Using the spectral theory on the S-spectrum it is possible to define the fractional powers of a large class of vector operators. This possibility leads to new fractional diffusion and evolution problems that are of particular interest for nonhomogeneous materials where the Fourier law is not simply the negative gradient operator but it is a nonconstant coefficients differential operator of the form T=∑ℓ=13eℓaℓ(x)∂xℓ,x=(x1,x2,x3)∈Ω¯,\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{amsmath}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{wasysym}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{amsfonts}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{amssymb}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{amsbsy}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\t\t\t\t\\usepackage{upgreek}\t\t\t\t\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\t\t\t\t\\begin{document}$$\\begin{aligned} T=\\sum _{\\ell =1}^3e_\\ell a_\\ell (x)\\partial _{x_\\ell }, \\ \\ \\ x=(x_1,x_2,x_3)\\in \\overline{\\Omega }, \\end{aligned}$$\\end{document}where, Omega can be either a bounded or an unbounded domain in mathbb {R}^3 whose boundary partial Omega is considered suitably regular, overline{Omega } is the closure of Omega and e_ell , for ell =1,2,3 are the imaginary units of the quaternions mathbb {H}. The operators T_ell :=a_ell (x)partial _{x_ell }, for ell =1,2,3, are called the components of T and a_1, a_2, a_3: overline{Omega } subset mathbb {R}^3rightarrow mathbb {R} are the coefficients of T. In this paper we study the generation of the fractional powers of T, denoted by P_{alpha }(T) for alpha in (0,1), when the operators T_ell , for ell =1,2,3 do not commute among themselves. To define the fractional powers P_{alpha }(T) of T we have to consider the weak formulation of a suitable boundary value problem associated with the pseudo S-resolvent operator of T. In this paper we consider two different boundary conditions. If Omega is unbounded we consider Dirichlet boundary conditions. If Omega is bounded we consider the natural Robin-type boundary conditions associated with the generation of the fractional powers of T represented by the operator sum _{ell =1}^3a_ell ^2(x)n_ell (x) partial _{x_ell }+a(x)I, for xin partial Omega , where I is the identity operator, a:partial Omega rightarrow mathbb {R} is a given function and n=(n_1,n_2,n_3) is the outward unit normal vector to partial Omega . The Robin-type boundary conditions associated with the generation of the fractional powers of T are, in general, different from the Robin boundary conditions associated to the heat diffusion problem which leads to operators of the type sum _{ell =1}^3a_ell (x)n_ell (x) partial _{x_ell }+b(x)I, xin partial Omega . For this reason we also discuss the conditions on the coefficients a_1, a_2, a_3: overline{Omega } subset mathbb {R}^3rightarrow mathbb {R} of T and on the coefficient b:partial Omega rightarrow mathbb {R} so that the fractional powers of T are compatible with the physical Robin boundary conditions for the heat equations.