Vegetable Oil Emulsion Research Articles

Apple Scab Management Assisted by Postharvest Tree Defoliation with Vegetable Oil Emulsion

Vegetable oil emulsion (VOE) was applied to `Gala' and `Fuji' apple (Malus ×domestica) trees after harvest to hasten defoliation and reduce apple scab (Venturia inaequalis). Applied at 2%, 4%, or 6%, VOE applied to whole trees in the fall induced leaf drop, with the highest concentration causing the most defoliation. At the same concentration, VOE applied in early, mid, or late October had similar effects on leaf drop. VOE treatment reduced respiration and stimulated ethylene production in shoot tissue within 24 hours of application. None of the treatments affected tree hardiness during the winter, or shoot growth the following spring. Return bloom density was unaffected; however, VOE tended to delay anthesis by 2 to 5 days. Under controlled conditions, `Gala' and `Fuji' trees inoculated with scab spores developed 48% and 65% scab, respectively. VOE-induced defoliation reduced scab by 50% to 65%. VOE-induced defoliation plus manual leaf removal from the orchard floor, or VOE-induced defoliation in late fall (15 Oct.-15 Nov.) plus application of 5% lime sulfur in early spring, controlled scab to <5% on both leaves and fruit. Neither lime sulfur nor urea applied in late fall at 2% induced defoliation or controlled scab. VOE at 4% plus 2% lime sulfur and/or 2% urea applied in late fall, however, defoliated `Gala' trees effectively and controlled scab on fruit to <7% the following spring. In the `Fuji' planting, the combination of 4% VOE plus 2% lime sulfur and 2% urea reduced scab on fruit from 21% in controls to 0%.

Object-Based Inversion of Crosswell Radar Tomography Data to Monitor Vegetable Oil Injection Experiments

Crosswell radar methods can be used to dynamically image ground-water flow and mass transport associated with tracer tests, hydraulic tests, and natural physical processes, for improved characterization of preferential flow paths and complex aquifer heterogeneity. Unfortunately, because the raypath coverage of the interwell region is limited by the borehole geometry, the tomographic inverse problem is typically underdetermined, and tomograms may contain artifacts such as spurious blurring or streaking that confuse interpretation. We implement object-based inversion (using a constrained, non-linear, least-squares algorithm) to improve results from pixel-based inversion approaches that utilize regularization criteria, such as damping or smoothness. Our approach requires pre- and post-injection travel-time data. Parameterization of the image plane comprises a small number of objects rather than a large number of pixels, resulting in an overdetermined problem that reduces the need for prior information. The nature and geometry of the objects are based on hydrologic insight into aquifer characteristics, the nature of the experiment, and the planned use of the geophysical results. The object-based inversion is demonstrated using synthetic and crosswell radar field data acquired during vegetable-oil injection experiments at a site in Fridley, Minnesota. The region where oil has displaced ground water is discretized as a stack of rectangles of variable horizontal extents. The inversion provides the geometry of the affected region and an estimate of the radar slowness change for each rectangle. Applying petrophysical models to these results and porosity from neutron logs, we estimate the vegetable-oil emulsion saturation in various layers. Using synthetic- and field-data examples, object-based inversion is shown to be an effective strategy for inverting crosswell radar tomography data acquired to monitor the emplacement of vegetable-oil emulsions. A principal advantage of object-based inversion is that it yields images that hydrologists and engineers can easily interpret and use for model calibration.

