Waste Vegetable Oil Research Articles

MODIFICATION OF WOOD WITH FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED FROM SOAP STOCK

The paper considers the study of obtaining fatty acids from soap stocks. The proposed method of chemical processing of soap stock was applied for the first time and is not found in the previously published literature on the problems of chemical processing of vegetable oil waste. The composition of the isolated fatty acids of soap stock was studied by mass spectroscopy and the main chemical characteristics of the obtained fatty acids were determined. The isolated fatty acids are valuable not only as a feed additive for livestock, but also as a raw material for the chemical industry, in particular for the production of cellulose esters. The resulting fatty acids were used in the acylation of wood to obtain cellulose esters. The paper considers the kinetic regularities of the reaction of wood acylation with fatty acids of soap stock and studies the optimal conditions for the synthesis of cellulose esters from wood depending on the temperature and time of synthesis. The resulting products were investigated by IR spectroscopy, which proved the formation of an ester bond in the products obtained. When studying the kinetic regularities of the acylation of wood with fatty acids, the energy parameters were calculated in accordance with the kinetics of heterogeneous processes, which include the acylation of wood.

Development of multiple machine-learning computational techniques for optimization of heterogenous catalytic biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil

Multiple machine learning models were developed in this study to optimize biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in a heterogenous catalytic reaction mode. Several input parameters were considered for the model including reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst loading, methanol/oil molar ratio, whereas the percent of biodiesel production yield was the only output. Three ensemble models were utilized in this study: Boosted Linear Regression, Boosted Multi-layer Perceptron, and Forest of Randomized Tree for optimization of the yield. We then found their optimized configurations for each model, namely hyper-parameters. This critical task is done by running more than 1000 combinations of hyper-parameters. Finally, The R2-Scores for Boosted Linear Regression, Boosted Multi-layer Perceptron, and Forest of Randomized Tree, respectively, were 0.926, 0.998, and 0.992. MAPE criterion revealed that the error rates for boosted linear regression, boosted multi-layer perceptron, and Forest of Randomized Tree was 5.68 × 10-2, 5.20 × 10-2, and 9.83 × 10-2, respectively. Furthermore, utilizing the input vector (X1 = 165, X2 = 5.72, X3 = 5.55, X4 = 13.0), the proposed technique produces an ideal output value of 96.7 % as the optimum yield in catalytic production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil.

Investigation of ash removal from fine grain coal-water suspension by hydrophobic flocculation using Taguchi (L16) experimental design

ABSTRACT In this study, it was aimed to remove ash from fine-grained coal-water suspensions and a series of hydrophobic flocculation experiments were performed using the Taguchi (L16) experimental design to determine the experimental optimum conditions. Five different controllable process variables such as amount of sodium silicate, suspension pH, amount of waste vegetable oil, flock growth time, and precipitation time, which are effective in hydrophobic flocculation of coal, and four different levels of each variable were investigated. Optimum conditions were determined as amount of sodium silicate 1 mL, pH = 3, amount of waste vegetable oil 4 mL, flock growth time 7 min and precipitation time 1 min. According to the optimization results obtained, the high calorific value (5450 kcal/kg) clean coal with 15.46% ash content and 100% combustible recovery was obtained with 57.52% ash removal. In addition, the contributions of each factor to hydrophobic flocculation of coal were determined with one way variance analysis (ANOVA). The most influential factor was determined as the pH value with a contribution of 61.34%.

Base-Catalyzed Transesterification vs. Supercritical Methanol Transesterification in the Optimization, Rigorous Model Simulation, and Heat Integration for Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures due to its environmentally beneficial attributes and renewable nature. This study aims to investigate the optimum conditions and optimum production unit for the production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil. Two production processes were considered: one using base-catalyzed transesterification, and the second is non-catalytic transesterification (using methanol at very high temperature and pressure). Through optimizing the process variables that affect the yield and purity of biodiesel, optimal transesterification conditions that produce maximum biodiesel yield were reached. Furthermore, the optimum production process that consumes less heating and cooling energy and has less environmental impact was identified. The surface plot, contour plot, and the Pareto chart were used to represent and relate the influence of the process variables on biodiesel yield. The parameters were correlated with the biodiesel yield using linear regression analysis. HYSYS model was developed for both techniques using the optimum conditions to figure out the optimum reactor dimensions required for the two processes at these conditions. A detailed comparison between the two processes was discussed, including the CO2 emissions for the two processes, the energy required for both, and energy integration to minimize the energy supplied as possible. Finally, economic aspects and cost analysis were also discussed.

