Vector Of Dengue Fever Research Articles

Introduction: background of the emergency drill

Japan experienced an autochthonous dengue fever epidemic in 2014. It was the first episode of local transmission of dengue fever in about 70 years. The number of inbound tourists to Japan is increasing year by year; in 2018, the number exceeded 30 million, which was more than twice the number in 2014. Accordingly, the risk of arboviral pathogens, such as dengue, chikungunya, and zika, invading Japan is increasing. As Tokyo will host the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic games, we need to prepare for the increased potential for local transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. To this end, we demonstrated a drill for controlling the mosquito vector of dengue fever at Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden in September 2019. In this article series, the emergency drill is outlined.

Outline of an emergency drill for controlling the mosquito vector of dengue fever held at Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden in 2019

Outline of an emergency drill for controlling the mosquito vector of dengue fever held at Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden in 2019

Larvicidal activity of Vietnamese <em>Solanum nigrum</em> on mosquitoes <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Aedes albopictus</em> (Diptera: Culicidae)

A Vietnamese domestic plant namely Solanum nigrum (S. nigrum) was subjected to test for larvicidal activity on two majors Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) vectors Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) and Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus). The plant was processed to get infusions in hot water or extracted in ethanol. Laboratory and field larval strains of two Aedes species were exposed to the infusions and extract at increasing concentrations for one hour and followed-up intensively for up to 72 hours. The obtained results of bioassay showed larvicidal effects of extract on all mosquito strains. The effects on laboratory strain of Ae. aegypti larvae were correlated with infusions and extract concentrations. Chopped plant infusions in hot water indicated mortality up to 77.3% of larvae. Ground plant infusions killed all of exposed larvae at day 3 postexposure. Median lethal concentrations (LC50,s) of chopped and ground plant infusions were 10.25 and 7.54%, respectively. Ethanolic extract had very strong effect on experimental subjects. Within 72 hours, 100% of laboratory strain of Ae. aegypti larvae died after exposure to extract at 100 parts per million (ppm) or higher concentrations. Ethanolic plant extract showed similar larvicidal effect on field strains of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The percentage mortality of field strains larvae reached 100% after exposure to 100 ppm of plant extract. At concentrations of 1000 ppm, 100% of exposed larvae died with 8 hours. LC50 on tested larvae was 25.07-33.60 ppm. Strong larvicidal activity of S. nigrum suggests the possible application in DHF vector control effort.

Evolution of kdr haplotypes in worldwide populations of Aedes aegypti: Independent origins of the F1534C kdr mutation.

Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and urban yellow fever. Insecticides are often the most effective tools to rapidly decrease the density of vector populations, especially during arbovirus disease outbreaks. However, the intense use of insecticides, particularly pyrethroids, has selected for resistant mosquito populations worldwide. Mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel (NaV) are among the principal mechanisms of resistance to pyrethroids and DDT, also known as "knockdown resistance," kdr. Here we report studies on the origin and dispersion of kdr haplotypes in samples of Ae. aegypti from its worldwide distribution. We amplified the IIS6 and IIIS6 NaV segments from pools of Ae. aegypti populations from 15 countries, in South and North America, Africa, Asia, Pacific, and Australia. The amplicons were barcoded and sequenced using NGS Ion Torrent. Output data were filtered and analyzed using the bioinformatic pipeline Seekdeep to determine frequencies of the IIS6 and IIIS6 haplotypes per population. Phylogenetic relationships among the haplotypes were used to infer whether the kdr mutations have a single or multiple origin. We found 26 and 18 haplotypes, respectively for the IIS6 and IIIS6 segments, among which were the known kdr mutations 989P, 1011M, 1016I and 1016G (IIS6), 1520I, and 1534C (IIIS6). The highest diversity of haplotypes was found in African samples. Kdr mutations 1011M and 1016I were found only in American and African populations, 989P + 1016G and 1520I + 1534C in Asia, while 1534C was present in samples from all continents, except Australia. Based primarily on the intron sequence, IIS6 haplotypes were subdivided into two well-defined clades (A and B). Subsequent phasing of the IIS6 + IIIS6 haplotypes indicates two distinct origins for the 1534C kdr mutation. These results provide evidence of kdr mutations arising de novo at specific locations within the Ae. aegypti geographic distribution. In addition, our results suggest that the 1534C kdr mutation had at least two independent origins. We can thus conclude that insecticide selection pressure with DDT and more recently with pyrethroids is selecting for independent convergent mutations in NaV.