Effect of Temperature of CO2 Injection on the pH and Freezing Point of Milks and Creams

The objectives of this study were to measure the impact of CO2 injection temperature (0 degree C and 40 degrees C) on the pH and freezing point (FP) of (a) milks with different fat contents (i.e., 0, 15, 30%) and (b) creams with 15% fat but different fat characteristics. Skim milk and unhomogenized creams containing 15 and 30% fat were prepared from the same batch of whole milk and were carbonated at 0 and 40 degrees C in a continuous flow CO2 injection unit (230 ml/min). At 0 degree C, milk fat was mostly solid; at 40 degrees C, milk fat was liquid. At the same total CO2 concentration with CO2 injection at 0 degree C, milk with a higher fat content had a lower pH and FP, while with CO2 injection at 40 degrees C, milks with 0%, 15%, and 30% fat had the same pH. This indicated that less CO2 was dissolved in the fat portion of the milk when the CO2 was injected at 0 degree C than when it was injected at 40 degrees C. Three creams, 15% unhomogenized cream, 15% butter oil emulsion in skim milk, and 15% vegetable oil emulsion in skim milk were also carbonated and analyzed as described above. Vegetable oil was liquid at both 0 and 40 degrees C. At a CO2 injection temperature of 0 degree C, the 15% vegetable oil emulsion had a slightly higher pH than the 15% butter oil emulsion and the 15% unhomogenized cream, indicating that the liquid vegetable oil dissolved more CO2 than the mostly solid milk fat and butter oil. No difference in the pH or FP of the 15% unhomogenized cream and 15% butter oil emulsion was observed when CO2 was injected at 0 degree C, suggesting that homogenization or physical dispersion of milk fat globules did not influence the amount of CO2 dissolved in milk fat at a CO2 injection temperature of 0 degree C. At a CO2 injection temperature of 40 degrees C and at the same total CO2 concentration, the 15% unhomogenized cream, 15% vegetable oil emulsion, and 15% butter oil emulsion had similar pH. At the same total concentration of CO2 in cream, injection of CO2 at low temperature (i.e., < 4 degrees C) may produce a better antimicrobial effect during refrigerated shelf life due to the higher concentration of CO2 in the skim portion of the cream.

Determination of Zn, Cd and Pb in vegetable oil by electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The determination of Zn, Cd and Pb in vegetable oil by electrothermal vaporization in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) was investigated. An oil emulsion containing 10% v/v vegetable oil, 2% v/v Triton X-100, 2% v/v H2O2 and 0.4% v/v HNO3 was prepared. This solution was then injected into the ETV-ICP-MS system for the determination of Zn, Cd and Pb. A mixed modifier of Pd, HNO3 and H2O2 was used to improve the sensitivities and peak shapes of the elements studied. Since the sensitivities of the elements studied in vegetable oil emulsion and that of aqueous solution were quite different, the standard addition method and isotope dilution method were used for the determination of Zn, Cd and Pb in selected vegetable oil samples. The influences of instrument operating conditions, modifier selection, emulsion preparation and interferences on the ion signals were reported. This method has been applied to the determination of Zn, Cd and Pb in sweet corn plumule and canola oil purchased from a local market. The analytical results of various vegetable oil samples determined by the method of standard additions and isotope dilution agreed satisfactorily. Precision between sample replicates was better than 10% with the ETV-ICP-MS method. Under the optimum operating conditions, the detection limit obtained from the standard addition curve was 2.0, 0.1 and 0.2 ng ml−1 for Zn, Cd and Pb, respectively, in prepared emulsified solutions, which corresponded to 20, 1 and 2 ng ml−1 for Zn, Cd and Pb, respectively, in the original oil samples.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Clevidipine from a Water Based Vegetable Oil Emulsion