Synthesis of N, N(1,3-phenylene)dimethanimine: A useful resource for the removal of free fatty acid in waste vegetable oil

Developing an efficient material for the removal of free fatty acids (FFAs) in waste vegetable oil is a challenge in the refining of vegetable oil in food and oleochemical industries. In response to this, N,N(1, 3-phenylene)dimethanimine (NPD) was synthesized via green reaction route without involving solvent. NPD was characterized using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). NPD was then applied as a material for the removal of FFA from waste cooking oil (WCO). The synthesis process gave a high yield of 95% of NPD. The FTIR result revealed different functional groups in NPD; the TG showed mass loss at diverse temperature range revealing loss at 80–150, 180–250, 250–410 and 410–600 °C while loss above 600 °C was assigned to loss of char. while TEM revealed the surface of NPD to be smooth with an irregular shape. EDX results further demonstrated the presence of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon in NPD. Removal of FFA from WCO may be described by pseudo-second-order with an adsorption capacity of 42.30 L kg−1. The process obeyed Langmuir isotherm with ∆H of -0.679 kJ mol−1 and ∆S of -0.049 kJ mol−1 K−1 while ∆G increased with increase in temperature. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) concept was used to explain the action of NPD as an adsorbent with the aid of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). It revealed the mechanism of removal of FFA from WCO by NPD to be via nucleophilic interaction.

Microwave irradiation-assisted transesterification of ternary oil mixture of waste cooking oil – Jatropha curcas – Palm oil: Optimization and characterization

Palm oil is an incredibly efficient crop, but our dependence on this crop as a primary biodiesel feedstock has threatened food insecurity as it is still perceived as the main source for vegetable oil throughout the world rather than being utilized for fuel. Therefore, the idea of utilizing non-edible food crops and waste vegetable oils could help to overcome the major problems faced by the first generation of biodiesel feedstock. In this study, a ternary oil mixture comprises 50 vol% of waste cooking oil, 15 vol% of Jatropha curcas oil and 35 vol% of palm oil were premixed and developed into biodiesel via esterification and microwave irradiation-assisted transesterification using a modified household microwave in the presence of methanol and potassium hydroxide catalyst. The parameters affecting biodiesel yield were optimized via response surface methodology based on central composite design. The operating parameters were optimized at 0.78 wt% of catalyst concentration, 9.86:1 of methanol/oil molar ratio, 10.5 min of reaction time and 478 rpm of stirring speed with the predicted and experimental yields are at 96.81 and 96.91 %, respectively. The results indicate that the synergistic mixture of ternary oil in WJP biodiesel gives better cold flow properties as well as improves oxidation stability and cetane number.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Waste Vegetable Oil Conversion to Biodiesel with Solar Energy

Exergy and energy analyses of two biodiesel production processes that integrate solar energy as the main energy source were developed to determine the process with the higher efficiency from an energy and exergy approach. The biodiesel production processes were simulated in ASPEN PLUS®, and the solar energy supply was studied in TRNSYS®, using EXCEL® simultaneously for the exergetic analysis. The solar thermal energy collection system can supply 81% of the energy required by the alkali process in the Flash separation equipment. For the supercritical process, solar thermal energy can supply 74.5% of the energy in the preheating and separation stages. The energy efficiency of the supercritical process is higher; nevertheless, the exergetic efficiency of the alkaline process is higher than the supercritical one. Solar collection systems contribute from 85% to 93% of the exergy destroyed by the global process for both cases. The alkaline biodiesel production process has the highest advantages when using solar energy as the main source of energy, compared to a process in supercritical conditions that presents greater irreversibilities and requires more infrastructure to collect the solar resource. However, using solar energy as the foremost energy source offers an alternative to fossil fuels, and it provides an environmental benefit concurrently with the use of biodiesel.

Microwave-Assisted Camellia oleifera Abel Shell Biochar Catalyzed Fast Pyrolysis of Waste Vegetable Oil to Produce Aromatic-Rich Bio-Oil

In this work, Camellia oleifera Abel shell was used as a feedstock to prepare biochar by HNO3 impregnation and pyrolysis. The biochar was used for the catalytic pyrolysis of waste vegetable oil to prepare bio-oil. Experimental results showed that HNO3 solution treatment had an important effect on the groups and structure of the biochar catalyst. When the solid/liquid ratio of pretreatment was 1:3, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area of the 1:3–600°C biochar is 392.65 m2/g, which is approximately 677 times higher than that of untreated biochar. Moreover, the biochar catalyst had a remarkable catalytic performance. The selectivity of the monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the bio-oil was up to 78.82%, and the oxy-compound could be completely removed at the catalytic temperature of 600°C. However, the increase of the catalyst-to-waste vegetable oil ratio and catalytic temperature decreased the bio-oil yield.

