Vehicle Braking System Research Articles

Temperature And Speed Monitoring On Google Sheet-Based Motorcycle Discs

The braking system for motor vehicles is very important which serves to slow down speed. So that the braking system is one that must be considered for driving safety. There are two types of braking systems on motorcycles based on the mechanism, namely braking using discs and drums. One of the causes of road accidents is because the brakes overheat so that failure of the braking system results in brake failure. Therefore, this research is about the design of temperature and speed monitoring on motorcycle brake discs based on google sheets. Which uses MLX90614 sensor as a temperature sensor and E18-D80NK sensor as a speed sensor and NodeMCU ESP8266 as a microcontroller. Both sensors are programmed to provide information so that the brake temperature does not overheat and turn on the buzzer when the temperature and speed reach / exceed predetermined values. The buzzer will turn on when the temperature on the disc brakes reaches ?65°C and when the speed reaches 120rpm.

On-line learning applied to spiking neural network for antilock braking systems

Computationally replicating the behaviour of the cerebral cortex to perform the control tasks of daily life in a human being is a challenge today. First, it is necessary to know the structure and connections between the elements of the neural network that perform movement control. Next, a mathematical neural model that adequately resembles biological neurons has to be developed. Finally, a suitable learning model that allows adapting neural network response to changing conditions in the environment is also required. Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) are currently the closest approximation to biological neural networks. SNNs make use of temporal spike trains to deal with inputs and outputs, thus allowing a faster and more complex computation. In this paper, a controller based on an SNN is proposed to perform the control of an anti-lock braking system (ABS) in vehicles. To this end, two neural networks are used to regulate the braking force. The first one is devoted to estimating the optimal slip while the second one is in charge of setting the optimal braking pressure. The latter resembles biological reflex arcs to ensure stability during operation. This neural structure is used to control the fast regulation cycles that occur during ABS operation. Furthermore, an algorithm has been developed to train the network while driving. On-line learning is proposed to update the response of the controller. Hence, to cope with real conditions, a control algorithm based on neural networks that learn by making use of neural plasticity, similar to what occurs in biological systems, has been implemented. Neural connections are modulated using Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP) by means of a supervised learning structure using the slip error as input. Road-type detection has been included in the same neural structure. To validate and to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, simulations as well as experiments in a real vehicle were carried out. The algorithm proved to be able to adapt to changes in adhesion conditions rapidly. This way, the capability of spiking neural networks to perform the full control logic of the ABS has been verified.

Research on train braking model by improved Polach model considering wheel‐rail adhesion characteristics

AbstractTo study the braking process of the train under different adhesion conditions, this paper takes the braking system of a single rail vehicle as the research object. The author establishes a corresponding co‐simulation platform based on MATLAB/Simulink and AMESim, including the sub‐models of braking control, vehicle brake longitudinal dynamics and air brake unit. Considering the cleaning effect caused by large sliding, the author builds a suitable adhesion model for different adhesion conditions based on the improved Polach model, which is the input of the vehicle braking longitudinal dynamics sub‐model. Based on the finite state machine, the anti‐skid control algorithm of the train is constructed as the core of the brake control sub‐model, which can judge the motion state of the wheelset, and control the stage release and hold of the brake cylinder pressure. According to the International Standard EN15595 and the actual operating parameters of a certain type of train, the braking process of the train under dry and wet rail conditions is simulated on the platform. The validity of the model is verified, which provides a reliable method for future research on the braking process.

