Vehicle Market Research Articles

GARANTIA PARA VEÍCULOS SEMINOVOS E USADOS DE ACORDO COM O CÓDIGO DE DEFESA DO CONSUMIDOR

The pre-owned and used vehicle market presents significant challenges in protecting consumer rights, especially in relation to the warranties offered, as established by the Consumer Protection Code (CDC). The objective of this study is to analyze the types of warranties available for these vehicles and investigate the application of the relevant legal standards, seeking to identify trends, gaps and challenges. The research is justified by the need to promote a greater understanding and protection of consumer rights in this segment, where the lack of clarity and uniformity in the application of warranties can generate legal uncertainty and unnecessary litigation. The methodology used was a systematic literature review, complemented by the analysis of relevant case law and court decisions. The results indicate a positive trend in case law in favor of consumers, but also highlight the need for standardization of court decisions and strengthening of oversight. That it is essential to adopt a multifaceted approach, involving legal, educational and oversight reforms, to ensure more effective protection for consumers in the pre-owned and used vehicle market.

Electric vehicle adoption in Vietnam: usefulness and pro-environmentalism in an emerging market

ABSTRACT Future sustainable mobilities are emerging in public discourses in Vietnam, Southeast Asia’s third most populous country and one of the first three late developing countries to commit to net zero carbon by 2050. In response to the global push towards low-emission transport, Vietnam has flipped from being a significant fossil fuel producer to having a strategic plan for becoming a net zero carbon partner. This policy shift includes a top-down commitment to developing the electric vehicle (EV) market in Vietnam. This article maps academic literature and public discourses in the online news media about EV development and consumer attitudes to EV adoption in Vietnam’s domestic market. We find that, despite policy settings to achieve net carbon zero, economic drivers outweigh environmental concerns in the emerging EV market. Drawing on Baudrillard’s consumer society, we find that the use value of EVs is more important at the current time than the sign value associated with prestige, lifestyle and pro-environmental behaviours. The article concludes with recommendations for future research to unpack social and policy issues in the emerging EV market in Vietnam and Southeast Asia.

The Analysis of Applied Innovative Mechatronics Technology in Intelligent Driving - A Case Study of New-Energy Vehicles' Development in Mainland China

Abstract. The interdisciplinary field of mechatronics, which amalgamates elements of mechanical, electrical, computer, and control engineering, has fundamentally transformed the automotive industry. This transformative influence is evident in the development of advanced vehicular functionalities such as Automatic Fuel Filling Systems, Car Attitude Control, Antilock Brake Systems (ABS), and Electronic Stability Programs (ESP), as well as in the advent of vehicles equipped with semi-active suspensions. The integration of mechatronics has not only enhanced vehicle safety, efficiency, and performance but has also positioned itself as a cornerstone for the burgeoning electric vehicle (EV) market, particularly in China. Chinese companies, leveraging extensive smart factory and automation technologies, have consequently secured a dominant stance in the global EV landscape, capturing a staggering 60% market share. This paper explores the multifaceted applications of mechatronics in the automobile industry of industrialized nations, with a special focus on its pivotal role in China's technological ascendancy in automotive manufacturing. Through an exploration of practical applications including IoT integration and collaborative robotics, this study underscores the transformative potential of mechatronics in redefining automotive production and operation, propelling the industry toward unprecedented levels of innovation and efficiency.

Consumer preference and willingness-to-pay for formal recycling of electric vehicle batteries: a discrete choice experiment study

The burgeoning electric vehicle (EV) market poses a substantial challenge to battery recycling systems, yet understanding EV battery recycling behavior from the demand side remains limited. Previous studies have analyzed perceptual or attitudinal factors, neglecting the observable attributes of EV battery recycling. To this end, we proposed a discrete choice model to investigate the differences between formal and informal recycling behaviors, identifying consumer preferences and willingness to pay. By analyzing 1190 sample data collected from Chongqing, China, we find that: (1) The formal recycling market exhibits greater sensitivity to prices compared to the informal recycling market. (2) The formal recycling market favors recycling by EV battery producers, whereas the informal recycling market shows the least preference for recycling by automobile producers. (3) Door-to-door recycling services are the most effective in facilitating the transition from informal to formal recycling markets for EV batteries. (4) Capacity subsidy policies outperform one-time fixed subsidy policies in incentivizing formal recycling. (5) The formal recycling market for EV batteries necessitates "traceability to the recycling outlet", as opposed to being untraceable. (6) The high-awareness group exhibits greater sensitivity to government policies compared to those with lower environmental concerns and less knowledge of EV battery recycling.

