Vegetable Oils Research Articles

Application of chokeberry biochar as a modified additive to the vegetable lubricants: the tribological and rheological properties

Effect of modifying a vegetable grease with different amounts of chokeberry biocarbon on its tribological and rheological properties. The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of the incorporation of biochar derived from the pyrolysis of chokeberry biomass at 500 and 700 °C respectively, in lubricants formulated with vegetable oil, on their functional characteristics in terms of tribology and rheology. Fumed silicon dioxide was utilized as a thickening agent, ensuring the production of lubricants with a consistency class of II. The biochar was introduced into the lubricating formulations in concentrations of 1, 3, and 5%. A rapeseed-based grease with commercial activated carbon served as the reference sample. The research focused on assessing how this innovative additive influenced both the tribological and rheological behaviors of the resulting lubricants. The study evaluated the effects of chokeberry-derived biochar on the wear resistance and scuffing prevention properties of the vegetable-based greases. Additionally, the biochar’s influence on various rheological parameters such as flow curves, viscosity profiles, hysteresis loops, and viscoelastic characteristics was analyzed. Results demonstrated that the biochar additive considerably enhanced the tribological and rheological performance of the tested rapeseed-based grease.

Arsenic removal by Spherical Agglomeration Technique in groundwater using vegetable oil instead of n-heptane

Arsenic removal by Spherical Agglomeration Technique in groundwater using vegetable oil instead of n-heptane

Purification of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons and separation based on the number of aromatic rings using a liquid chromatography silica column. An alternative to epoxidation.

The analysis of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in vegetable oils is currently associated with high uncertainty due to various factors ranging from sample preparation to data interpretation. One significant factor is the coelution of biogenic compounds of terpenic origin with the MOAH fraction during chromatographic analysis. The common purification method is epoxidation, a chemical reaction that changes the polarity of the interferences, allowing their separation from MOAH. However, this reaction is non-selective and can lead to losses of both MOAH and internal standards. This variation is especially noticeable when using epoxidation procedures with higher reaction kinetics, such as those employing performic acid. MOAH losses also vary depending on their composition, which is unpredictable. Furthermore, 2-methylnaphthalene (2MN) and 1,3,5-tri‑tert-butylbenzene (TBB), which are the common quantification standards, are lost at different rates. As a consequence, the final MOAH quantity will vary both depending on the standard used, and on its initial composition. This work presents a new purification approach based on liquid chromatography fractionation on silica using the same column and eluents as for the usual MOSH/MOAH fractionation. This approach efficiently removes squalene, carotenes, and derivatives, without inducing inconsistent losses between the internal standards and MOAH as epoxidation does. On average, MOAH recovery using this new method was 94% (± 8%) in coconut, palm, sunflower, and olive oil, using different MOAH sources and concentrations. Additionally, perspectives are presented regarding the separate analysis and quantification of mono-/diaromatic MOAH and other polyaromatic MOAH. This is of particular interest as these two sub-fractions are associated with different toxicological properties.

Colloidal phenomena upon tensile drawing of polyvinyl alcohol films in the vegetable oil: Structural and applied aspects

Colloidal phenomena upon tensile drawing of polyvinyl alcohol films in the vegetable oil: Structural and applied aspects

Biolubricants from waste cooking oil: A review of extraction technologies, conversion techniques, and performance enhancement using natural antioxidants.

Effective management of agricultural and industrial by-products is essential for promoting circular economic practices and enhancing environmental sustainability. Agri-food wastes and waste cooking oil (WCO) represent two abundant residual streams with significant potential for sustainable biolubricant production. Valorizing biomass and WCO aligns with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7, as it improves energy efficiency through enhanced lubricant performance and reduced energy loss. Furthermore, this sustainable approach contributes to SDG 12 and SDG 13 by minimizing waste production and accumulation, thereby mitigating negative environmental impacts and climate change. This critical review addresses existing gaps in the production of biolubricants from WCO and the incorporation of natural antioxidants as versatile additives. It examines and compares various techniques for the extraction, chemical and physical modification, and characterization of WCO-derived biolubricants. Specific methods, including esterification, transesterification, and antioxidant incorporation, are evaluated for their effectiveness in converting WCO into biolubricants. The review also discusses the influence of residual bioactive compounds on oxidative stability and lubricating properties. While vegetable oils demonstrate superior friction-reducing capabilities compared to petroleum-based lubricants, their triglyceride structure often results in poor oxidative stability, limiting their practical applications. Modification strategies and antioxidant inclusion are proposed to enhance this stability. A comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical properties and tribological performance of biolubricants, both pre- and post-processing, is presented. This systematic evaluation of extraction and upgrading methodologies aims to facilitate the development and industrial adoption of sustainable biolubricants.