Optimization of eggshell particles to produce eco-friendly green fillers with bamboo reinforcement in organic friction materials

Abstract The environment is a very important topic today as well as in the future. One source of air pollution that has the potential to harm health is the wear particles released by vehicle braking systems. If these wear particles come from hazardous materials, they could destroy human health and the environment. Based on these conditions, exploring more environmentally friendly materials to substitute hazardous materials as friction materials is necessary. In this study, brake linings were prepared from bamboo fiber and eggshell (ES) particles with various pre-treatment conditions. The composition of the material frictions consisted of phenolic resin, bamboo fiber, bamboo particles, ES particles, zinc, alumina, and graphite in the following: 35% phenolic resin, 10% graphite, 10% bamboo fiber, 10% alumina powder, 5% zinc powder, and 30% bamboo particles and ESs. This study focused on observing the mechanical and tribological behavior of friction materials when using ES particles as fillers. There are three stages to manufacturing friction material: a cold press, a hot press, and heat treatment. The optimization of the characteristics of ESs as organic brake linings was carried out using the Taguchi method and analyzed using data envelopment analysis-based ranking (DEAR). An interesting finding from this study was that when ES particles were calcined at 900°C for 120 min, the ES particle size was 200 mesh, and the ES volume fraction at 25% resulted in the most optimal brake lining performance. Calcination at 900°C for 120 min completely changed the CaCO3 phase to CaO. This study also shows that calcined ES particles have the potential to be developed as friction materials for environmentally friendly two-wheeled vehicles in the future. The produced brake linings exhibited hardness, a coefficient of friction, and specific wear rates of 92.82 HR, 0.32, and 4.43 × 10−6 mm3·N−1·m−1, respectively.

Development Of Microcontroller Based Technology for Automatic Safety Control of Vehicle Braking System

The Detection of a Drowsiness-based braking system is an innovative technology that aims to improve the safety of drivers and passengers by monitoring their eye movements and using that data to apply the brakes in case of an emergency. This system consists of an eye blink sensor mounted on the vehicle's dashboard or steering wheel, a microcontroller unit that processes the sensor data and a braking system that applies the brakes when necessary.The eye blink sensor used in this system works by detecting the eyelids' closure and measuring the blink's duration. The sensor sends this information to the microcontroller, which analyzes it to determine whether the driver is drowsy, distracted, or inattentive. If the microcontroller determines that the driver is not alert, it sends a signal to the braking system to apply the brakes, thereby preventing a potential accident. This technology is particularly useful for long-distance drivers, who may become fatigued after hours of driving. The system can also detect distractions such as mobile phone usage or eating while driving, which are common causes of accidents. The Drowsiness of the driver-based braking system is an important advancement in automotive safety technology, as it can potentially save lives and prevent injuries caused by accidents due to driver fatigue or distraction.

Study on multi-closed loop control of electro-mechanical braking for electric vehicles based on clamping force

In order to improve the clamping force control accuracy of electro-mechanical braking system of electric vehicles, a multi-closed loop control strategy of electro-mechanical braking based on clamping force is proposed. A detailed EMB mathematical model is established. The sliding mode speed controller and improved fuzzy PID clamping force controller are designed, and the joint simulation model of the speed the clamping force controller is established, and simulation experiments are used to verify the effectiveness of the control strategy. Comparative analysis of three simulation conditions, the maximum adjustment time of the proposed control strategy is 0.254 s and the maximum overshoot is 0.45%. The results of research show that the control strategy designed in this paper can quickly and stably reach the target value of clamping force, has a strong anti-interference capability, has some reference value in the electric vehicle braking control.

Predictive Hybrid Redundancy for Aircraft Wheel Braking System - A Design Study

Aircraft brake system plays an important role in safe take-off and landing phases of flight. In order to meet safety requirements, regulatory guidelines like ARP 4761 suggest duo duplex architecture for the aircraft Wheel Braking System (WBS). Safe and efficient braking systems for ground-based vehicles in the name of Brake By Wire (BBW) are also becoming very common resulting in significant research activity in the recent past. In order to reduce number of hardware components and to improve reliability further of BBW systems, Kim and team of Korean university came up with introduction of analytical redundancy for measurement of wheel angular velocity sensors. The scheme involves Predictive Hybrid Redundancy (PHR) for fault detection using a double exponential smoothing method. Since, such systems are not readily suitable for aircraft WBS, the present study is an attempt to extend this approach to aircraft WBS with appropriate modifications to integrate with normal mode, standby mode and emergency modes of aircraft WBS. Simulation studies for synthetic sensor signals show possibility of continued operation, with one sensor being operational, in the presence of transient, intermittent and hard over faults.

