficiencies in it, such as in terms of communication with third parties, there was still a lack of understanding by taxpayers of the importance of taxes, non-tax resources. people, as well as socio-economic conditions that affect the implementation of these regulations. So that there is still a need for improvement in implementing this regional regulation. So that the process of implementing the Pekanbaru City Regional Regulation Number 03 of 2018 Regarding Tax can run optimally and optimally, various factors and needs must always be improved to achieve the goals of the regulation.

Optimal location for an EVPL and capacitors in grid for voltage profile and power loss: FHO-SNN approach

In the context of a rapidly expanding electric vehicle market, this research investigates the ideal locations for Electric vehicle (EV) charging stations (EVCS) and capacitors in power grids to enhance voltage stability and reduce power losses, facilitating sustainable and efficient grid operation. Meeting the increasing demand for EV charging stations while simultaneously addressing grid reliability, voltage control, and power loss issues poses significant challenges. A hybrid approach for EV parking lot and optimal location of capacitors in voltage and power loss is proposed in this manuscript. The proposed hybrid method combines the Fire Hawk Optimizer and Spiking Neural Network, hence called the FHO-SNN technique. The objective of the proposed method is used to lessen the active-power-losses that improve system performance. The novelty of this proposed method is electric vehicle parking lot and optimal location of capacitors in voltage and lessens the power loss. The proposed system is done in the MATLAB, and it is validates their performance with existing methods, such as Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA), Seagull Optimization (SO), and Atomic Orbital Search (AOS). The proposed method shows low convergence time, which is 4 sec, number of feeders, and best function node is found compared with other existing methods. The optimization approach can enhance the stability and efficiency of electric grids by improving voltage profiles and reducing power losses. The implications of this research highlight the potential for optimizing the combination of electric vehicles and capacitors into the grid, resulting in a more sustainable, efficient, and resilient energy and transportation system.

Mathematical Modeling of a Fuzzy Logic-Based Car Parking System

This paper presents the mathematical modeling of a fuzzy logic-based car parking system. Many people are facing problems parking vehicles in parking lots in most urban cities. The technology of fuzzy-based systems is necessary for all vehicle users to acquire parking slots in cities. A smart parking system helps in obtaining information about available parking spaces, organizing and processing it, and then placing the car in a certain position. The method adopted makes use of a fuzzy-based smart car parking system to develop the usage of small parking spaces for parking lots to allow the parking of vehicles based on their weight. A set of rules was used in the fuzzy logic to control two sets of parking decisions, namely the vehicle entry decision and the inpark decision, by bearing in mind the weight of vehicles and the availability of parking spaces in the parking mall. The results obtained show that the smart car parking system keeps the availability of parking lots in equilibrium, depending on the entry and exit of vehicles. In conclusion, it was discovered that the total number of vehicles granted entry at each time interval depends on the availability of parking lots on each designated floor.

Mineral magnetic properties of urban forest soils tailored to soil quality indicator

Ecosystem surveys reveal the benefits to society, provided by the natural environment, which in turn is chiefly regulated by the geodiversity. Thus, physico-chemical processes regulating the solid rock/sediment response to environmental changes comprise an important part in the assessment of natural ecosystems. Environmental magnetism provides a wide set of field and laboratory data able to discover natural and anthropogenic processes affecting different environmental compartments. Despite this, geosciences and environmental magnetism in particular, are under-represented in ecosystem assessment tools due to the lack of unified and clearly articulated application template. In this study, we propose a new mineral magnetic indicator of soil’s quality, based on detailed appraisal of field- and laboratory mineral magnetic characteristics of a collection of 453 urban topsoil samples. Field magnetic susceptibility (Kfield) and laboratory measurements of magnetic parameters revealed that soil magnetism reflects sensitively soils affected by vehicle traffic and park’s alleys foot load from semi-natural soil. Geochemical analyses of the content of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) on a sub-set of samples was used for magnetic data validation. Correlation analysis showed strong positive link between magnetic parameters and the main PTEs, the strongest being obtained between magnetic susceptibility and the complex pollution load index (PLI). Factor analysis suggested that three factors account for the 74% of data variability. They were assigned to: 1) traffic emissions, 2) pedogenic contribution and 3) lithogenic input plus anthropogenic organic waste additions. Novel mineral magnetic Indicator (MAG) was defined, combining information on composition, concentration and grain size of ferrimagnetic iron oxides, using scored contributions from five magnetic parameters and grain size sensitive ratios. Evaluation of the spatial MAG map showed its suitability as a complex indicator of soils’ contamination with PTEs. Kfield reflected sensitively overall anthropogenic load not necessarily related to PTEs contamination but also to foot trampling and application of fertilizers.

