Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

Information‐centric vehicular social network routing scheme in smart city

Smart cities call for the smart communication among vehicles, which requests for efficient routing schemes in Vehicle Ad hoc Network (VANET). As a kind of VANET, Vehicle Social Network (VSN) benefits from social attributes among vehicle drivers or passengers to improve the routing performance. However, traditional VSN routing schemes cannot well solve the mobilities of vehicles. Since Information‐Centric Network supports the mobility naturally, in this paper, we propose a information‐centric VSN routing scheme. An Information‐centric Utility‐based Forwarding Scheme is proposed to make optimal message forwarding among vehicle nodes, which the utility is calculated based on the devised message caching priority, the proposed interest similarity and the physical metric. Simulation results have shown that the proposed scheme has a great advantage on delivery rate and network overhead.

A PSO Enable Multi-Hop Clustering Algorithm for VANET

VANET (Vehicle Ad-hoc Network) is an emerging technology in today’s intelligent transport system. In VANET, there are many moving nodes which are called the vehicle running on the road. They communicate with each other to provide the information to driver regarding the road condition, traffic, weather and parking. VANET is a kind of network where moving nodes talk with each other with the help of equipment. There are various other things which also make complete to VANET like OBU (onboard unit), RSU (Road Aside Unit) and CA (Certificate authority). In this paper, a new PSO enable multi-hop technique is proposed which helps in VANET to Select the best route and find the stable cluster head and remove the malicious node from the network to avoid the false messaging. The false can be occurred when there is the malicious node in a network. Clustering is a technique for making a group of the same type node. This proposed work is based on PSO enable clustering and its importance in VANET. While using this approach in VANET, it has increased the 20% packet delivery ratio.

Communication Solutions for Vehicle Ad-hoc Network in Smart Cities Environment: A Comprehensive Survey

Communication Solutions for Vehicle Ad-hoc Network in Smart Cities Environment: A Comprehensive Survey

An Efficient Scheme for Reliable File Transfer using Residual Link Lifetime Estimation based on Sparse Vehicular Routes

. Location based networking protocols in Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) employ the hopping strategy to acquire the route to a destination node. One of the commonly used methods is to select the vehicle that is nearest to their destination. This greedy transmission approach leads to packet drop in disruptive networks like VANETs, since it doesn’t take account of the quality of the newly-established links. In this article, a new method is proposed for identifying the next-hop node from a potential set which takes account of the remaining life of the contact connections combined with the vehicular movement. Compared with the existing idea of predicting the new location using Kalman filters, the proposed method is based on vehicular density in the path to destination.

Smart Traffic Control in Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks: A Systematic Literature Review

Smart Traffic Control in Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks: A Systematic Literature Review

Intersection Vehicle Turning Control for Fully Autonomous Driving Scenarios.

Currently the research and development of autonomous driving vehicles (ADVs) mainly consider the situation whereby manual driving vehicles and ADVs run simultaneously on lanes. In order to acquire the information of the vehicle itself and the environment necessary for decision-making and controlling, the ADVs that are under development now are normally equipped with a lot of sensing units, for example, high precision global positioning systems, various types of radar, and video processing systems. Obviously, the current advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) or ADVs still have some problems concerning high reliability of driving safety, as well as the vehicle’s cost and price. It is certain, however, that in the future there will be some roads, areas or cities where all the vehicles are ADVs, i.e., without any human driving vehicles in traffic. For such scenarios, the methods of environment sensing, traffic instruction indicating, and vehicle controlling should be different from that of the situation mentioned above if the reliability of driving safety and the production cost expectation is to be improved significantly. With the anticipation that a more sophisticated vehicle ad hoc network (VANET) should be an essential transportation infrastructure for future ADV scenarios, the problem of vehicle turning control based on vehicle to everything (V2X) communication at road intersections is studied. The turning control at intersections mainly deals with three basic issues, i.e., target lane selection, trajectory planning and calculation, and vehicle controlling and tracking. In this paper, control strategy, model and algorithms are proposed for the three basic problems. A model predictive control (MPC) paradigm is used as the vehicle upper layer controller. Simulation is conducted on the CarSim-Simulink platform with typical intersection scenes.