A Mid-fidelity Model in the Loop Feasibility Study for Implementation of Regenerative Antilock Braking System in Electric Vehicles

<div>The tailpipe zero-emission legislation has pushed the automotive industry toward more electrification. Regenerative braking is the capability of electric machines to provide brake torque. So far, the regenerative braking feature is primarily considered due to its effect on energy efficiency. However, using individual e-machines for each wheel makes it possible to apply the antilock braking function due to the fast torque-tracking characteristics of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). Due to its considerable cost reduction, in this article, a feasibility study is carried out to investigate if the ABS function can be done purely through regenerative braking using a mid-fidelity model-based approach. An uni-tire model of the vehicle with a surface-mount PMSM (SPMSM) model is used to verify the idea. The proposed ABS control system has a hierarchical structure containing a high-level longitudinal slip controller and a low-level SPMSM torque controller. Given the uncertainties of the tire–road dynamics, a sliding mode control method is designed and employed as a high-level slip controller. Also, a PID vector control method is used to keep the SPMSM braking torque at the optimal value requested by the high-level controller. Moreover, in order to estimate the tire longitudinal slip and vehicle velocity, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) is developed that estimates both parameters at the same time. The results show that the proposed hierarchical control and estimators can keep the tire longitudinal slip at the optimal value and prevent the wheel from locking in a variety of road conditions.</div>

Human–Machine Redundant Braking System for Aftermarket Low-Speed Electric Vehicle: Design and Validation

This paper presents the design and experimental validation of a novel human–machine redundant braking system (HMRBS) for aftermarket low-speed electric vehicles (LSEVs) to realise the backup redundancy ability and improve active safety. First, the HMRBS is designed by connecting the electro-hydraulic braking (EHB) unit oil pipelines in parallel with the manual braking (MB) unit through two three-way shuttle valves. Then, the mathematical model of the EHB subsystem is built, and a master cylinder pressure controller with adaptive fuzzy proportion integration differentiation (PID) and a servo motor speed controller with double-closed-loop proportion integration (PI) are proposed to improve the system response performance. Following this, the co-simulation model of the proposed closed-loop system is established based on AMESim and MATLAB/Simulink to validate the feasibility of the proposed control strategy. Finally, the effectiveness of the HMRBS is also validated by test rig and vehicle experiments. The results imply that the modified LSEV with the HMRBS meets the requirements of vehicle active braking ability and manual braking redundancy. Furthermore, the proposed controller can significantly enhance pressure control accuracy compared to the classical PID controller. The deceleration fluctuation and braking distance in the active braking mode are smaller than those in the manual braking mode, indicating that the proposed system makes the braking effect more stable and safer.

Tunable Thermal, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of Polybenzoxazine-Based Composite for Vehicle Applications

In this study, a series of composites comprising polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced polybenzoxazine for high-temperature friction materials for vehicle brake applications were developed using a high-temperature compression molding technique. The objective of this research was to systematically investigate the thermal, mechanical (tensile and flexural), and tribological performance of friction materials made from polybenzoxazine-based composites by varying the PEEK/CF mass ratio. Our study reveals the substantial improvement effect of the increased content of PEEK fibers on the thermal conductivity, the coefficient of friction, and the friction strength of the polybenzoxazine-based composite materials. Meanwhile, the introduction of carbon fibers was found to have a monotonic positive effect on the mechanical (tensile and flexural) properties and wear performance of the polybenzoxazine-based composites. The polybenzoxazine-based composites exhibit high mechanical strength, with a tensile strength of 50.1–78.6 MPa, Young’s modulus of 10.2–24.3 GPa, a flexural strength of 62.1–88.3 MPa, and a flexural modulus of 13.1–27.4 GPa. In addition, the polybenzoxazine-based composite with a PEEK/CF mass ratio of 75:25 exhibits a high and stable coefficient of friction (0.33) and a specific wear rate (1.79 × 10−7 cm3/Nm at room temperature). Subsequent to the wear test at ambient temperature, the worn surfaces of five polybenzoxazine-based composite samples with various PEEK/CF mass ratios were studied using electron microscopy technology (SEM). The observation of small cracks and tiny grooves on the worn surfaces indicates a combined abrasive and adhesive wear mechanism of the material. Our experimental results clearly reveal superior mechanical properties and excellent tribological characteristics. As a result, these composites show promising potential for the application of friction materials in terms of vehicle braking system applications.