Nondestructive and robust detection of different kinds of vegetable oils adulterated with used frying oil by multi-optical properties

Nondestructive and robust detection of different kinds of vegetable oils adulterated with used frying oil by multi-optical properties

Hazardous gas emissions from drop-in biofuels: mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, and unregulated pollutants

This study investigates cancer-related mutations (TA98 and YG5185 strains/Ames test), cell death (human A549 cell line/MTT assay) and unregulated pollutants (16 PAH, 13 carbonyls) from the gas exhaust emissions from a last-mile delivery vehicle following the WLTC driving cycle, operating with hydrotreated vegetable oil and biodiesel. Both biofuels were used pure and blended 20% by volume with diesel fuel. Gas phase samples were collected using XAD-2 Amberlite® resin. Total carbonyl emission factors for the different fuels ranged from 9.4±0.4 (HVO100) to 14.8±1.6mg/km (B20), while PAH emission factors ranged from 1.8±0.5 (B100) to 4.3±0.9mg/km (HVO20). The ester group in biodiesel demonstrated a significant impact on increasing carbonyl emissions. All fuels were cytotoxic at the highest concentration of exhaust gases, causing more than 30% cell death in human cell line A549 (HVO100 ≈ HVO20 > B100 ≈ B20 > ULSD). No significant correlation was found between cytotoxicity and most of PAH and carbonyls. A strong correlation between PAH and mutagenicity (Pearson correlation coefficient higher than 0.6 for PAH with 3 or more rings) was observed with strain YG5185, particularly when using the metabolic activator. These results indicate that the exhaust gases from the tested biofuels pose potential health risks, particularly in chronic exposure scenarios.

Feasibility analysis of expanding winter rapeseed northwards in China

With high elevations, complex topographies, cold winter, diverse ecosystems, and a long history of oilseed Brassica rapa cultivation, Northwest China is rich in winter-hardy B. rapa germplasms. Using these germplasms, a number of ultra-winter-hardy rapeseed cultivars were developed in past three decades, leading to a large-scale northward expansion of winter rapeseed production in China. Based on 19 years of field trial data, this study was to assess the feasibility of growing winter rapeseed in the areas of northern China where conventionally no winter rapeseed had grown prior to availability of the ultra-winter-hardy B. rapa cultivars. The impacts of the major climate factors on overwintering rates and yields were analyzed. Using the boundary line analysis, the suitable growing regions for different cultivars were defined. The ultra winter-hardy cultivars displayed exceptional adaptability in frigid environments, with overwintering rates exceeding 70 % under conditions of extreme winter temperatures as low as -42.35 °C. Suitability analyses indicate that up to 534,000 km² of farmland in northern China are suitable for expanding winter rapeseed cultivation, potentially yielding between 5.61 and 12.34 million tons of winter rapeseed. This expansion could result in an approximately 30 % increase in the total domestic oilseed processing volume, significantly enhancing China's self-sufficiency in vegetable oil production. Our data suggest that these new ultra-winter-hardy rapeseed cultivars have made winter rapeseed production feasible, profitable, environmentally beneficial, and economically important in northern China.

Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of different sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalysts for upgrading waste vegetable oil to biodiesel

Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of different sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalysts for upgrading waste vegetable oil to biodiesel

Microemulsification-based hybrid oxygenated biofuel for CI engine locomotives: with special reference to "preparation" techniques and "performance" analysis.