Comparative analysis of proactive and reactive routing protocols in VANET environment

VANET (Vehicle Ad hoc Network) is a subclass of MANET, which is a rapidly increasing research field in the world. Vehicles are interactive with each other, V2I & hybrid in VANET. Several difficulties are facing author’s today V2V, V2I, and hybrid communication. Vehicles usually turn the field of VANET communication, transparent and enter new vehicles, network size or street conditions are main elements of this communication, which poses particular challenges such as highly dynamic topology, unregulated network size, high mobility, scalability, and networking. The previous MANET protocols are not enough to help VANET as a result of these issues. In this study, we surveyed and published numerous classes of VANET routing protocols (VRPs). Comparing the different classes of VANET protocols gives guidelines in one place. In this work, we utilize network simulator 3 to apply AODV, DSDV & OLSR routing on V2V, nodes. The evaluation criteria for comparison of these routing protocols include the use of QoS (Quality of Service) parameters such as PLR, packet overhead & throughput. For simulations, we use IEEE 802.11p model. The results of the simulation demonstrate that AODV is the most optimal method among AODV, OLSR & DSDV for our model.

Design and implementation of OBU terminal for Vehicle Ad-hoc Network

In order to solve the traffic problems and the needs of users’ safe driving, according to the requirements of the function of the Vehicle Ad-hoc Network (VANET), this paper designs and implements the application function of VANET based on the onboard unit (OBU) terminal in Android system. The design selects ARM development board as OBU terminal and uses Android operating system to design UI interface according to functional modules to interact with users. The key issues and technologies are designed and improved, which implement the security application based on security message processing and expand the non-security application, so as to achieve the purpose of assisting users to drive safely.

Improving Performance in Trust Based Multi-Link-Rat Communication for V2x Heterogeneous Vehicular Network

The dynamic nature of vehicular networks imposes a lot of challenges in multi hop data transmission as links are vulnerable in their existence due to associated mobility of vehicles. It is very difficult to establish and maintain end-to-end connections in a vehicle ad hoc network (VANET) as a result of high vehicle speed, long inter-vehicle distance, and varying vehicle density. Here propose a distributed heterogeneous V2V communications algorithm that allows each vehicle to dynamically select the RAT that is more suitable at each point in time. Multi-link is the capability of a device to communicate using multiple wireless links simultaneously. Multi-RAT is the capability of a device to communicate using different RATs. To propose a Predictive Routing based on Markov Model (PRM) to ensure more reliable and timely data transmissions in VANETs. In the case of accident management, emergency messages may be sent to a pre-determined road rescue site upon the occurrence of an accident, such as a crash on the highway during a snow day and a car spontaneous combustion due to the stored explosives. PRM can facilitate the transmission of real-time information from vehicles to a road traffic controller for more efficient traffic management. Rather than using passive traffic detection through sensors, the real-time reports of traffic data through V2V and V2I can avoid the costs of installing and maintaining a large number of sensors.

Zone selection strategy in Geocast routing algorithms in VANET: a review

Vehicle Ad hoc Network (VANET) is emerging as a desirable technology to make a revolution in transportation system. Due to the high and predictable mobility of vehicles, the Geocast routing algorithm is a commonly used method in VANETs. This algorithm selects a zone and employs a controlled flooding technique to forward data packets. In this paper, a comprehensive survey is conducted based on the existing Geocast routing algorithms in VANETs. Based on the zone selection strategy, these algorithms are classified into two main categories: static zone and dynamic zone. In the former, algorithms select a constant zone for packet forwarding, while in the latter, the selected zone can be changed dynamically. The algorithms that belong to each category are explained in detail. Finally, these algorithms are discussed and compared with each other in terms of objective, method, developing characteristics, simulation configuration, forwarding selection strategies, and evaluation metrics.