Optimizing Energy Harvesting: A Gain-Scheduled Braking System for Electric Vehicles with Enhanced State of Charge and Efficiency

Recycling braking energy is crucial in increasing the overall energy efficiency of an electric vehicle. Regenerative braking system (RBS) technology makes a significant contribution, but it is quite challenging to design an optimal braking force distribution while ensuring vehicle stability and battery health. In this study, a parallel-distribution braking system that transfers as much energy as possible from the wheel to the battery was investigated. An integrated braking force distribution with gain-scheduling super-twisting sliding mode control (GSTSMC) was proposed to capture the maximum kinetic energy during braking and convert it into electrical energy. Parallel friction and regenerative braking ratios dominate the design of the braking component, which is based on the speed of the vehicle. A GSTSMC was implemented and incorporated into the vehicle dynamics model developed in the ADVISOR environment. Simulation was utilized to rigorously validate the efficacy of the proposed control strategy, ensuring its potential to perform optimally in practical applications. Consideration was given to the vehicle’s slip ratio on dry asphalt to maintain vehicle stability. Simulation results were used to validate the performance of the proposed design in terms of the state of charge (SOC), transmitted energy, motor efficiency, battery temperature, and slip ratio. Based on the results, the proposed control strategy is capable of increasing the SOC value to 54%, overall efficiency to 25.98%, energy transmitted to 14.27%, and energy loss to 87 kJ while considering the vehicle’s speed-tracking ability, battery temperature, and stability.

Numerical Simulation of Designing a Braking System by Comparing Pressure in Minibus Type Vehicle

The braking system is crucial in maintaining the vehicle's safety to avoid fatality. However, designing a vehicle braking system can take significant time and energy. Hence, a method to design a braking system that requires less time and energy is necessary. The vehicle specifications will affect the braking design process in designing a braking system. In addition, the existing government regulations limit the braking capacity that must be achieved during the braking process. These two things become the limitations in designing an optimal braking system. The design process is carried out by determining the required pressure for the braking process and the pressure generated during the braking process. The generated pressure must exceed the required pressure for the braking system design to work appropriately. The conditions mentioned earlier can be achieved by iterating and selecting the standard component. A case study in the form of braking system design has been carried out where the braking system can generate a pressure of 4.14 MPa and requires a pressure of 3.13 MPa and 2.34 MPa at the front and rear caliper on a vehicle weighing 78.48 kN to decelerate 5 ms-2 as required in Indonesia government regulation. A comparison is made with other methods proposed by other researchers to ensure the proposed method can be applied to various conditions. The comparison results show that the proposed method can be applied to various conditions. Moreover, the proposed method can minimize the difference in pressure between the generated and the required pressure to avoid overdesign.

