Vector Eigenvalue Research Articles

Reordering method of test set based on vector eigenvalues using critical area estimation

With the continuous shrinkage of integrated circuit feature sizes, circuit design has become increasingly complex, leading to issues such as rising test complexity and inefficiency. A dynamic adjustment method of test vectors for effective transistor critical area coverage based on the internal structure of the circuit is proposed. The test quality of the test vector is measured in terms of the transistor feature size relative to the size of the circuit unit. First, this method comprehensively considers the problem of circuit complexity. The test eigenvalue of each test vector is comprehensively calculated based on the overall test results. Then, the test vectors are sorted from the highest to the lowest test quality. Furthermore, during the testing process, the order of the test vectors is dynamically adjusted according to the eigenvalues of the test vectors. This method can significantly reduce the test time for failed integrated circuits. Experiments using ISCAS 89 and ITC 99 circuits show that the test process after reordering reduces the test time by 37.98% and 36.15%, respectively. Therefore, the test efficiency of the chip is improved and the test cost is optimized.

Interrelationship of Visual Elements of Digital Media Artworks Based on Spectral Graph Theory

Abstract This paper first explores the composition of visual elements in modern digital media artworks, extracts the graphical element features of visual elements by improved SIFT algorithm, and classifies and recognizes the graphical elements using by SVM algorithm. Secondly, the extracted and categorized graphical elements are represented by Laplace feature vector correlation spectra in combination with spectral graph theory to study the mutual relationships between the graphical elements. Finally, some graphic elements in modern digital media artworks are used as examples to explore the performance and interrelationship of graphic feature extraction, recognition, and classification. The results show that the vector eigenvalues of spectral graph theory are categorized into [0], (0,100], (100,200], [200, ∞), and the corresponding interrelationships are one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, many-to-many, respectively.

Zakat Distribution Model Based on the Diversity of Asnaf Background

The distribution of zakat to the asnaf is able to improve the living standards of the asnaf, especially from the social, economic, educational, and economic angles. In addition, it can also help elevate the Islamic teachings and enhance the dignity of the ummah. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to examine the practise of zakat distribution to asnaf in Sabah. This study uses a mix method (mix methods), which is a qualitative method and a hierarchical process of analysis based on linguistic fence (PHA). To obtain preliminary information, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five informants, consisting of top management and officers of the Zakat and Fitrah Divisions of the Sabah Islamic Religious Council. Data from the interviews was analysed using a linguistic fence-based analysis (PHA) hierarchical process to determine the decision making weights for an attribute in the evaluation process. Two forms of linguistic fencing, namely concentration and dilation, were used to measure the relative importance of weights for each of the criteria studied. There are five steps used in decision making using the PHA method, namely defining the question, creating a hierarchical structure, generating a paired matrix, normalising the data, calculating the vector eigenvalues, and testing the consistency of the data. To test the applicability of the proposal method, an empirical example of a study proposal to select asnaf eligible to receive zakat has been shown in this paper. The findings show that this approach is very suitable and efficient as a tool to solve the problem of decision making of various criteria in the distribution of zakat. Therefore, it can help decision makers (PK) make their decisions in a simpler and more systematic way.

Point cloud-based pig body size measurement featured by standard and non-standard postures