A comparative study on efficacy of waste plastic and waste Rubber in bitumen

This study compares the use of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and crumb rubber (CR) when they are functionalized with waste vegetable oil and used as modifiers in bitumen. Granules of the same size were used for both modifiers, and both modifiers were treated with waste vegetable oil to enhance their compatibility with bitumen. The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Chemical analysis showed the appearance of intense peaks after bio-oil treatment for both oil-treated polyethylene terephthalate (PEToil-treated) granules and oil–treated crumb rubber (CRoil-treated) granules, indicating changes in the granules’ surface chemistry. Treated granules were introduced into bitumen to produce PEToil-treated bitumen and CRoil-treated bitumen. Then, the phase separation and the thermomechanical properties of the bitumen samples were studied. The results showed that PEToil-treated granules are more compatible with bitumen than are CRoil-treated granules, as evidenced by a lower separation index and a lower softening-point difference observed for PEToil-treated bitumen. PEToil-treated bitumen showed the higher viscosity and recovery; PEToil-treated bitumen increased the recovery by 47.36%, while no effect on the elasticity was seen when introducing the CRoil-treated into bitumen. The results also showed that bitumen containing PEToil-treated had better resistance to permanent deformation, while bitumen containing CRoil-treated showed better resistance to fatigue cracking. In addition, the moisture-induced shear-thinning index (MISTI) showed improvements in resistance to moisture damage when incorporating either PEToil-treated or CRoil-treated into bitumen, with PEToil-treated bitumen having greater resistance to moisture damage. Similarly, improved resistance against thermal-oxidative aging was observed for both PEToil-treated bitumen and CRoil-treated bitumen. Comparing the two bitumens after long-term aging, CRoil-treated bitumen had the lower increase in stiffness, and PEToil-treated bitumen had the lower decrease in phase angle. This in turn indicates that these two waste streams could complement each other, and that an optimized blend of PEToil-treated and CRoil-treated could lead to an enhanced performance while promoting resource conservation and recycling.

The Mechanical Integrity of Self-Healing Coating Embedded with Microencapsulated Vegetable Oil

The challenge of self-healing coating is the mechanical integrity of the coating system embedded with microcapsules. This paper emphasis the mechanical integrity of self-healing coating embedded with microencapsulated vegetable oil (waste sunflower oil). The mechanical integrity of the coating system was determined by the bending and Vickers test. The microencapsulation of waste sunflower oil was successfully produced microcapsules with a mean diameter of 1 μm and a rough shell structure that matchable to embedded in coating matrix. The embedment of microcapsules into the coating matrix has generated self-healing performance with ability to self-heal after 5 days. The mechanical integrity of coating system was increased and demonstrated higher maximum stress (654.25 N/mm2) and higher hardness value (4.40 HV) as compared to the reference sample. It can be concluded that, the microencapsulated waste sunflower oil as an alternative natural vegetable oil to be embedded in the coating system to generate self-healing performance and induce higher mechanical integrity. This finding was able to contribute to the advancement of the future of metal coating industries.

Effects of Biodiesel Fuels Produced from Vegetable Oil and Waste Animal Fat on the Characteristics of a TDI Diesel Engine

In this study, four different biodiesel fuels obtained from corn oil, safflower-rapeseed oil mixture (50%-50% v/v), waste chicken fat, and waste fleshing oil were tested in a six-cylinder, water-cooled, TDI diesel engine. Vegetable oil and waste animal fat origin biodiesel fuels’ effects on the performance, injection, combustion and emission characteristics of test engine were compared with each other and petroleum-based diesel fuel as reference fuel. Biodiesel fuels (regardless of their feedstock) increased in-cylinder gas pressure, brake specific fuel consumption, and NOx emissions while decreased THC and CO emissions compared to pure diesel fuel. In comparison to petro-diesel, the start of fuel injection timing advanced but the end of fuel injection timing retarded with biodiesels. In addition, comparatively higher fuel injection pressure values were attained with all biodiesel fuels. Waste animal fat and vegetable oil origin biodiesel fuels showed similar in-cylinder gas pressures, fuel injection characteristics and brake specific fuel consumption values. However, CO emissions of vegetable oil-based biodiesel fuels were lower and NOx emissions were higher than those of waste animal fat-based biodiesels.