Entomological assessment of the risk of dengue outbreak in Abomey-Calavi Commune, Benin

BackgroundIn May 2019, a confirmed dengue fever case was detected at the local hospital of Abomey-Calavi Commune in southern Benin. In Benin, there remains a dearth of literature concerning the distribution and biology of Aedes aegypti, the principal vector of dengue fever. This study was initiated by the Ministry of Health to partially fill this gap. The findings allowed us to assess the arboviral transmission risk incurred by the population of Abomey-Calavi to support programmatic decision-making.MethodsEntomological assessments were conducted in 5% of the houses, meaning 314 houses selected from 11 boroughs in Abomey-Calavi Centre district and 9 villages in Hêvié district. The surveyed breeding sites were water containers located in (domestic) and around (peri-domestic) the dwellings. When a container was positive (housing larvae), a portion of the immature population was sampled with a larval dipper and poured into labeled jars. Immatures were then reared to adulthood at the Centre de Recheche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC) insectary. Adult mosquitoes were morphologically identified to species level by site and, a subsample of the collected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were used for WHO susceptibility tube tests.ResultsOf the 1372 adult Aedes specimens which emerged from the collected larvae and pupae, 1356 Ae. aegypti (98.83%), 10 Ae. luteocephalus, and 4 Ae. vittatus were identified. The Breteau indices were 160.2 in Abomey-Calavi Centre and 150 in Hêvié, whereas the House indices were 58.5% and 61.6% in the respective districts. WHO insecticide susceptibility tube tests showed that the mortality rates were 38.71% in Abomey-Calavi Centre and 85.71% in Hêvié for permethrin, and 72.22% in Abomey-Calavi Centre and 100% in Hêvié for deltamethrin.ConclusionThe two districts were highly infested by Ae. aegypti whose breeding sites were mostly man-made. Considering this, human behavioral change to substantially reduce the number of larval habitats is necessary to control the vector populations. As Aedes mosquitoes are day biters, the use of repellents such as ointments and smoke coils can also be useful.

The Mosquito Repellent Activity of the Active Component of Air Freshener Gel from Java Citronella Oil (Cymbopogon winterianus).

This study examines the active component of Cymbopogon winterianus (Java citronella) oil, as a green mosquito repellent, obtained through a steam distillation method. Java citronella oil, which contains citronellol, citronellal, and geraniol, was isolated by batch vacuum fractional distillation, and their effect was tested against the dengue fever (DF) vector, known as Aedes aegypti. Furthermore, air freshener gels were formulated with Java citronella oil, carrageenan, gum, sodium benzoate, ethylene glycol, polysorbate 20, sodium chloride, and distilled water, at varying concentrations. The results show that formula I has the best controlled release evaporation for citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol, as well as the best storage time of 16.82 days and 12.77 days for geraniol and citronellol, respectively. The most significant specific gravity (0.0136) was recorded in formula V, while gel formula I exhibited the highest level of instability at 35°C, with a syneresis value of 77.11% in t = 72 h and pH 5.33. In addition, formula IV at 5°C demonstrated the highest syneresis (75.34%) in t = 72 h, with pH 7.04, while a peak viscosity of 100,958 cP was recorded in formula IV. The repellent activity of each active component was measured based on the period of protection conferred against the bites of Aedes aegypti within one hour, and the results showed geraniol and citronellol, with respective activity of 78.00% ± 4.83 and 77.34% ± 3.57, as the most effective.