Automatic body size measurement of livestock using 3D vision technology is one of the current research focuses. Point clouds obtained from freely walking livestock involve a variety of postures. However, measuring livestock body sizes requires their upright and straight standard postures, and non-standard measurement postures such as bending their body or lowering their head lead to inaccuracy in body size estimation. In this paper, we analyze 207 groups of point cloud data collected from 25 landrace pigs, and propose a standard posture classification algorithm. By using the algorithm based on the median skeleton extraction, 22 key points of the pig's skeleton were obtained and all joint point vector eigenvalue sets were calculated. Then Bagging-SVM Posture Classifier was constructed, and by three experts’ votes, comparisons were made between the automatic classification results and the manual classification results based on standard and non-standard postures of pigs. According to the automatic calculation of four parameters including body length, body height, body width and abdominal girth in standard and non-standard postures, the experimental data showed that the body size measurement results in standard postures presented high stability and consistency, while the results in non-standard postures fluctuated considerably, which significantly affected the accuracy and stability. The experiment showed that the ratio of standard postures to non-standard postures was 1:3. Finally, based on joint point vectors eigenvalues, the regression models were applied to adjust body length, body height, body width and abdominal girth in non-standard postures. The linear regression and nonlinear regression methods such as BP regression and SVR support vector regression were used for comparison. The experimental results indicated that various regression methods can significantly improve the accuracy of automatic measurement by correcting the pig's body size measurement results in non-standard postures. Therefore, it is essential to classify and adjust the livestock point cloud postures to improve the accuracy of three-dimensional measurement.

PEMILIHAN VENDOR JASA KEAMANAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS

If an organization makes a wrong decision, it is certain that it can result in losses with a domino effect, especially in a depressed economic condition like today, for that decision selection must optimize the benefits of every possibility and minimize the losses that will be incurred. The purpose of this study is to assist in decision making and find out which vendor is best through a descriptive qualitative research approach with a focus on selecting security service vendors that will be used as a reference, the data in this study were obtained from the method of observation, interviews, and literature study to then be processed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach by utilizing expert choice software in the hope of finding options that match the required criteria. From the research results it is known that there are four factors that are used as references in decision making, namely administrative, price, technical and qualification factors, with the alternative choice, namely PT. Handaru, PT. ABDI and PT. Wake up, after processing the data it is known that the best choice fell to PT. Handaru with a vector eigen value of 0.508 with an overall incostintency value of 0.02.

Improving the Quality of Management with the Concept of Decision Support Systems in Determining Factors for Choosing a Cafe based on Consumers

The management quality of a cafe really needs to be maintained. This is considering that Cafe is one of the fast-growing and promising businesses. This research was conducted in the city of Pematangsiantar. The development of cafes in Pematangsiantar has not been accompanied by developments in modern technology. This makes customers still feel confused and need information to decide to visit a cafe that is in accordance with their wishes. The purpose of this research is to analyze the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method in choosing the dominant factor in determining the best cafe factor based on consumers from a number of assessment criteria. Researchers used 8 assessment criteria including: (C1) reliability, (C2) responses, (C3) tangible, (C4) certainty, (C5) security, (C6) ease, (C7) credibility, and (C8) understanding needs. The questionnaire assessment was carried out using 7 alternative cafes among 339, A +, Kok Tong, Coffee Cups, Coffee Time, Eldivo and Indis Cafe. The results of the questionnaire were processed and calculated using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The results of the study showed that (C1) reliability with vector eigenvalues (0.231) as the first, second and third rank (C6) Ease with vector eigenvalue (0.141) and (C2) responses with vector eigenvalue (0.130). It is hoped that this research can provide input to the owner in creating a decent cafe atmosphere to be a family gathering place..

On the quantum-mechanics of a single photon

It is shown that a Dirac(-type) equation for a rank-two bi-spinor field ψph on Minkowski (configuration) spacetime furnishes a Lorentz-covariant quantum-mechanical wave equation in position-space representation for a single free photon. This equation does not encounter any of the roadblocks that have obstructed previous attempts (by various authors) to formulate a quantum-mechanical photon wave equation. In particular, it implies that the photon wave function ψph yields conserved non-negative Born-rule-type quantum probabilities and that its probability current density four-vector transforms properly under Lorentz transformations. Moreover, the eigenvalues of the pertinent photon Dirac Hamiltonian and the vector eigenvalues of the photon momentum operator yield the familiar Einstein relations E = ℏω and p = ℏk, respectively. Furthermore, these spin-1 wave modes are automatically transversal without the need of an additional constraint on the initial data. Some comments on other proposals to set up a photon wave equation are supplied as well.