Potential of Using WVO for a Restaurant EV Charging Station

Abstract This research comprised an evaluation study for a charging station based on waste vegetable oil or biodiesel fuel. The biodiesel was produced from waste vegetable oil (WVO) and will be used (or the WVO) to charge electric cars for restaurant’s customers in their car park. The main concept behind the charging station is to be part of a restaurant that serves its customers and then uses its WVO or biodiesel to fuel a diesel engine that generates electricity to charge their electric vehicles (EV). The economic and environmental impacts of the direct use of WVO-EV charging station are promising because the costs associated with purchasing WVO are lower than those of purchasing crude oil or gas. There are several options and scenarios when selecting the perfect sized generator; using charging up to a maximum rated power of 6.6 kW is more feasible despite its higher initial cost as the simple payback period will be less than 3 years and the internal rate of return of the project is 44 %. The total saving at the end of the project for a generator with maximum rated power of 10 kW (option B) is $ 58 000. Conversely, for a generator with maximum rated power of 6.6 kW (option A) the project will cover its initial cost in around 4 years and the internal rate of return is 26 %. The total saving at the end of the project is $ 52 000. Furthermore, lower amount of greenhouse gases is produced from the burning of WVO directly. The final results showed that WVO is more feasible as it is available for free and could be burnt directly in the diesel engine. In economic terms, the project is feasible for both WVO and biodiesel as it has a high net present value and short payback period. A WVO-EV charging station can also improve the national economy by preparing it for the electric car era and, if applied to a large number of restaurants, will save a significant amount of electricity and reduce the expected strain on the electricity grid caused by the increasing number of electric cars.

Experimental analysis of performance of diesel engine fuelled by biofuel made from waste vegetable oil

Increasing air pollution is one of the significant problems globally, especially in developing countries that are caused mainly by exhaust emissions from motor vehicles. This study aims to analyse the performance of a diesel engine using biodiesel as fuel and compare it with pure diesel oil. In the present study, biodiesel was produced from waste vegetable oil. The transesterification was performed with methyl alcohol in the presence of catalyst potassium hydroxide. Blends B10 and B20 were made by mixing pure diesel and biodiesel fuel. Various parameters such as brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, mass flow rate, and brake power were calculated. At 5 kg load, the brake thermal efficiency for B10 was higher compared to pure diesel and B20 by 13.72% and 10.02 %, respectively, while the fuel consumption time was 2.35 % and 3.56 % more than pure diesel for B10 and B20, respectively. At no-load conditions, the fuel consumption rate for B10 was maximum, 5.17 % and 12.38 % more than that of B20 and pure diesel, respectively. Thus, without compensating for the power and brake thermal efficiency, vegetable oil-based biodiesel and its blends can be used in CI diesel engines as an alternative fuel.

Optimised biodiesel production from waste vegetable cooking oil catalysed by green synthesised calcium oxide nanoparticles

The current study proposes a simple, cost-effective and environmentally friendly technique for producing biodiesel via transesterification of waste vegetable cooking oil using green synthesised CaO nanoparticles, as a catalyst. The produced CaO nanoparticles were structurally and morphologically analysed using several characterisation techniques. The qualitative analysis of produced biodiesel was carried out by using different analytical techniques recommended by the American Society for Testing Materials, such as the acid number test, methanol test, and copper strip corrosion test, and FTIR spectroscopy. The optimised parameters for maximum biodiesel yield (96%) were determined to be a 1% catalyst loading, 1:8 oil to ethanol ratio, a temperature of 50°C, and reaction duration of 90 minutes. The prepared CaO nanocatalyst has a high surface area to volume ratio, small average size of 32.4 nm and high crystalline structure which gave rise to their potent catalytic properties.