Artemisia vulgaris efficacies against various stages of Aedes aegypti.

Background and Aim:Aedes aegypti is the vector of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, chikungunya, and, most recently, Zika. Dengue fever is one of Indonesia’s endemic diseases. The principal tool for preventing dengue is controlling Ae. aegypti by chemical insecticides since vaccine against dengue is still under research. However, Ae. aegypti developed resistance to various chemical insecticides worldwide. Therefore, research on alternate compounds as mosquito insecticides is urgently needed. This study demonstrated the efficacy of Artemisia vulgaris extract as larvicidal, ovicidal, adulticidal, repellency, and oviposition deterrent activity against Ae. aegypti.Materials and Methods:A. vulgaris was obtained from Temanggung, Indonesia, while the eggs of Ae. aegypti were collected from Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and were hatched in Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Larvicidal activity was evaluated according to the WHO protocol; adulticidal activity was performed using the Centers for Disease Control protocol. Oviposition activity was evaluated using ovitraps added with A. vulgaris extract, complete protection time in the repellent assay was defined as the number of minutes elapsed between compound application and the landing of the first mosquito.Results:A test of the larvicidal activity of A. vulgaris extract returned an LC50 of 65.8 ppm (r2=0.9014) in 1 h and 18.6 ppm (r2=0.575) in 24 h. A. vulgaris was effective as an adulticidal, demonstrating LC50 values of 11.35 mg (r2=0.875) in 90 min, 9.63 mg (r2=0.924) in 105 min, and 6.46 mg (r2=0.925) in 120 min. A. vulgaris at a concentration of 1000 ppm was able to reach 96% of oviposition deterrent effect. The ovicidal assay, a concentration of 1000 ppm resulted in 82.67% of eggs remaining unhatched. An extract concentration of 80 mg/ml achieved 63.3±3.5% biting repellency in adults.Conclusion:This study gives a clear indication that A. vulgaris extract acts on Ae. aegypti at various developmental stages and is a potential alternative bioinsecticide for controlling this disease vector.

After 10 years the myth of Crotalaria spp. and dragonflies remains alive

Abstract The struggle to control insect-borne diseases can lead to make rash decisions. For instance, the controversial method of planting of Crotalaria spp. to attract predatory dragonflies can be used to control insect vectors of dengue fever and several other medically significant insect-borne diseases. Nevertheless, there is no scientific support for this assumption. Despite the lack of evidence, in Brazil, there remains a multitude of online articles and grey literature sources still promote Crotalaria planting as a means to prevent dengue fever. Here we discuss the reasons why Odonata would not be attracted by Crotalaria and, therefore, it cannot not be considered as an efficient method for vector control. Finally, the best practice to avoid the spread of insect-borne diseases in the tropics is to avoid the accumulation of standing water in urban areas.

Oviposition Deterrent Activity and Ovicidal Effect of Pometia pinnata Leaves Extract against Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti (Diftera: Culicidae)

Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue fever that most commonly occurred in Indonesia. The application of botanical insecticides is being developed as an alternative vector control. Botanical components have been reported as the potential alternative to inhibit the process of oviposition and fecundity suppression. This study aims to determine the oviposition deterrent activity and ovicidal effects of ethanol extract of Pometia pinnata leaves against Aedes aegypti. Oviposition deterrent assay was conducted on twenty bloodfed females in a cage (40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm). One treated oviposition trap and one control oviposition trap were placed in the opposite corner of the cage. Four replicates were performed for each concentration. The eggs were counted and analyzed after 72 hours of trial. Ethanol extract of Pometia pinnata leaves have antioviposition effect on female mosquitoes Aedes aegypti at 400 ppm (effective repellency / ER = 56.38%; oviposition active index/OAI = -0.39) and 500 ppm (ER = 66.4%; OAI = -0.49). In the ovicidal assay, twentyfive eggs are used for determination ovicidal effect and five replicates were performed for each concentration. The hatched larvae were collected and counted daily. The ethanolic extract of Pometia pinnata leaves at 0.05%, 0,1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, and 0.25% concentration have ovicidal activity of 11%, 28%, 87%, 94%, and 98% against Aedes aegypti eggs, respectively. This study revealed that the ethanol extract of Pometia pinnata leaves could be a potential alternative in controlling the dengue vector.