Research on Adaptive Distribution Control Strategy of Braking Force for Pure Electric Vehicles

The actual driving conditions of electric vehicles (EVs) are complex and changeable. Limited by road adhesion conditions, it is necessary to give priority to ensuring safety, taking into account the energy recovery ratio of the vehicle during braking to obtain better braking quality. In this work, an electric vehicle with an EHB (electro-hydraulic braking) system whose braking force adaptive distribution control strategy is studied. Firstly, the vehicle dynamics model, including seven degrees of freedom, tire, drive motor, main reducer, battery pack, and braking system, was constructed, which is attributed to the vehicle configuration and braking system scheme. Second, based on curve I and ECE regulations, the adaptive braking force distribution control strategy was formulated by taking the maximum regenerative braking torque as the inflection point, the synchronous adhesion coefficient as the desired point, and the battery SOC, road adhesion coefficient, and braking strength as the threshold. Finally, the vehicle dynamics simulation model was built on the Matlab/Simulink platform, and the simulation results verified the feasibility of the proposed braking force adaptive allocation control strategy. The research shows that the adaptive distribution control strategy can better adapt to the complex and variable driving conditions of the vehicle by combining the inflection point and the desired point. The braking energy recovery ratios of the vehicle under the NEDC and NYCC cycle conditions on a high adhesion road are 52.62% and 47.45%. The braking force distribution curve is close to curve I under the low adhesion extreme road.

Method and results of experimental determination of friction coefficients of some automobile brake shoe

Introduction. Road safety is largely determined by the technical condition of the vehicle, and especially control systems. The braking system is one of them. To improve its efficiency, various assistive electronic systems are now widely used. These systems control the vehicle through wheel braking mechanisms. Brake pads are a constituent element of a friction-type wheel brake mechanism. The efficiency of the vehicle braking system depends on its quality, regardless of the presence of auxiliary electronic systems. The use of brake pads with a wide spread of friction coefficients can have a significant impact on braking performance.Materials and methods. To conduct experimental studies, a methodology for conducting them and processing experimental data was developed, as well as a laboratory setup was made. Arduino Uno R3 analog-to-digital converter was used as an instrumental component of the stand for converting mechanical movements into an electronic signal.Results. In accordance with the proposed methodology, four pairs of brake pads were tested. As a result of processing the experimental data, it was found that the difference in the values of the friction coefficients of the brake pads can cause a difference in the magnitude of the braking forces on the wheels from 8 to 19%.Discussion and conclusions. The difference in the coefficients of friction of the brake pads has a significant impact on the magnitude of the braking forces and the stability of the vehicle during braking. One of the reasons for this may be the poor quality of the pad material or a violation of operating conditions. The proposed improved technique for determining the coefficients of sliding friction makes it possible to obtain more accurate values through the use of an analog-to-digital converter, reducing the influence of the accuracy of measuring instruments and the human factor.

System-Level Fault Tolerance Design Process of Dual-Winding Motors for Overheat in Integrated Electric Braking System of Autonomous Vehicle

System-Level Fault Tolerance Design Process of Dual-Winding Motors for Overheat in Integrated Electric Braking System of Autonomous Vehicle

Design and analysis of a d15 mode piezoelectric energy generator using friction-induced vibration

Research works have been conducted on transverse and longitudinal mode piezoelectric energy generation to collect energy from ambient vibrations. However, the inconsistency with the frequency of the energy source and low output power density remain problems for high energy output. In this work, we propose a shear mode piezoelectric energy generator, which utilizes the friction-induced vibration (FIV) and high shear mode piezoelectric coefficient to improve the energy output. A piezoelectric coupled FIV mathematical model is developed to accurately calculate the dynamic vibration response and voltage output. The dynamic voltage response is validated by experiment, and it proves the possibility of continuous friction-induced high-frequency vibration. The energy generation process is evaluated by transient charging simulation of a storage capacitor through an iteration process, which was experimentally validated in the literature. Parameter studies have been conducted to investigate the influences of the piezoelectric patch dimensional parameters, vibration system parameters, friction model parameters, methods of electrical connections, and different piezoelectric materials on the energy generation performance to provide guidance for better design. Under ideal experiment conditions with proper parameters, a volume of m3 PZT4 piezoelectric material indicates root mean square (RMS) charging power density of Wm−3 and Wm−3 with electrically in parallel and electrically in series, respectively. While using the same amount of material and structural setup, the single crystal PMN-PT piezoelectric material shows RMS charging power density of Wm−3 and Wm−3 with electrically in parallel and electrically in series, correspondingly. These promising results demonstrate that close to W-level RMS charging power output may be realized by structure optimization of energy generator design and incorporating multiple generators together for operation. Possible incorporation into vehicle braking systems can be considered to utilize the wasted friction energy, and it may offer an energy supply for low-power wireless devices.