A method was developed for the determination of clevidipine and some of its degradation products from a water based soya bean oil emulsion using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). A trap packed with octadecyl silica (ODS) and stainless steel beads (ss) in the proportions 1:4 (v/v), with ODS closest to the restrictor, offered adequate trapping and recollection performance. The extractability of clevidipine (standard solution) was investigated using different sample support materials (hydromatrix, sea sand, filter paper, glass beads, and ss beads). Interactions were very small for ss beads but considerably stronger for, e.g., filter paper. On ss beads clevidipine could be extracted within a relatively short time (24 min) using mild conditions (91 bar, 0.50 g/mL, 4 mL/min, 40°C, 3% methanol, 25 thimble volumes swept). Filter paper required harsher extraction conditions (134 bar, 0.75 g/mL, 5% methanol, 40°C) to break interactions between clevidipine and the paper. However, filter paper gave a better distribution of the emulsion on the sample support than the more inert stainless steel beads. This resulted in higher recoveries (102% compared to 63% using steel beads) and better precision in the quantitative measurements of emulsion samples with a repeatability of 1.8% (RSD; n=8) for filter paper compared to 7.4% (RSD; n=8) for ss beads. Thus, filter paper was recommended for quantitative determination of clevidipine in emulsion samples. No degradation product of clevidipine could be found in the emulsion matrix. In order to detect the degradation products at least 3 mL emulsion has to be extracted to reach the limit of detection. At present such large volumes can not be sustained in the extraction thimble. The current maximum volume to be extracted is 1 mL.

Phase changes during evaporation from a vegetable oil emulsion stabilized by a polyoxyethylene {20} sorbitanoleate Tween ® 80

The phase diagrams of the systems of water and polyoxyethylene {20} sorbitanoleate (Polysorbate-80) with soybean oil were determined and the phase changes during evaporation of water were followed microscopically. The phase changes observed during evaporation agreed with those predicted by the equilibrium phase diagram.

Efficacy of Experimental Animal and Vegetable Oil-Emulsion Vaccines for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza

Acceptable oil-emulsion vaccines were sought to replace mineral oil-emulsion vaccines that, by regulations, require a 42-day minimum holding period for poultry between injection and slaughter for consumption. Water-in-oil emulsions were prepared using animal or vegetable oils in a ratio of 4 parts oil to 1 part Newcastle disease or avian influenza aqueous antigen. Beeswax particles suspended in the oil at the 5% or 10% level (wt:vol) served as the oil-phase surfactant. Hemagglutination-inhibition titers induced by mineral-oil vaccines were not significantly different from those induced by the most efficacious formulations prepared from animal and vegetable oils. Tissue reaction from injection of animal- and vegetable-oil vaccines was less than that induced by mineral-oil vaccines. An inactivated avian influenza vaccine formulated from peanut oil induced protection against morbidity and death when vaccinated chickens were challenged with a virulent isolate of avian influenza virus.

Interaction of Flavor Compounds with Microparticulated Proteins

ABSTRACTThe vapor pressures of acetaldehyde, diacetyl, ethyl benzene, ethyl caproate, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl sulfide, hexanal, trans‐2‐hexenal, D‐limonene, octanone, 1‐pentanol, 2‐pentanone, and styrene (50 ppm each) over a vegetable oil emulsion, water or selected fat replacer (aqueous solutions, 37°C) was monitored. The five fat replacers were a whey‐based and an egg based microparticulated protein, a pregelatinized tapioca maltodextrin, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and a MCC/carboxymethyl cellulose blend. The flavor compounds interacted with oil in a predictable manner following Raoult's Law. The fat replacers generally had little influence on vapor pressure of the flavor compounds behaving as in a water system except for the Simplesse products which had substantial interaction with aldehydes.

Distribution of 14C-Lomustine (14C-CCNU)-Derived Radioactivity following Intravenous Administration of Three Potential Clinical Formulations to Rabbits

<h2>Abstract</h2> O ^I4C-Lomustine (CCNU) was administered intravenously to rabbits in three potential clinically useful vehicles of propylene glycol-ethanol (4:1), fat emulsion, and vegetable oil emulsion; the organ distribution of the radioactivity was followed for 24 hr. Bile and fat were the only tissues showing a consistent vehicle- dependent change in the distribution of radioactivity, and in these two instances the fat emulsion and the vegetable oil emulsion both produced the same distribution pattern. Liver, kidney, and lung tissue consistently contained the highest amounts of radioactivity. By 12 hr after dosing, essentially all radioactivity had been eliminated by the animals. Binding of radioactive drug to plasma proteins was found to be twice as great in vitro (93%) as in vivo (51%).