Genetic diversity of laboratory strains and implications for research: The case of Aedes aegypti.

The yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti), is the primary vector of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya fever, among other arboviral diseases. It is also a popular laboratory model in vector biology due to its ease of rearing and manipulation in the lab. Established laboratory strains have been used worldwide in thousands of studies for decades. Laboratory evolution of reference strains and contamination among strains are potential severe problems that could dramatically change experimental outcomes and thus is a concern in vector biology. We analyzed laboratory and field colonies of Ae. aegypti and an Ae. aegypti-derived cell line (Aag2) using 12 microsatellites and ~20,000 SNPs to determine the extent of divergence among laboratory strains and relationships to their wild relatives. We found that 1) laboratory populations are less genetically variable than their field counterparts; 2) colonies bearing the same name obtained from different laboratories may be highly divergent; 3) present genetic composition of the LVP strain used as the genome reference is incompatible with its presumed origin; 4) we document changes in two wild caught colonies over ~16 generations of colonization; and 5) the Aag2 Ae. aegypti cell line has experienced minimal genetic changes within and across laboratories. These results illustrate the degree of variability within and among strains of Ae. aegypti, with implications for cross-study comparisons, and highlight the need of a common mosquito repository and the implementation of strain validation tools.

Biology characteristics of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Central Zones of Shah Alam, Selangor

Aedes sp. mosquitoes are the known vectors of dengue fever. The factors influencing the continuous occurrence of dengue fever have not yet been studied or fully understood. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the demographic parameter of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in terms of their development, survival, and reproduction in Central Zone of Shah Alam. The study was conducted through ovitrap surveillance and mosquito rearing method. A total of 570 ovitraps were placed in nineteen (n=19) localities in the Central Zone of Shah Alam. Positive Ovitrap Index (POI) and mean eggs per trap (MET) was used to identify the infestation profile of dengue vectors in a locality. The biology and demographic parameters of dengue vector, such as development rate, survivorship and mortality rate were observed for each locality. Section 18 (POI: 73.3, MET: 35.05) was one of the localities that has high distribution and abundance of dengue vector. It was found that Section 24 was the locality with high development rate, high survivorship, and low mortality rate. These parameters were then used to formulate a life table for Aedes species mosquitoes in Central Zone of Shah Alam. As a conclusion life table analysis can be used to estimate the life cycle of the dengue vector. However, in-depth studies on the life table analysis need to be done in order to gain more understanding and so that authorized parties could plan for proper action to be taken.

PERBEDAAN KEPADATAN TELUR NYAMUK AEDES AEGYPTI BERDASARKAN LANTAI

Dengue fever caused by Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main vector of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in urban areas. This study aims to determine differences in density of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes based on the floor of the building, because the number of dengue fever in Bukittinggi is quite high. This research was conducted in May-June 2019 in the STIKes Fort De Kock Bukittinggi building. This research is experimental with the independent variable building floor density and the dependent variable is the density of the aedes aegypti mosquito seen from the ovitrap index. The object of the experiment was ovitrap, the number of ovitraps used was 54 ovitraps. The results of this study to determine differences in density of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes based on the floor of the building at various concentrations were tested using ANOVA. The results showed that of 54 ovites there were 86 Aedes aegypti mosquito eggs. Based on the ANOVA test results with an ? value of 5% or 0.05, p value = 0.524 (p??) is obtained, which means that H? is accepted. So there is a minimum floor that does not have a significant difference in the density of Aedes aegypti mosquito eggs. It can be concluded that there is no difference based on the floor with the density of Aedes aegypti mosquito eggs including, with an ? value of 5% or 0.05, a p value = 0.524 (p??), which means that H? is accepted. So there is a minimum floor that does not have a significant difference in the density of Aedes aegypti mosquito eggs. Keywords :Floor,ovitrap,Aedes aegypti mosquito