Multi-agent simulation for multi-mode travel policy to improve park and ride efficiency

The efficiency of the existing park and ride transfer system is often restricted by the supply level of public transport and parking shortage. We aim to analyze multiple policy scenarios such as public transport supply and parking reservation through simulation to provide operable suggestions for urban traffic managers. So, an agent-based model (ABM) is established by us to simulate a multi-mode network that includes roads, buses, metro, and walking. Through this network, the whole travel process of travellers’ parking, transferring to public transport, and then walking to their destination can be simulated. Taking Suzhou Guanqian Street Commercial District as a case shows that compared with reducing the existing public transport fares, reducing the waiting time can attract car travellers to choose park and ride. Under the coexistence of reserved and non-reserved parking vehicles, with the increase in the proportion of reservations, the system can reduce cruising-for-parking and improve the traffic environment in the downtown area. In addition, the combination strategy simulation is employed to investigate the effects of various strategies on the urban traffic system. This approach offers a basis for policymakers to formulate informed decisions.

Security analysis of fog computing environment for ensuring the security and privacy of information

AbstractIn fog computing, the management, measurement, configuration, control, communication, and storage tasks are carried out collaboratively by one or more near‐user or end users. Fog computing is widely utilized in major application domains like centralized fog utilized in a shopping complex (UXFog), agriculture domain (FoAgro), health‐care domain (MediFog), vehicle parking system, and energy Lattices. The execution of fog computing at the system's edge provides the elevated quality of service (QoS), promotes area mindfulness, and minimal dormancy for the continuous and online streaming application areas. Fog networking is extremely concerned about wireless system security due to the prevalence of wireless communication in fog computing. Sniffer attacks, Jamming assaults, and several other intrusions are considered examples of security issues. While considering network storage issues, factors like interaction management, dynamic workload, and low dormancy are the most challenging aspects of designing the network model. Thus, privacy and security issues are crucial while designing the network model, accomplished through intrusion detection, access control and authentication methods. Therefore, the security analysis of fog computing based on authentication, access control and intrusion detection mechanisms are analyzed in this research to design a novel technique with enhanced security and privacy features for sharing and accessing information.

Easy Online Parking System

Due to the proliferation in the number of vehicles on the road, traffic problems are bound to exist. This is due to the fact that the current transportation infrastructure and vehicle parking facility developed are unable to cope with the influx of vehicles on the road. To alleviate the aforementioned problems Easy Online Parking System will be developed. The main aim of this project is to provide the user with the parking space for their vehicle irrespective of the fact that weather they know or don’t know the location properly they are currently searching for parking space. There are lots of unused places owned by the people which can be utilized for this purpose. A website application is developed in such a way that it works in any browsers. The website offers the most convenient way to park the vehicles. It provides privilege for the owners to sign in and provide details about the place they own and the users will have privilege to sign in and access the nearest and safest available parking place in their location as per their requirements like distance, cost and time. The users get to contact the owners of the place directly and book the space for their vehicle. This helps in keeping the city clean and organized. Hence the parking problem in cities can be reduced. We will be using html for the front-end design and java script for the back-end design.

Soft Computing-Based Driver Modeling for Automatic Parking of Articulated Heavy Vehicles

<div>Parking an articulated vehicle is a challenging task that requires skill, experience, and visibility from the driver. An automatic parking system for articulated vehicles can make this task easier and more efficient. This article proposes a novel method that finds an optimal path and controls the vehicle with an innovative method while considering its kinematics and environmental constraints and attempts to mathematically explain the behavior of a driver who can perform a complex scenario, called the articulated vehicle park maneuver, without falling into the jackknifing phenomena. In other words, the proposed method models how drivers park articulated vehicles in difficult situations, using different sub-scenarios and mathematical models. It also uses soft computing methods: the ANFIS-FCM, because this method has proven to be a powerful tool for managing uncertain and incomplete data in learning and inference tasks, such as learning from simulations, handling uncertainty, and capturing expert parking expertise. The results obtained from the proposed method show that the use of a soft computation method significantly reduces the cumulative errors: errors resulting from summing up each sub-maneuver. Of course, the main source of these errors is related to starting from the random point that exists at the beginning of the predefined complex scenario. This implies that our method can effectively handle the uncertainty and variability of parking scenarios.</div>

Bridging the gap between pedestrian and street views for human-centric environment measurement: A GIS-based 3D virtual environment