V2V Communication and Authentication: The Internet of Things Vehicles(Iotv)

In this work concentrated confirmation security among the V2V correspondence. The paper anticipates an effectual RTSP protocol that combines the Internet of things, cloud with specialist innovation into one stage where it manages secure correspondence and interfaces between the huge measure of decentralized and heterogeneously conveyed devices in IoT. Subsequently our proposed work is for decreasing blockage, following articles, traffic the executives, directing, and keeping away from clog. This design starts the usage of Road Side Unit (RSU), Central Cloud Layer (CCL), and Vehicular Cloud Layer (VCL), with sensor innovations, IoT based vehicular data frameworks, Vehicular cloud-based Ad-hoc networks where the traffic objects are addressed, followed over the web. In recent years the vehicle AdHoc network plays a vital role in smart vehicles monitoring, tracking, and sharing of location-based information. The VANET communication occurs among the vehicles -to- vehicles(V2V) and Vehicles-to-infrastructure(V2I). The communication message provides information on traffic and critical road events for each vehicle's comfortable driving. Smart transport involves smart sensors and the internet of things vehicles (IoTV). The wide range of data has been outsourced from IoTV for efficient monitoring with a cloud environment adapted for vehicles cloud. There has been plenty of security issues among the VANET and IoTV due to multiuser and open access channel transmission there has been plenty of VANET protocol delivered for secure smart vehicles transmission technology. various security issues have been concentrated, the issues like authentication, integrity, non-reputation, confidentiality, and availability have been the major vulnerable security threads. In this work concentrated authentication security among the V2V communication. This examination offers a useful structure for checking appropriated directing for vehicles, blockage shirking, and traffic the executives, etc. Broad reenactment is done in MATLAB climate, which shows a superior compromise as opposed to traditional methods.

Privacy Preserving Data Transmission in Malicious Vehicular Adhoc Networks

Vehicle Adhoc Network is deployed on the road, where vehicles constitute mobile nodes in which active security and intelligent transportation are important applications of VANET. VANETs are a key part of the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) framework. Sometimes, VANETs are referred as Intelligent Transportation Networks. However, authentication and privacy of users are still two vital issues in VANETs. In the traditional mode, the transactional data storage provides no distributed and decentralized security, so that the third party initiates the dishonest behaviors possibly. VANET has temporary participants , communication between vehicles are short-lived messages. Possible situation might happens , adversary may play as an legitimate user and able to perform malicious activity .To address these challenges this paper proposes timestamp based message between users to perform secure data transmission and give the negligible probability of the attacker. With the help of Certificate Authority (CA) and the RoadSide Units (RSUs), our proposal attains the confidentiality and trace the identity of the unauthenticated vehicle in the anonymous announcements as well. Finally, through the theoretical analysis and simulations, our scheme is able to implement a secure VANET framework with accountability and privacy preservation

Adapting Ad-hoc Routing Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

The field of the ad-hoc network and its routing protocols had attracted a lot of researchers for many years, due to the various usage of the ad-hoc networks in many fields and especially the field of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Routing protocols in the ad-hoc network are the main focused problem, for their characteristics and role during the communication process of the ad-hoc networks, with its different types. In this paper, we are going to analyze and sheds the light on the performance of ad-hoc routing protocols, for both Flying ad-hoc network (FANET) and vehicle ad-hoc network (VANET) when applying three different ad-hoc routing protocols, respectively Reactive routing protocol, Proactive routing protocol, and Hybrid routing protocol, in order to shed light on the ambiguous misunderstanding of ad-hoc routing protocols functionality and to choose the best routing protocol to be used and adapted for UAVs.