Experimental Investigation of Thermal Runaway Behaviour and Inhibition Strategies in Large-Capacity Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Large-scale lithium-ion batteries play an important role in the electric vehicle market and the thermal runaway (TR) behaviour of batteries is one of the significant threats to the passengers. In this study, we conducted a series of thermal abuse tests concerning single battery and battery box to investigate the TR behaviour of a large-capacity (310 Ah) lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery and the TR inhibition effects of different extinguishing agents. The study shows that before the decomposition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film, temperature consistency within the battery were maintained and it was advisable to use temperature detectors. With the destruction of the internal structure of the battery and the uneven temperature distribution at the subsequent battery reaction stage, a large amount of combustible gas was released when the safety valve was opened. The combustible gas fire detector is used to improve alarm reliability and provided a stable early warning response time. Based on this TR behaviour, a LiFePO4 battery box with a standard size of 1060 × 660 × 250mm was constructed. The TR inhibition effect of two different extinguishing agents (heptafluoropropane and perfluorohexanone) were investigated using a metal tube spraying method with a spraying dose of 1.8kg (spraying rate of 0.06kg/s) and a spraying pressure of 2.5MPa. The results showed that using either of these, satisfy the requirements for TR inhibition in large-capacity LiFePO4 batteries and the flames could be completely extinguished without any reignition, and the chain reaction of the surrounding batteries was effectively prevented. Moreover, heptafluoropropane was proven to have a shorter fire-extinguishing time, whereas perfluorohexanone had the advantage of inhibiting temperature rise. This study provides valuable experimental results for early warning and inhibition of TR in large-capacity LiFePO4 batteries for electric vehicles.

Electric Vehicle Sentiment Analysis Using Large Language Models

Sentiment analysis is a technique used to understand the public’s opinion towards an event, product, or organization. For example, sentiment analysis can be used to understand positive or negative opinions or attitudes towards electric vehicle (EV) brands. This provides companies with valuable insight into the public’s opinion of their products and brands. In the field of natural language processing (NLP), transformer models have shown great performance compared to traditional machine learning algorithms. However, these models have not been explored extensively in the EV domain. EV companies are becoming significant competitors in the automotive industry and are projected to cover up to 30% of the United States light vehicle market by 2030 In this study, we present a comparative study of large language models (LLMs) including bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), robustly optimised BERT (RoBERTa), and a generalised autoregressive pre-training method (XLNet) using Lucid Motors and Tesla Motors YouTube datasets. Results evidenced that LLMs like BERT and her variants are off-the-shelf algorithms for sentiment analysis, specifically when fine-tuned. Furthermore, our findings present the need for domain adaptation whilst utilizing LLMs. Finally, the experimental results showed that RoBERTa achieved consistent performance across the EV datasets with an F1 score of at least 92%.

The Role and Substitution of Cobalt in the Cobalt‐Lean/Free Nickel‐Based Layered Transition Metal Oxides for Lithium Ion Batteries

AbstractThe Nickel‐based layered transition metal oxide cathode represented by NCM (LiNixCoyMnzO2, x+y+z=1) and NCA (LiNixCoyAlzO2, x+y+z=1) is widely used in the electric vehicle market due to its specific capacity and high working potential, in which Cobalt (Co) plays a huge role in improving the structural stability during the cycle. However, the limited supply of Co, due to its scarcity and the influence of geopolitics, poses a significant constraint on the further advancement of the Nickel‐based layered transition metal oxide cathode in the field of energy storage. In this paper, the mechanism of Co in the Nickel‐based layered transition metal oxides is reviewed, including its critical role for structural stability such as the inhibition of cationic mixing and the release of lattice oxygen et al. Subsequently, it outlines various strategies to enhance the performance of Co‐lean/free materials, such as ion doping, including single‐ion doping and multi‐ion co‐doping, and various surface coating strategies, so as to eliminate the adverse effects of Co loss on materials. Ultimately, this paper offers a glimpse into the promising future of Cobalt‐free strategies for high performance of Nickel‐based layered transition metal oxides.

Beyond Traditional Forecasting: Machine Learning and Adaptive Algorithms in EV Sales Predictions

The Electric Vehicle market is growing fast, creating new challenges for sales predictions and market dynamics. Traditional forecasting methods like linear regression and expert judgment struggle with the market's non-linear and complex nature. To improve accuracy, new models such as machine learning and Adaptive Optimized Grey Models are being applied to predict EV sales, which is discussed in this review paper. These models dynamically adjust parameters and account for external factors, offering better precision. AOGMs, in particular, utilize data preprocessing and buffering to minimize external disturbances and enhance prediction smoothness. Techniques like the Particle Swarm Optimization help these models more effectively capture the EV sales trends. Additionally, adaptive grey models are not only essential for forecasting sales but also for identifying market risks like overcapacity or supply shortages. These advanced methods provide a more robust framework for understanding and anticipating changes in the rapidly evolving the EV market.