STUDY OF THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING ALTERNATIVE MOTOR FUELS USING VEGETABLE OILS

The growing shortage of oil resources makes it necessary to find alternative energy sources. The leading place among them today belongs to biofuels, both due to sufficient and affordable resources, and relatively advanced technologies for their production. The requirements of modern standards for the quality of the resulting gasolines limit the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in them to no more than 42% by mass. (Euro-3), and 35% of the mass. (Euro-4 and Euro-5). Therefore, studies on the involvement of vegetable raw materials in the processes of obtaining gasoline fractions are aimed either at obtaining highly aromatic gasoline with its subsequent compounding, or at searching for catalytic systems that make it possible, if any, to reduce the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in the composition of the resulting gasolines during joint cracking of the mixture of oil and vegetable raw materials. In this work, using the model oleic acid as an example, the mechanism of the conversion of fatty acids of vegetable oils during their catalytic conversion into hydrocarbons of the gasoline series was studied. The process was studied using a mixture of vacuum gas oil with vegetable oils as cracking catalysts, industrial cracking catalysts Omnikat-210P and Tseokar-600 in pure form and in their mixture with natural halloysite nanotubes. Halloysites belong to the family of kaolinite clay minerals with a high Al/Si ratio as compared to other aluminosilicates and have a predominantly hollow tubular structure and consist of layers of aluminum and silicon oxides that are rolled into tubes. The process of catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil with the involvement of vegetable oils (waste vegetable oils taken from the Chudo-Pechka chain of stores) in the amount of 5 wt % was studied.

Optimised biodiesel production from waste vegetable cooking oil catalysed by green synthesised calcium oxide nanoparticles

Optimised biodiesel production from waste vegetable cooking oil catalysed by green synthesised calcium oxide nanoparticles

Investigation and Performance Verification of Waste Vegetable Oil Regeneration Agent for Aged Asphalt Based on Orthogonal Test Design and Analytic Hierarchy Process

Investigation and Performance Verification of Waste Vegetable Oil Regeneration Agent for Aged Asphalt Based on Orthogonal Test Design and Analytic Hierarchy Process

Feasibility analysis of admitting gasified waste vegetable oil and non-edible oil blends with diesel in CI engine

Feasibility analysis of admitting gasified waste vegetable oil and non-edible oil blends with diesel in CI engine

Optimization of the real conversion efficiency of waste cooking oil to fame

This work presents a polynomial regression model for the optimization of the content of fatty acid methyl esters and the conversion yield of waste vegetable oil to biodiesel. The equations are optimized to obtain the maximum fatty acid methyl esters yield, which is the product of the conversion yield and the fatty acid methyl esters content in the biodiesel. The independent variables considered are the type of catalyst used (KOH and NaOH), percentage of catalyst (0.6%, 1.0%, and 1.5% w/w with respect to oil), and the methanol: oil molar ratio (6:1, 7.5:1, and 9:1). The prediction models are obtained by using nine experimental points for each catalyst. The validation is developed with four main experimental points from the mapping. A polynomial relation is obtained as a consequence, which correlates each of the experimental variables with the fatty acid methyl esters and conversion yield. The optimization of the proposed models shows an error of 2.66% for the fatty acid methyl esters, and an error of less than 1% for the conversion yield are obtained. This work presents a straight forward methodology to obtain the best chemical conditions in the production of biodiesel by using a small number of experiments, obtaining good results. This methodology can be applied for biodiesel production from any raw material, recalculating each of the regression constants thus allowing to obtain the highest quantity of oil to be converted in fatty acid methyl esters.

Investigating the effect of ultraviolet aging on the healing capacity of bitumen containing taconite tailings

ABSTRACT Bitumen’s evolution during aging includes oxidation, aromatization, chain scission, and carbonation, which alter bitumen’s properties of diffusivity and thermal conductivity and consequently bitumen’s healing capacity. To improve bitumen’s healing capacity after aging, there is a need to revitalize aged bitumen and restore its properties. This study studies the effect of ultraviolet (UV) aging on the healing capacity of bitumen containing different dosages of taconite tailings (a material with metal oxide as its main component). In addition, it examines whether the healing capacity of aged bitumen can be restored post-aging with the help of a rejuvenator made from waste vegetable oil. A healing index was used to measure the evolution of healing capacity in bitumen samples during aging and rejuvenation, using rheometry and spectroscopy. The study results show that exposure to UV aging increases the chemical aging index and rheological aging index, which makes bitumen stiffer and increases bitumen's complex modulus. This study further shows that taconite tailings accelerate the aging process of bitumen and increase its thermal conductivity. It was found that despite the negative effect of taconite tailings on bitumen aging, the presence of taconite tailings increased the healing capacity of bitumen. Results showed the healing capacity of bitumen containing taconite after being exposed to UV aging for 100 h and 200 h was up to 55.09% and 53.53% higher than that of bitumen without taconite, respectively. The samples with a higher content of taconite showed a higher healing capacity. Also all samples regardless of taconite dosage had higher healing capcity when rejuvnetor was present.