A Model Predictive Control Approach for Electro-Hydraulic Braking by Wire

In this article, based on a novel electro-hydraulic braking system for full self-driving vehicles, a model predictive control approach is designed for precisely tracking of braking pressure. Concerning electric motor, reduction mechanism, and hydraulic system, a new braking system model is formulated. Due to the nonlinear hydraulic characteristic of the master cylinder piston, a quadratic polynomial is utilized to fit a relationship between piston position and cylinder pressure, by which a desired pressure of master cylinder is transformed into a desired position of the piston. A recursive least square with forgetting factor is developed to find the optimal parameters of pressure–position relationship. A system friction model is established to calculate the equivalent friction torque, which is regarded as the compensation of the desired torque. A vehicle test bench of full self-driving is established to validate the designed approach. According to the accurate tracking and the quick response of braking pressure from experimental results, it can be concluded that the model predictive control approach is a good candidate for the pressure demand control of electro-hydraulic braking by wire.

Cascaded fast terminal sliding mode control for UAV electric braking system

The anti-skid braking system of unmanned aerial vehicle has the characteristics of high-order nonlinearity, strong coupling, and time-varying parameters, which will seriously affect the taxiing performance of the unmanned aerial vehicle. This paper proposed a cascaded fast terminal sliding mode control method for unmanned aerial vehicle electric braking system, which can accurately track the optimal slip rate and ensure the stability of the braking system. First, the electric braking system model of unmanned aerial vehicle is established, which gets rid of the reliance on the ground binding coefficient fitting formulas. Second, combined with the concept of the inversion control, the cascaded fast terminal sliding mode controller is designed to achieve the accurate tracking of the slip rate and the reference braking force. The stability of the controller is proved by the Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified by simulation results.

Progressing Brake Systems Improving Brake Feel Response Through Linear Electromagnetic Driver Utilization

This research focuses on improving the braking systems of vehicles by incorporating a brake feel feedback generation mechanism. The system includes a hydraulic brake unit, brake pedal, pedal travel sensor, control unit, and brake feel feedback generate unit. The pedal travel sensor captures movement state information when the brake pedal is pressed. The brake feel feedback generate unit utilizes a linear electromagnetic driver to generate resistance, mimicking the sensation of brake pedal operation, which is applied directly or indirectly to the pedal. The control unit generates drive signals for the linear electromagnetic driver based on the brake pedal's movement state information. This research aims to provide an effective and advantageous method of achieving brake feel feedback when braking is required.

A Flywheel-Based Regenerative Braking System for Railway Vehicles

Abstract Regenerative braking is a technique that employs electric motors to convert the dynamic mechanical energy from the motor’s spinning rotor and any attached loads into electricity. However, such a type of regenerative braking can only slow but not stop the vehicle because there is too little energy to excite the motor acting as a generator at low speeds. Therefore, this paper presents a unique flywheel-based regenerative braking system for railway vehicles. This system is supposed to meet high safety and comfort expectations in all operating conditions. The braking action control of this system should allow braking of empty or loaded vehicles according to load, the anti-blockage braking action of wheels and prevent wheel-slide during braking or wheel slip during acceleration. The new regenerative braking system under development, like any kinetic energy recovery system, requires the application of continuously variable transmission. The essence of the new solution is to design and build this type of variable transmission using only one planetary gear controlled through the powertrain control module for an electric motor cooperating concurrently. This paper describes complete modelling and simulation realisation on a closed-loop servomotor drive, which cooperates with the variable transmission of the regenerative braking system based on the Scilab/Xcos environment.