The Analysis of Strategic Development of Tesla in Chinese Electric Vehicles Market

Since 2012, Tesla has established many factories and research and innovation centers in China. This paper examines the strategic development of Tesla in the Chinese electric vehicles (EV) market and reveals several key findings. As one of the world’s leading EV manufacturers, Tesla’s expansion into China has been a significant milestone in its global growth strategy. The analysis focuses on Tesla’s market entry strategy, competitive positioning, localization efforts, and the impact of Chinese policies and market dynamics on its operations. By studying Tesla’s strategic decisions and outcomes in the Chinese EV market, this paper provides insights into the opportunities and challenges faced by multinational companies in the rapidly evolving Chinese EV industry.

Tesla’s Strategic Growth and Challenges in the Chinese Electric Vehicle Market

In recent years, the global focus on environmental protection and sustainable development has led to the rapid growth of the electric vehicle (EV) industry, with Tesla emerging as a global leader. Particularly in China, the world’s largest automotive market, Tesla’s performance has been remarkable. This study focuses on Tesla’s development in the Chinese market, exploring its strategic decisions, challenges, and competitive environment. Through a combination of policy analysis, market research, and competitive benchmarking, this study examines Tesla’s market entry strategies, the impact of government support for new energy vehicles (NEVs), and the challenges posed by local competitors and regulatory constraints. The study concludes that Tesla’s success in China is largely attributed to its brand strength, technological innovation, and localized production through the Shanghai Gigafactory. However, it faces significant challenges, including competition from domestic NEV manufacturers, regulatory complexities, and geopolitical tensions. To maintain its competitive advantage, Tesla must continue to innovate, localize its products, and adapt to an evolving political and market environment.

Tesla’s Electric Future: A Comprehensive Marketing Strategy Analysis and Implementation Plan

This paper deeply explores the essence of Tesla’s marketing strategy in the field of electric vehicles, and accurately extracts three core competitiveness: brand influence, technological innovation and vertical integration of industrial chain. At the same time, it also faces the severe challenges faced by Tesla in expanding production capacity and coping with fierce competition in the market. In view of the explosive growth trend of the global electric vehicle market and the huge potential of the international market, this paper carefully planned a series of comprehensive strategic measures aimed at promoting Tesla’s continued growth. These measures not only cover the diversification of product lines, refined pricing strategies, increased investment in marketing resources and global market expansion, but also emphasize the flexible response mechanism for extreme market demand changes and deep cultivation of emerging markets to ensure Tesla’s leading position in the global electric vehicle industry and continue to lead the trend of industry innovation and development. In such a rapidly changing industry, Tesla must continuously enhance its strategic adaptability and innovation capabilities to meet the challenges of the future.

A Study on the Development of the Tesla Brand and Its Societal Impact

This study explores the development of the Tesla brand and its profound societal impact. As a pioneer in the global electric vehicle industry, Tesla has achieved remarkable advancements in technological innovation while attracting widespread social attention through its unique business model and marketing strategies. The study first analyzes the background and evolution of the Tesla brand and then discusses its societal impact from the perspectives of environmental protection, technological progress, industrial chain influence, and social responsibility. The results indicate that Tesla has expanded the global electric vehicle market, promoted the adoption of green energy, and shifted public perceptions of the automotive industry. Additionally, Tesla’s branding strategies have inspired innovation and marketing approaches in other companies. Despite its success in sustainability and technological breakthroughs, Tesla faces challenges in labor management and financial sustainability. This study provides valuable insights into the future development of the electric vehicle industry and calls for companies to balance technological advancements with the fulfillment of social responsibilities.

Analysis of SWOT Model Analysis BYD Automobile Marketing Strategy

Environmental pollution is a hot issue that the world cares about, and fuel vehicles are one of the main reasons for the greenhouse effect. All countries in the world have also realized this and proposed corresponding policies to stop the further deterioration of this impact. China actively responded to accelerate the development of the new energy vehicle industry through policy support. Among them, BYD, as a pioneer, showed industry leadership. This article will analyze the market of China’s new energy vehicles based on the status of the development of new energy vehicles, and use the SWOT model to analyze BYD’s advantages, opportunities, and risks. Through research on this article, driven by strong policies in the Chinese new energy vehicle market, it has achieved significant growth. As a market leader, BYD comprehensively covers consumer groups, showing a strong market penetration. However, despite the outstanding results, BYD still faces threats and challenges from various aspects such as market competition and technological innovation. Looking forward to the future, BYD needs to continue to optimize the layout of the product and strengthen its core competitiveness to cope with potential risks. Its development direction is expected to maintain a steady rise and continue to lead the vigorous development of China’s new energy vehicle industry.