An enhanced hybrid ant colony optimization routing protocol for vehicular ad-hoc networks

Vehicle ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The VANETs communication framework is used to provide communication between moving vehicles in highway and urban road scenarios. Dynamic properties of VANETs, such as high dynamic topology, frequent route failure, high mobility of nodes, and bandwidth constraints, reduce the efficiency of routing. The long length route between source and destination affects the efficiency of the protocol in the form of high overhead, frequent disconnections, high packet loss rate, low packet delivery rate, and low throughput. In this paper, we propose an Enhanced Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization Routing Protocol (EHACORP) to improve the efficiency of the routing process using the shortest path. The shortest path in the proposed protocol has low communication costs and the least number of hops between source and destination vehicles. The EHACORP has two phases. In phase 1, the EHACORP relies on a distance calculation method to compute the distance between vehicles. In phase 2, the source-based ant colony optimization is used to guide the ants to build a shorter path with the least number of hops to transmit data. The shortest path improves the efficiency of protocol in all aspects. The simulation results show that the EHACORP has improved packet delivery rate, throughput, end-to-end delay, routing overhead, and packet loss rate compared to Fuzzy based ant colony optimization (F-ANT), Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), ant colony optimization routing algorithm (ARA), and AntNet routing protocols.

Improved Intelligent Routing Protocol in Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks

Greedy protocols show good performance in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) environment in general. But they make longer routes causing by surroundings or turn out routing failures in some cases when there are many traffic signals which generate empty streets temporary, or there is no merge roads after a road divide into two roads. When a node selects the next node simply using the distance to the destination node, the longer route is made by traditional greedy protocols in some cases and sometimes the route ends up routing failure. Most of traditional greedy protocols just take into account the distance to the destination to select a next node. Each node needs to consider not only the distance to the destination node but also the direction to the destination while routing a packet because of geographical environment. The proposed routing scheme considers both of the distance and the direction for forwarding packets to make a stable route. And the protocol can configure as the surrounding environment. We evaluate the performance of the protocol using two mobility models and network simulations. Most of network performances are improved rather than in compared with traditional greedy protocols.

Co-Maintained Database Based on Blockchain for IDSs: A Lifetime Learning Framework

Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is one of the most important approaches in cyber security to protect networks against both inner and outer threats. Apart from traditional networks, IDSs have been implemented in various emerging networks, such as mobile networks and Vehicle Ad hoc Networks (VANETs). However, a critical problem in IDSs is that the detection capacity is gradually decaying with the emergence of unknown attacks. It is necessary to constantly retrain IDSs with a more extensive database, but the security institutes usually lack the motivation to persistently update and maintain the database for public. Thus, in this paper, a lifetime learning framework is proposed for IDSs with a blockchain-based database (bc-DB). In the proposed framework, the blockchain-based database is multilaterally maintained by the security institutes and universities using Data Coins (DCoins) as the incentives. In addition, a Lifetime Learning IDS (LL-IDS) is further designed as the supplement of the bc-DB for common IDS users. For the LL-IDS, the Growing Hierarchical Self-Organizing Map with probabilistic relabeling (GHSOM-pr) having flexible and hierarchical architecture is employed as the classifier, which grows to make itself perfectly fit the changeable bc-DB. Security analysis and simulation experiments show that the proposed lifetime learning framework are both secure and effective in attacks detection.

Blockchain for the Internet of Vehicles: How to Use Blockchain to Secure Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication and Payment?

As the Internet of Things (IoT) is evolving, one of its rapidly developing components is the transformation of standard Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) into the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). Due to the exceptional progress in computation and communication technologies, the IoV has attracted the attention of researchers and commercial companies. Nevertheless, the primary issue regarding the IoV, and in particular to Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), is establishing secure and instant payments and communications. To respond to this challenge, this work proposes a Blockchain-based solution for establishing secure payment and communication (PSEV) in order to study the use of Blockchain as middle-ware between different participants of intelligent transportation systems. The proposed framework employs Ethereum to develop a solution aimed at facilitating Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications and parking payments. Moreover, the solution includes Android auto and application modules for automating the communication process. It was experimentally tested to assess its computational costs, communication expenses and the real-time aspect (RTA). The results of computational tests revealed that the developed solution is faster and more scalable than the existing solutions.