In recent years, rising environmental concerns and the detrimental impact of emissions from the growing number of locomotives have prompted scientists to investigate alternative fuels derived from renewable lipids, such as microemulsion-based hybrid biofuels (MHBFs). Petro crops and lignocellulosic biomass are the common agricultural and forest feedstocks for biofuel production. Biofuel can be characterized in terms of its volatility range, physicochemical properties, composition, combustion, and emission characteristics. This paper elaborated on the petrodiesel-like oxygenated biofuel obtained from different feedstocks, their preparation, and performance analysis viz. the microemulsion-based hybrid oxygenated biofuel. In this paper, preparation steps such as the microemulsion type, concentration ratio, microemulsion component, surfactant, and phase separation of microemulsion as well as the basic precautions to form a stable microemulsion have been addressed. The analysis of performance, emissions, and overall efficiency of especially locomotive compression ignition (CI) engines has been extensively studied across various combustion engine types. MHBF is a multi-component biofuel system, consisting of ethanol, butanol, vegetable oil, and many other combustible liquid and fuel fractions as available in the literature. The engine performance metrics, specifically brake thermal efficiency and brake-specific fuel consumption, have been evaluated and show that these values are comparable between biodiesel blends, petrodiesel, and pure petrodiesel. Various researchers have reported that emissions, particularly CO and NOx, are significantly lower when using MHBF compared to biodiesel and petrodiesel. The review suggests that MHBF has the potential to eventually replace other renewable liquid fuel formulations for CI engines due to its simple preparation process.

Standardization, Characterization and Potential Biological Activity of Ozonized Sunflower Vegetable Oil

Objective: The ozone molecule, composed of three oxygen atoms, possesses high oxidizing power and is widely utilized for various applications, including therapeutic treatments involving the administration of medicinal ozone to combat various diseases. The standardization of ozonized oil is essential to ensure patient safety. The objective of this study was to develop protocols for the standardization and characterization of ozonized oil using analytical techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to evaluate its biological activity through microbiological and cytotoxic assays. Methods: Standardization and characterization were carried using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (CG-MS), and microbiological tests including agar diffusion, time-kill and MIC and cytotoxic tests were employed in bacterial cells. Results: The obtained results indicated that after 480 minutes of ozonization in 100 mL of sunflower oil (OG), a significant antimicrobial potential was observed, leading to the formation of ozonides. Antibacterial and antifungal activity assays, conducted using the ‘time kill’ method, agar diffusion, and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) tests, demonstrated activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, and Malassezia furfur. Conclusion: Results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of the application of ozonized oil in the treatment of topic infectious diseases. In summary, the standardization of the ozonization process of sunflower oil showed to be promising, providing a product exerting antimicrobial activity and therapeutic potential, opening perspectives for its application in various areas of medicine.

Improving the Thermal Efficiency of Gasket Plate Heat Exchangers Used in Vegetable Oil Processing

Improving the Thermal Efficiency of Gasket Plate Heat Exchangers Used in Vegetable Oil Processing

Partial discharge characteristics of thermally aged mineral oil and eco-friendly vegetable oil under uniform electric field

Partial discharge (PD) detection plays an important role in the life assessment of liquid insulation in transformers. This paper investigates on the PD activity and characteristics in thermally aged mineral oil and eco-friendly rice bran and Sesame oils. To simulate surface discharges, plane-plane electrode configuration with pressboard of 1mm and 3mm thickness was used. The phase resolved PD patterns of thermally aged rice bran oil, sesame oil and mineral oil with pressboard were recorded and analyzed. From the results it is observed that the inception voltage of eco-friendly vegetable oils is higher than mineral oil. Also vegetable oil shows better PD characteristics hence they can be used for high voltage insulation applications.

РАЗРАБОТКА КУПАЖЕЙ РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ МАСЕЛ СБАЛАНСИРОВАННОГО ЖИРНОКИСЛОТНОГО СОСТАВА