Evaluation of practicality of wireless charging for electric vehicles in the next 10 years

As the electric vehicle market is expanding rapidly due to the need for sustainable development; a solution is needed to deal with current problems related to electric vehicles, this includes relatively limited driving range, relatively lack of charging spots during busy season, and the inconveniences of plug-in charging, such as dealing with cables. Therefore, wireless charging technology capable of charging electric vehicles while they are in motion becomes a potential solution. Assessing whether this technology will be mass-applied in the future is crucial. Given the limited current research that evaluates the practicality of wireless charging technology for electric vehicles with a time scale, this article aims to assess the aspects of safety, cost, efficiency, materials, user acceptance and other factors to determine the likelihood of making wireless charging practical for electric vehicles in the next decade. Furthermore, by distributing questionnaires to electric and gasoline car owners to gather participants’ opinions and expectations on wireless charging for electric vehicles, statistical analysis of the questionnaire results; interview with a professor at Shanghai University who is an expert in magnets and electricity, conducting secondary research, this article concludes whether wireless charging technology for electric vehicles can be implemented in the decade or not. As an impact, this article includes a time scale by conducting an evaluation instead of implicitly mentioning the time scale.

A comprehensive analysis of India’s electric vehicle battery supply chain: barriers and solutions

This study investigates challenges and solutions for India’s battery supply chain in the growing electric vehicle (EV) market. Key obstacles include raw material dependency, supply chain complexity, production costs, environmental impacts, rapid technological changes, and skilled workforce shortages. Methods involve reviewing current supply chains, evaluating government policies like the FAME and PLI schemes, and analyzing strategic partnerships with countries rich in lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Results show heavy reliance on imports exposes India to geopolitical risks and price volatility, while a fragmented supply chain hinders coordination and quality control. Establishing gigafactories is crucial but requires substantial investment. The study recommends enhancing domestic production, securing raw materials through exploration and international partnerships, investing in R&D for advanced technologies and alternative chemistries, and developing a skilled workforce through specialized training. Implementing these strategies will ensure a robust and sustainable battery supply chain, supporting EV market growth and positioning India as a leader in electric mobility. Further research should focus on long-term environmental impacts and the economic implications of a localized supply chain.

The Art of Balancing Price and Plug: Developing a Theoretical Model for Dynamic Pricing in the Electric Vehicle Market

This study presents a novel approach to understanding the complex dynamics of the electric vehicle (EV) market through the lens of differential game theory. We developed a comprehensive model that captures the strategic interactions between EV manufacturers and charging network operators, while incorporating the effects of consumer behavior, market uncertainties, and reference price effects. Using differential game theory, we examined the impact of reference price effects and the charging network’s influence on pricing strategies, focusing on three distinct approaches: basic pricing, static pricing considering reference price effects, and dynamic pricing strategies. Our model offers new insights into consumer behavior and price expectations in the rapidly evolving EV market. The key findings reveal that under static or dynamic pricing strategies, the optimal pricing for EV manufacturers is positively correlated with the initial reference price. When the initial reference price is high (low), the optimal pricing strategy resembles skimming pricing (penetration pricing). As the effort level of charging network operators increases and their influence on consumers’ purchase decisions grows stronger, EV manufacturers tend to set higher prices. Notably, while dynamic pricing strategies can optimize EV manufacturers’ profits, the profits of charging network operators may decrease compared with static pricing strategies. This integrated approach significantly contributes to the field by bridging gaps among market dynamics, pricing strategies, and the infrastructure’s development in the context of electric mobility, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding and optimizing the EV ecosystem. Ultimately, this study advances sustainable business models that balance profitability, consumer behavior, and the infrastructure’s growth in the rapidly evolving EV market.