Street View Image (SVI) data has gained popularity as a methodological tool for assessing pedestrian-level environments across various disciplines. Several studies in transportation and public health fields posit that environmental features measured through SVIs are similar to those perceived by pedestrians, whereas, in fact, SVIs are typically collected from vehicles. As a result, the SVI data may reflect significant differences from an actual pedestrian’s view. Hence, this study investigates the errors in measuring neighborhood environmental features resulting from the difference between pedestrian and vehicle views. To accomplish this goal, a three-dimensional (3D) urban model is developed, utilizing multiple Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data. This model accurately represents the spatial positioning and dimensions of various entities. From the 3D model, virtual SVIs for each perspective are collected. Subsequently, we quantify environmental features in a manner similar to semantic segmentation for the images. Our findings reveal significant measurement errors for sidewalks, greenery, and roads between pedestrian and vehicle views. These errors are more pronounced with certain environment characteristics and parameter settings for image acquisition. For example, narrow road segments with few on-street parked vehicles exhibit increased measurement errors for greenery. Overall, the study provides guidelines for researchers on utilizing SVI to achieve reliable measurement of environmental features and move toward human-centric measurements.

PENGARUH HAMBATAN SAMPING TERHADAP KINERJA JALAN (STUDI KASUS: JALAN PELITA DAN JALAN FLAMBOYAN, JALAN SEKITAR TAMAN SANGKAREANG, KOTA MATARAM)

Some traffic problems often arise due to an activity from the side of the road segment. Congestion is a problem that often occurs in urban road traffic. Congestion is caused by a lack of ability or capacity of the road to provide services to the volume of vehicles crossing a certain road section as well as the presence of high side friction conflicts that cause vehicle speeds to slow down which results in a non-smooth traffic flow.Sangkareang Park is one of the areas located in the center of Mataram City which is a public facility for the community. This resulted in an increase in side barriers on roads around Sangkareang Park. This study aims to determine the value of side friction and road performance on roads around Sangkareang Park, namely Jalan Flamboyan and Jalan Pelita. Furthermore, this research was conducted to determine the effect of the side friction on road performance as described by speed and degree of saturation.The results of the study on the Flamboyan road section had the highest side resistance, speed, and degree of saturation values of 814.8 incidents/hour, 32.53 km/hour, and 0.09. On the Pelita road, the highest values of side resistance, speed, and degree of saturation were 1614.6 incidents/hour, 30.90 km/hour, and 0.16 respectively. The results of the simultaneous regression analysis found that the side resistance affects the speed and degree of saturation. The results of the partial regression analysis show that on the Flamboyan road, the side friction variable that has the most influence on speed and degree of saturation is Slow Vehicles (SMV) while on Pelita road, the side resistance variable that has the most effect on speed and degree of saturation is vehicles entering and leaving (EEV). ) followed by the parking and stopping vehicle variable (PSV).

Agent-based modelling of electric vehicle behaviour in a university environment

As the number of electric vehicles (EVs) increases, the strategic planning of charging infrastructure becomes a crucial matter. Vehicle parking time takes the longest at home and work. The residential is responsible for 75% of EV charging time, while the workplace is for 14%. The combination of EVs with intermittent energy sources has attracted considerable attention in recent years. It has several advantages, including significantly greening the entire EV usage cycle and attaining financial viability by lowering the direct peak demand on the grid. This study has described the agent-based infrastructure of the EV charging station model on university premises. It lets us obtain the best possible energy supply from solar PV, external batteries, and grid agents. Three charging scenarios (uncontrolled, vehicle-to-grid (V2G), and grid-to-vehicle (G2V)) are constructed and simulated with varying percentages of EV resemblance. Slow charging is included in the G2V scenario to improve the PV benefits in the EV charging model. The simulation result shows that slow charging in the workplace infrastructure increases the PV benefits of EV charging while reducing grid dependency.

A novel algorithm for autonomous parking vehicles using adjustable probabilistic neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set features

A novel algorithm for autonomous parking vehicles using adjustable probabilistic neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set features

IOT SYSTEM FOR CAR PARKING, STREET LIGHTS, AND AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION WITH REAL-TIME UPDATES ON MOBILE APP