The expanding pattern of Aedes aegypti in southern Yunnan, China: insights from microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers

BackgroundAedes aegypti, the vector of dengue fever, was first reported in Yunnan in 2002. Now, this species is found in nine counties in border areas of south-west Yunnan. Related dengue fever outbreaks have been reported since 2013. The population genetics of Ae. aegypti in these areas were studied to explain the expansion history of this species.MethodsFifteen natural populations of Ae. aegypti were sampled from six counties of Yunnan, and two laboratory populations from Guangdong and Hainan were also included in this study. A total of 12 microsatellite loci and three mitochondrial genes were analysed.ResultsThe results indicate that Ae. aegypti populations from Yunnan show similar genetic diversity. The 17 populations could be divided into three groups: the first group included populations from Longchuan, Ruili and Gengma, which are located in the southwest of Yunnan; the second group included populations from Jinghong and Menghai, in the south of Yunnan; and the third group included populations from Mengla and the two laboratory populations from Guangdong and Hainan. Both microsatellite and mtDNA data revealed that the genetic relationships of the populations corresponded to their geographic relationships.ConclusionsThe results suggested that the expansion of Ae. aegypti from northern Myanmar and Laos to southern and southwestern Yunnan was a natural process. The effect of human activity on expansion was not obvious. Surveillance efforts should still be focused on border areas where Ae. aegypti does not occur, and a powerful control strategy should be applied to prevent outbreaks of dengue fever.

Tingkat Kepadatan Jentik Nyamuk Aedes Aegypti Sebagai Vektor Demam Berdarah Dengue (Dbd) Di Wilayah Kerja Unit Pelaksana Teknis Kesmas Blahbatuh I Tahun 2018

Abstract: Dengue hemorrhagic fever is an infectious disease caused by dengue virus and is transmitted by aedes aegypty mosquitoes. Puskesmas Blahbatuh I in 2016 is included in the top 10 cases of Dengue Fever which is 195 cases (Dinkes, 2017). The purpose of this research is to know the level of density of mosquito larvae Aedes aegypty as dengue fever vector in the working area UPT Kesmas Blahbatuh I Year 2018. Type of research used in this research is descriptive research type with cross sectional approach. This research was conducted in working area of UPT Kesmas Blahbatuh I which consists of five villages namely Medahan Village, Keramas Village, Pering Village, Belega Village and Bona Village.Obtained HI value (House of Indeks) : 16 %, CI (Container Indeks): 8 %, BI (Bruteu Indeks): 16 %, ABJ (Larva Free Rate) : 84% and DF (Density Figure ) : 3 as a medium density. The Prevention is do PSN or eradiation of mosquito breeding. The conclution is the area of UPT Kesmas Blahbatuh I has been moderate the mosquito larvae density.

Reduced effectiveness of repellents in a pyrethroid‐resistant strain of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: culicidae) and its correlation with olfactory sensitivity

The mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), is a vector of dengue fever, zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses, and in many areas possesses significant levels of resistance to pyrethroids. Behavioral performance was assessed in 15, 30, and 60 min exposures in a high throughput vapor phase spatial repellency assay to three contact repellent standards: N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), ethyl 3-[acetyl(butyl)amino] propanoate (IR3535), and 2-undecanone, as well as pyrethrum extract, transfluthrin, and metofluthrin in susceptible (Orlando) and a pyrethroid-resistant Puerto Rico strain of Aedes aegypti. Additionally, electroantennographic studies were used to investigate the antennal sensitivities to these compounds in both strains. Resistance was found to all tested insect repellents in the Puerto Rico strain of Ae. aegypti. Resistance ratios at the different time points were about 2 for DEET, 3 for 2-undecanone, and 12 for IR3535. Resistance was also observed to pyrethrum extract (∼9-fold), transfluthrin (∼5-fold), and metofluthrin (∼48-fold) in repellent behavioral response. Electrophysiological analysis found decreased antennal sensitivity to all repellents tested, consistent with their behavioral effects. The reduced sensitivity to these repellents may represent a fitness cost arising from the kdr mutation present in Puerto Rico Aedes aegypti. This work highlights the need for understanding collateral effects from the evolution of pesticide resistance in mosquitoes, and the importance of finding alternative strategies to control resistance development. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Chemical composition and repellent activity of native plants essential oils against dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito is an important vector of chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever. Plant based essential oils may serve as good alternatives to commercially available mosquito repellent, DEET. Steam distillation was used for the extraction of essential oils from fresh collected aerial parts of plants viz Chenopodium ambrosioides, Conyza sumatrensis, Erigeron canadensis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Mentha spicata, Parthenium hysterophorus, and Tagetes minuta. The essential oils were tested for mosquito repellent activity against laboratory reared female Ae. aegypti by human bait technique. Identification of chemical constituents of essential oils was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The essential oil of M. spicata, E. canadensis, P. hysterophorus, C. sumatrensis, T. minuta, C. ambrosioides, and E. camaldulensis exhibited 100%, 80%, 63.9%, 51.4%, 50.2%, 39.7%, and 13.7% mosquito repellent activity respectively, at the tested dose of 30 μg/cm2. The most abundant constituents of M. spicata, E. canadensis, P. hysterophorus, C. sumatrensis and T. minuta essential oils were piperitenone oxide (47.1%), limonene (41.3%), germacrene D (36.6%), cis-lachnophyllum ester (33.3%) and dihydrotagetone (20.9%) respectively. M. spicata essential oil completely inhibited the attractiveness of human hands toward female mosquitoes for more than 45 min thus showed bioactivity comparable to that of commercially used mosquito repellent, DEET. This study suggests that the dilute solution of M. spicata essential oil could be used as potent mosquito repellent against Ae. aegypti alternative to commercially available synthetic mosquito repellents.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGGUNAAN BAK MANDI DENGAN RISIKO TERJADINYA PENYAKIT DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DI WINONG KOTAGEDE YOGYAKARTA TAHUN 2015

Background: Bath Tub is one of breading places of DBD (Dengue Fever) Vector. Presence or absence of Aedes mosquito larvae in a bath tub is depend on the type, color, material,condition and volume of bath tub.Purpose: the purpose of this study was to know the relationship of bath tub volume with presence of Aedes Aegypti Morsquito larvae and relationship between bath tub volume with dengue fever case in Winong Kotagede Yogyakarta.Methods: the method of this study was observational analysis with statistical chi square. Data collecting was done by using larvae survey of bath tub in the house and also larvae single method. The result of statistic tes used pearson chi square.Result: there was a different significant between the biggest, big, middle bath tub of larvae (H1= 74, 28 %, C1= 76,79 %) There was a significant between bath tub volume with larvae. There was a relationship between bath tub volume with dengue fever by using pearson chi square.it showed that the value of 16, 308 and sig P=0,001. Spearmen correlation showed value of 0,515 and sig p=0,000. The value of sig <0,05. So that, there was a different significant between the biggest volume (>500 liter), big (250-500), middle (100-249 liter) with dangue fever. The value of odds ratio (OR=4,417) it means that the family who have the biggest, bath tub middle and small will get 4,4 times dengue fever. Then the other who have a small bath tub.Conclusion:the smallest bath tub can be minimized of larvae and less the dengue fever risk. There was different significant between bath tub volume with Aedes Aegepthi Mosquito Larvae and dengue fever case. There advised to seek regular cleaning of bath tub, so it does’nt arise dirt/ moss which causes the impression of being a dark bath tub.Â

Spatial repellency and other effects of transfluthrin and linalool on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.