Сучасні тенденції розвитку двигунів безпілотних літальних апаратів

The subject of this study is the current state and prospects for the development of the market for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and power plants. The purpose of this work was to identify trends in the development of UAV engines of various classes. Task: collection, systematization, and analysis of information on the most common engines of reconnaissance and strike UAVs of the operational-tactical level, as well as UAVs of the "barrage ammunition" class. This article provides a brief description of various types of UAV power plants, and their main advantages and disadvantages are given, which are often decisive when choosing the type of power plant for a specific UAV. It was found that a power plant with an internal combustion engine (ICE) is best suited for use in medium- and long-range UAVs.This study demonstrated that four-stroke internal combustion engines are most commonly used in reconnaissance-strike UAVs at both operational and tactical levels. The features of the design and characteristics of four-stroke internal combustion engines, which have become the most widely used UAVs, are described. It was determined that the introduction of turbocharging or increasing the pressure is the main means of forcing four-stroke internal combustion engines, which makes it possible to simultaneously achieve high specific power and high brake efficiency of the engine over a wide range of altitudes during its operation. It is shown that one of the most important tasks for a long-range UAV engine is to reduce the specific brake fuel consumption. Thus, there is a tendency to promote the use of high-powered aviation diesels in long-range UAVs. It was determined that the main requirements for UAV engines of the "barrage ammunition" class are high specific power, low cost and adaptability to mass production. This study shows that gasoline two-stroke internal combustion engines with crank-chamber scavenging are extremely widespread in UAVs of the "barrage ammunition" class. The design features and characteristics of UAV two-stroke internal combustion engines are described. The main means of ensuring high specific power of such two-stroke internal combustion engines are increasing the engine RPM, optimizing gas exchange processes, and reducing the weight of the construction by using new materials. Conclusion. The results show that depending on the UAV type, the set of engine requirements can vary significantly. Modern trends in the development of UAV engines of various classes have been determined. Potentially promising directions for increasing the efficiency of engines and for comprehensive improvement of their indicators and characteristics have been determined.

A Stochastic Approach to the Power Requirements of the Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: The Case of Spain

Battery electric vehicles represent a technological pathway for reducing carbon emissions in personal road transport. However, for the widespread adoption of this type of vehicle, the user experience should be similar to that of combustion engine vehicles. To achieve this objective, a robust and reliable public charging infrastructure is essential. In Spain, the electric recharging infrastructure is growing quickly in metropolitan areas but much more slowly on roads and highways. The upcoming charging stations must be located along high-volume traffic corridors and in proximity to the Trans-European Transport Network. The main contribution of this research is to offer a method for examining the essential electricity infrastructure investments required in scenarios involving substantial electric vehicle adoption. The methodology includes a sensitivity analysis of fleet composition and market share, recharging user behavior, charging station density, and vehicle efficiency improvements. To this end, the authors have developed a simplified probabilistic model, addressing the effect of the involved parameters through a comprehensive scenario analysis. The results show that the actual number of high-capacity charging plugs on Spanish roads is significantly lower than the European regulation requirements for the year 2030 considering an electric vehicle market share according to the Spanish Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan 2021–2030 objectives and it is far from the necessary infrastructure to cover the expected demand according to the traffic flow. Under these circumstances, the charging peak power demand reaches over 7.4% of the current Spanish total power demand for an electric vehicle fleet, which corresponds to only 12% of the total.

Application and Challenges of Battery Swapping Technology in the Development of New Energy Vehicle

Abstract: With the rapid growth of the new energy vehicle market, the construction of battery swapping stations has become an effective solution to the problem of insufficient charging facilities. Battery swapping technology can improve energy replenishment efficiency, alleviate pressure on the power grid, reduce charging costs through overnight charging, and increase battery utilization and profitability. However, battery swapping technology faces issues such as standardization, high costs, technical and safety challenges, and low market acceptance. It is suggested to promote standardization, government policy support, technological innovation and safety enhancement, the construction of a widespread battery swapping network, as well as innovation in business models and market promotion to promote the development of battery swapping technology.

Predicting the most economical option of managing electric vehicle battery at the end of its serviceable life

It is predicted that millions of electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) will retire in the next decade. With the global Electric Vehicles (EVs) market share increasing to over 40 million by 2030, the replacement of unwanted EVBs will become more abundant and may end up in landfills. These discarded EVBs can become a threat to the environment and to human health if they are not treated, disposed of, and recycled appropriately. Numerous end-of-life (EOL) cost estimation methods that have been developed are mainly for evaluating fossil fuel vehicle components. Research within the scope of EOL of EVBs however, is slow in progress, therefore, this work focuses on developing a cost estimation method for predicting EOL costs of EVBs by adopting a circular economy approach. This proposed method is validated through a case study using two Nissan's EV battery packs. The significance of this study may provide valuable information which could, indirectly lead to the redesign of EVBs for better business circular economy and less waste pollution for future EVs. The main results show that the potential economic benefit that generated by reusing/repurposing EOL EVBs is 92% more profitable than recycling and 52% more profitable than remanufacturing. This study concludes that reuse/repurpose becomes the most profitable process when EVBs reach the end of their serviceable life. Remanufacturing method can also be economically viable if it considers multi-cell replacement of an EVB.