The aim of the study is to develop mixtures of vegetable oils with a ratio of ɷ6:ɷ3 PUFA in the range of 5–10:1. Tasks: to study the quality indicators of vegetable oils; to investigate the fractional composition of PUFA; apply mathematical modeling methods in the development of blends of vegetable oils. The results of the development of blends of vegetable oils with a ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ɷ6:ɷ3 in the range of 5–10:1 are presented. Organoleptic (color, transparency, taste and smell), physico-chemical (peroxide and acid numbers, vitamin E content) indicators and fractional composition of PUFA refined deodorized oils – sunflower of the first grade (manufacturer OOO Tovarnoe hozyajstvo (limited liability company), Saratov Region), rapeseed of the highest grade (OOO Armaz (limited liability company), Novosibirsk), corn brand "P" (AO Efko (joint-stock company), Belgorod Region) and unrefined cold-pressed chia oil (OOO Sibirskaya kletchatka (limited liability company), Tomsk Region). The compliance of the quality indicators of traditional oils with the norms of the current GOSTs and TR CU 024/11, chia oils with the requirements of the Codex Alimentarius, has been established. Codex Stan 210-1999 and TR TS 024/11. Good compatibility of the studied oils in terms of organoleptic characteristics for blending was revealed. A relatively high content of ά-tocopherol was found in sunflower (667.16±14.22 mg/kg) and rapeseed (554.63±10.14 mg/kg) oils, and relatively low content in corn (78.07±2.24 mg/kg), the average level is in chia oil (343.96±9.03 mg/kg). In all oils, an imbalance of PUFAs was determined: with a predominance of the ɷ6 (linoleic-cis acid) fraction – in traditional oils, the ɷ3 (ά-linolenic acid) family – in chia oil. With the help of mathematical modeling methods, where the “maximum content of vitamin E” and “minimum price” were the accompanying criteria, 6 blends were developed with a certain ratio of sunflower refined deodorized oil of the first grade (93.37–96.70 %) and unrefined sunflower oil cold-pressed (6.63–3.30 %), characterized by a balanced composition of ɷ6 and ɷ3 PUFAs in accordance with the regulated norms MP 2.3.1.0253-21.

Effects of Different Extraction Methods on Yield, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Antioxidants, and Stability Improvement of Chia Seed Oil: A Review

There has been an increasing trend in the use of chia seed oil (CSO) rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly α-linolenic and linoleic acids, accompanied by antioxidants like tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids and polyphenols, which may benefit to human health. Various conventional (solvent and mechanical pressing) and alternative extractions (supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide and ultrasound-assisted method) have been utilised to extract oil from chia seed based on selected conditions and types of solvent, which affect the oil yield and nutritional composition. Alternative extractions like ultrasound-assisted with solvent (time: 40 min, temperature: 50°C and solvent-to-seed ratio: 12 ml of ethyl acetate/g of chia seed) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide enriched with 10% acetone (time: 300 min, temperature: 70°C and pressure: 280 bar) can be applied to improve the amount of oil (up to 27.1% and 33.9% for ultrasound-assisted with solvent and SFE, respectively) and PUFA extracted from the chia seed. SFE is recommended as a highly desirable alternative to traditional methods (Soxhlet and pressing) for extracting tocopherol and phytosterol from CSO. Incorporating acetone with SFE could enhance the number of polyphenols and carotenoids in CSO compared to pure supercritical carbon dioxide. However, CSO is highly susceptible to oxidation due to its high concentration of PUFA (more than 80%). Recent research on the nutritional qualities of CSO has explored the impact of improvement techniques to prevent loss of nutritional quality. Therefore, natural antioxidants and blends of vegetable oils have been applied to improve CSO’s oxidative stability and shelf life.

Flower-like Biomimetic Enzyme for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Zearalenone in Vegetable Oil Deodorizer Distillate.

In order to achieve high quality production of vitamin E and plant sterols, it is necessary to conduct rapid and accurate detection of fungal toxins in their production raw material (vegetable oil deodorizer distillate, VODD). In this study, the flower-like biomimetic enzyme of silver-doped ZnO was synthesized through wet chemical method and in-situ reduction method. Based on above work, a flower-like biomimetic enzyme modified glass carbon electrode was fabricated, and its excellent detection capability against fungal toxins zearalenone was confirmed through electrochemical analysis. The detection limit was 8 ng mL-1, with a linear range of 40 ng mL-1-25 μg mL-1. Simultaneously, the biomimetic enzyme sensor takes only 10 minutes from preparation to completion of detection, and the RSD between the 7 repeated test results was only 0.612 %. After seven days of storage, the current response value remains 91.5 % of the initial value. In practical applications, the recovery rate of zearalenone in VODD using this sensor ranged from 98.1% to 102.08 %, yielding satisfactory results. Therefore, the novel flower-like biomimetic enzyme represents an ideal choice for developing zearalenone sensors and holds promising prospects for wide application in fungal toxins analysis.