In the present study, the effects of two spatial repellents (SR) were determined for Aedes aegypti and Ae albopictus, the main vectors of dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika fever. The modular high-throughput screening system (HITSS) was used to evaluate the response of both species to transfluthrin and linalool SR at different concentrations. The highest spatial repellency results for Ae. aegypti were obtained by transfluthrin to 0.001% with 37.50 ± 4.33%, and for linalool to 10% with 77.50 ± 3.90%. For Ae. albopictus, the highest spatial repellency percentages for transfluthrin 0.01% were 45.00 ± 3.78%, and linalool at 1% and 10% were 56.25 ± 7.06% and 56.25 ± 6.46%, respectively. Transfluthrin caused high levels of mortality with 71.25 ± 6.66%, 79.75 ± 8.65%, and 100% to Ae. aegypti and 70.00 ± 5.98% and 98.75 ± 0.82% to Aedes albopcitus. With the results of this study, we concluded that both the transfluthrin and linalool could be used as protection measures against the bite of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the integral strategies for the control of vectors in Mexico.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Vector in the Paring Sungai Martapura Indonesia

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is one of the public health problems that is still found in Indonesia. This disease always occurs repeatedly due to failure of vector control. Indonesia is the second largest country among 30 countries endemic to DHF. This disease can cause death especially in children. In Sungai Paring Village, January-December 2017, 2 cases of DHF were found. The purpose of this study was to find out the House Index (HI), Countainer Index (CI), Breteau Index (BI), larva free numbers (LFN) , Density Figure (DF) and larvae positive container types. This research is a type of descriptive survey research with total sampling technique. The population in this study were households and containers in the Paring Sungai Martapura Sub-District. The sample in this study was all water reservoirs in 100 respondent's houses. Of the 100 houses surveyed there were 40 positive larvae (HI 40%), 60% ABJ, 41 larvae positive containers from 356 examined containers (CI 11.52%) and positive larvae containers namely, ceramic bath 3 (0.84% ), 1 cement bath (0.28%), 18 used paint buckets (5.06%), 4 large bucket buckets (1.12%), 3 ablutions (0.84%) and 6 plastic drums (1.70%). Based on this research, it is expected that respondents and the community take precautionary measures and control of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) vectors by 3M. For researchers to conduct further research to determine vector density fluctuations

Bird-Wing Optical-Reflector Design with Photocatalyst for Low-Glare Mosquito Trapping System with Light-Emitting Diodes

Dengue fever is the most serious vector-borne disease in Asia. There are still no dengue vaccines or therapeutic drugs, and vector-mosquito control is the main prevention and treatment method. The prevention and control of dengue-fever vector mosquitoes in Taiwan is still dominated by larval control. However, the removal of the source of mosquito-borne diseases has not been fully implemented, and the removal process of vector-borne mosquitoes cannot keep up with their breeding rate. In addition, chemical agents used in the elimination of pathogenic mosquitoes may cause mosquito resistance and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important to develop new prevention and control technologies. This study is dedicated to the development of a mosquito trapping optical system with high efficiency and low glare that is safe for humans. The system is mainly equipped with ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LED), a freeform-surfaced optical reflector, and a photocatalyst. The reflector can lead light downward for the protection of user eyes, and expand the range of trapping mosquitoes to 225 π m2. Based on practical experiments, captured mosquitoes increased by about 450% through the proposed system compared to conventional traps using UV LED. In addition, the proposed system is shown to be 45% more enhanced in trapping capability after a photocatalyst (titanium dioxide) coating is applied to its reflector.