In today's energy-conscious world, our foremost duty is to efficiently conserve energy. With advancing technology, automation systems have become the preferred choice over traditional manual methods. We've developed a user-friendly IoT application encompassing smart street lights, a smart parking system, and an automatic irrigation system to ensure effective energy conservation and water reduction. Our IoT-based smart street lights utilize external light sensing to automatically adjust illumination levels, offering 50% and 100% intensity as needed. This minimizes electricity waste and reduces the need for manual control, thus conserving energy. The saved energy can be redirected for residential, commercial, or other essential purposes, contributing to sustainable energy practices. The smart parking system offers convenience to users by allowing them to view available parking slots through the application. Users can make secure online payments, streamlining the parking experience. Additionally, the system aids in locating parked vehicles, enhancing efficiency. Automatic irrigation system employs a distributed wireless network of soil moisture sensors. A gateway unit manages sensor data, triggers, and actuators, transmitting real-time information to a web application. This innovation optimizes water usage in agriculture and landscaping, reducing water wastage and labor. A realtime data, conserving water and time spent on irrigation. This system's ability to adjust water distribution based on soil moisture content ensures efficient water management. Users receive soil moisture information on their mobile devices, promoting responsible water use. By automating processes, reducing waste, and enhancing user experience, we contribute to a more sustainable and energy-efficient future.

Determination of the Development Strategy for the Labuan Bajo Water Front Based on Visitor Satisfaction

The existence of the Labuan Bajo Water Front is relatively new. However, the Labuan Bajo Water Front itself has become a tourist attraction in Labuan Bajo. Therefore, a study is needed to determine tourist satisfaction with the Labuan Bajo Water Front and design a strategy to increase this satisfaction, especially in the attractions, accessibility, and amenities components. The sampling technique used in this study was random sampling with a questionnaire as a data collection technique. This study used the Likert scale to analyze the level of tourist satisfaction and determine the design strategy using the importance-performance analysis (IPA) method. In this study, the data collected came from 194 respondents. The results showed that tourist satisfaction with the Labuan Bajo Water Front was very satisfied. In addition, the results of the IPA method show that the Concentrate Here Quadrant is related to cleanliness and safety; items in the Keep The Good Work Quadrant are the condition of the pier or walk board, lighthouse, road leading, footpaths in the Water Front area, ease of visiting the Water Front area, seating/rest facilities, and vehicle parking areas; items in the Low Priority Quadrant are road signs leading to the Water Front Area, trash bins, lighting, information boards, and eating and drinking facilities. The Possible Overkill Quadrant is related to tourism/entertainment activities in the Water Front Area. Thus, even though the satisfaction level of Water Front visitors is very satisfied, a destination development strategy is needed to improve quality related to cleanliness and safety.

Resilience-oriented district energy system integrated with renewable energy and multi-level seasonal energy storage

In the district energy systems (DESs), it is very essential to integrate hybrid distributed energy resources for improving energy resilience following events, and more variety of distributed resources results in a more resilient system. In this paper, the proposed district is formed by various buildings, an electric vehicle parking station, and a multi-level energy storage system. In the multi-level storage, the battery energy storage (BES) shifts energy over the hours, the pumped storage hydropower (PSH) shifts energy over the seasons, and the super-capacitor energy storage deals with rapid power fluctuations. The proposed model minimizes the energy cost by optimal scheduling of the multi-level storage system and the electric vehicles. The results demonstrate that the BES decreases the annual cost by 12 % and the coordinated BES-PSH decreases the annual energy cost by 24.3 %. The battery releases energy to the district when the electricity is expensive such as hours 13, 14, and 20. The seasonal storage shifts energy from seasons 1 and 3 to seasons 2 and 4. The uncertainty in the parameters increases the energy cost by about 40 %.

Triple-electrode integrated self-supporting triboelectric nanogenerators with high output and durability based on dynamic supercritical carbon dioxide foaming

Durable and sustainable energy harvesting in harsh environments using triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is a grand challenge. Herein, highly compacted and integrated TENGs are developed using dynamic supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) foaming technique. The self-assembled internal-electrode TENG (SAI-TENG) which is consisted of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated internal metal electrode covered by a corrugated wrinkled foam (CWF) is readily obtained by the foaming process. The CWF can support itself and maintains air gaps to facilitate contact electrification and the biomimetic wrinkles that are induced by the scCO2 flow field, greatly enhance the triboelectric output performance. By sandwiching the SAI-TENG using two internal-electrode PDMS films, a triple-electrode integrated self-supporting TENG (TIS-TENG), which has eight-friction layers in a single device, is developed. The TIS-TENG realized maximum utilization of the wrinkled CWF surface, which is equivalent to three parallel connected TENGs. Moreover, the output was further boosted by adding tea powders and patterning micro domes on the PDMS films, which resulted in a high Voc of 106.3 V and a power density of 32.5 mW/m2. Attributing to the embedded electrode and high elasticity of CWF, the TIS-TENG has remarkable stability and tolerance to harsh conditions and can be used as self-powered sensors for monitoring vehicle parking and working conditions of workers. This work provides new insights into the green fabrication and development of highly integrated self-supporting TENGs with high performance and durability.