Corn or Soybean Oil as the Sole Carbon Source for Polyhydroxybutyrate Production in a Biofuel Biorefinery Concept

The use of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) can help diminish fossil chemical dependency because it can partially replace petrochemical plastics due to its biodegradability and similar mechanical properties. However, its production costs are high compared with fossil-based plastics. Alternative carbon sources can be used in the fermentation media because they are renewable and low-cost. Vegetable oils are especially attractive due to their high carbon content, contributing to high production rates per gram of substrate. This work aimed to produce PHB from Cupriavidus necator LPB1421 using either corn or soybean oil as the sole carbon source. Urea was the best nitrogen source, enabling a DCW production of 4.35 g/L (corn oil) and 10.4 g/L (soybean oil). After media optimization, the DCW of corn oil reached 22.13 g/L, with 57.46% PHB accumulation (12.71 g PHB/L), whereas soybean oil led to a DCW of 19.83 g/L, with 54.91% PHB accumulation (10.89 g PHB/L). This media composition was employed in a kinetics assay, revealing similar fermentation parameters among both oils and a yield of 0.2118 g PHB/g for corn oil and 0.1815 g PHB/g for soybean oil. These results open the possibility of integrating PHB production with biofuel manufacturing in a bioethanol/biodiesel biorefinery concept.

Modeling and Design of Renewable Propane Production Through Hydrotreatment of Vegetable Oils

Modeling and Design of Renewable Propane Production Through Hydrotreatment of Vegetable Oils

Consumer awareness and adoption of multi-source edible oils: key influencing factors and barriers

Edible oils are essential to Indian cooking methods and flavour profiles and they have long been a component of human nutrition and culinary traditions. These oils, derived from a range of plant sources, significantly improve the taste, texture and nutritional value of food. In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in Multi-Source Edible Oils (MSEO), also known as blended oils, which combine two or more types of vegetable oils to create products with improved cooking properties and nutritional profiles. Edible oil consumption is influenced by various factors, such as marketing efforts, culinary preferences and health consciousness. As lifestyle-related health conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes become more prevalent, many consumers are becoming more concerned about their cooking oil choices. The purpose of this study is to examine consumer awareness, adoption factors and barriers related to MSEO in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The study uses statistical tools like factor analysis and Garrett ranking to identify the major factors and constraints in adopting MSEO. The study reveals that, while most respondents are aware of MSEO, only a few use it. Product performance emerges as the main factor influencing adoption, while marketing, health and economic variables also play a role. Major barriers include higher prices, preference for traditional oils and lack of knowledge. These findings can aid the development of strategies to enhance MSEO adoption, potentially leading to healthier dietary practices in the region.

The Influence of Vegetable Oil Addition Levels on the Fatty Acid Profile and Oxidative Transformation Dynamics in Liver Sausage-Type Processed Meats

In the production of meat products, animal fats, which are rich mainly in saturated fatty acids, are used as a recipe ingredient. To improve the quality and fatty acid profile of meat products, it is possible to partially replace animal fat with vegetable oils. This approach aims to achieve a more favorable PUFA/SFA ratio and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, bringing them closer to the values recommended by nutritional organizations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of replacing 20% and 40% of animal fat with selected plant fats on the change in the fat fraction composition of liver pâté-type processed meat and its oxidative stability. Fatty acid content was analyzed in the oils purchased from retailers and in experimental samples. During refrigerated storage of the experimental sausages, changes in the content of primary (peroxide value (PV)) and secondary oxidation products (TBARS), as well as changes in sensory quality, were evaluated. The analysis included cross-sectional color, aroma, texture, saltiness, and taste. The study showed that replacing 20% of animal fat with vegetable oils resulted in products with high sensory attractiveness and oxidative stability, outperforming those with 40% replacement. Among the tested vegetable oils, samples with rapeseed oil demonstrated the highest oxidative stability and the most favorable, nutrition-recommendation-approaching n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio, compared with samples with flaxseed, corn, sunflower, and soybean oils.