Machine Learning-Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Dynamic Segmentation Enabled Cognitive Radio Vehicular Network

A vehicle ad hoc network (VANET) is a solution for road safety, congestion management, and infotainment services. Integration of cognitive radio (CR), known as CR-VANET, is needed to solve the spectrum scarcity problems of VANET. Several research efforts have addressed the concerns of CR-VANET. However, more reliable, robust, and faster spectrum sensing is still a challenge. A novel segment-based CR-VANET (Seg-CR-VANET) architecture is therefore proposed in this paper. Roads are divided equally into segments, and they are sub-segmented based on the probability value. Individual vehicles or secondary users produce local sensing results by choosing an optimal spectrum sensing (SS) technique using a hybrid machine learning algorithm that includes fuzzy and naïve Bayes algorithms. We used dynamic threshold values for the sensing techniques. In this proposed cooperative SS, the segment spectrum agent (SSA) made the global decision using the tri-agent reinforcement learning (TA-RL) algorithm. Three environments (network, signal, and vehicle) are learned by this proposed algorithm to determine primary (licensed) users’ activities. The simulation results indicate that, compared to current works, the proposed Seg-CR-VANET produces better results in spectrum sensing.

SAMNET: Self-adaptative multi-kernel clustering algorithm for urban VANETs

Nowadays, vehicle ad hoc networks (VANET) are becoming one of the trends that motivate many service providers in urban areas. In this work, we take into account the random and continuous evolution of traffic in the VANET environment. We adopt a system to model the mode of evolution based on commutation. The proposed system is defined as a finite collection of linear submodels. Thus, for each subsystem, it is necessary to identify the discrete state and to establish a specific sub-model to model the overall system. However, according to recent studies, the adoption of an efficient VANET clustering algorithm can promote road safety, provide a means of entertainment for passengers, and promote message routing. In this article, a clustering algorithm based on a Self-Adaptative Multi-Kernel clustering for urban VANET (SAMNET) is also provided. SAMNET is based on a set of measurement data, representing the unpredictable density of vehicle nodes, acceleration or deceleration, and the limited radio range of the communication scheme used. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of the concept of identifying these data generated by linear sub-models which communicate through an unpredictable dynamic switching. It is a self-adapting clustering algorithm that consists of modeling each sub-model based on a linear regression function. SAMNET is broken down into three stages: (i) initialization of clusters, (ii) adaptation of clusters, (iii) fusion of clusters. To assess the comparative effectiveness of SAMNET, many experiments are carried out. The results obtained show that the proposed methodology provides almost optimal results and works well with regard to the average lifetime of the clusters and the data delivery rate.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Effective routing and security strategies through principle component regression analysis in disruption tolerant network

Disruption tolerant Network was employed to different scenarios characterized by the high mobility of nodes, the constant disconnection, lengthy link disruption and long propagation delays on specified network types such as Military Ad Hoc Networks, Pocket Switched Networks and Vehicle Adhoc Network. Store- Carry – Forward principles aims as effective routing strategy to increase the on-time delivery by sustaining the data session and data replication. In this paper, a new a resilient model has been devised as “Effective routing strategies through principle Component Regression analysis in order to improve the quality of service against the bandwidth management, packet loss, Privacy of violation of the session information. The routing strategies imply the epidemic routing which is to control the message dissemination in the network on utilization of kalman filter on establishing the mathematical model. The attack is mitigated on combining the number of forwarding evidence with the energy consumption rate of the nodes to formulate direct trust which acts as invasive approach. In addition probabilistic checking has been employed using game theoretical approach to make it as investigation model. Finally collaborating and correlating the all strategies on regression analysis yields dynamic high performing node’s for data transmission. The extensive analysis and simulation results demonstrate the flexibility of the routing scheme and security along the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed scheme on resource utilization.