Characterization and classification of freshwater marshy wetland using synthetic aperture radar polarimetry: a case study from Loktak wetland, Northeast India

Loktak is the largest natural wetland of Northeast India, the last home of endangered brow-antlered deer, and a site of global significance recognized under Ramsar convention. Ecological and human-meditated spatial patterns of Loktak wetland were characterized and classified using a Radarsat-2 C band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite data. Radarsat-2 quad-pol scene of dry season was preprocessed and classified using PolSARpro software. Eigen vector–eigen value decomposition of coherency matrix (T3) was performed to characterize the scattering properties of wetland targets based on entropy (H)/anisotropy (A)/alpha angle (α) segmentation. Results illustrate that RGB color display of H/A/α images is a useful indicator of wetland structure and composition, and provide clear visual discrimination of open water, floating phumdi, permanent phumdi cover, and associated man-made features. Six classes, namely, floating phumdi, permanent phumdi, scrub/shrub, fallow land, built-up, and open water were mapped using Wishart classification of H/A/α images. Scattering mechanisms of natural and man-made targets synthesized from PolSAR data, and their classification using Wishart algorithm have been validated through a visually classified map and field reference points. The land cover generated would be useful for conservation and management of Loktak wetland and brow-antlered deer population.

Mixed Spectral Element Method for 2D Maxwell's Eigenvalue Problem

AbstractIt is well known that conventional edge elements in solving vector Maxwell's eigenvalue equations by the finite element method will lead to the presence of spurious zero eigenvalues. This problem has been addressed for the first order edge element by Kikuchi by the mixed element method. Inspired by this approach, this paper describes a higher order mixed spectral element method (mixed SEM) for the computation of two-dimensional vector eigenvalue problem of Maxwell's equations. It utilizes Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre (GLL) polynomials as the basis functions in the finite-element framework with a weak divergence condition. It is shown that this method can suppress all spurious zero and nonzero modes and has spectral accuracy. A rigorous analysis of the convergence of the mixed SEM is presented, based on the higher order edge element interpolation error estimates, which fully confirms the robustness of our method. Numerical results are given for homogeneous, inhomogeneous, L-shape, coaxial and dual-inner-conductor cavities to verify the merits of the proposed method.

Equi-frequency contour of photonic crystals with the extended Dirichlet-to-Neumann wave vector eigenvalue equation method

We present the extended Dirichlet-to-Neumann wave vector eigenvalue equation (DtN-WVEE) method to calculate the equi-frequency contour (EFC) of square lattice photonic crystals (PhCs). With the extended DtN-WVEE method and Snell's law, the effective refractive index of the mode with a circular EFC can be obtained, which is further validated with the refractive index weighted by the electric field or magnetic field. To further verify the EFC calculated by the DtN-WVEE method, the finite-difference time-domain method is also used. Compared with other wave vector eigenvalue equation methods that calculate EFC directly, the size of the eigenmatrix used in the DtN-WVEE method is much smaller, and the computation time is significantly reduced. Since the DtN-WVEE method solves wave vectors for given arbitrary frequencies, it can also find applications in studying the optical properties of a PhC with dispersive, lossy and magnetic materials.

A parasite-free non-orthogonal frequency-domain finite difference method for the electromagnetic analysis of anisotropic waveguides

A methodology is presented for the development of a discrete vector eigenvalue problem for the dispersive analysis of inhomogeneous, anisotropic waveguiding structures. The methodology is based on the discretization of the the frequency-dependent Maxwell's equations on a non-orthogonal grid using covariant and contravariant representation for the fields and a simple point-matching procedure. The occurrence of spurious modes is avoided by the direct enforcement of Gauss' law in the development of the matrix eigenvalue problem. Results from the application of the proposed method to the dispersive analysis of planar, anisotropic microwave and optical waveguides compare favorably with published data obtained using alternative finite element formulations.

Eigenvalue analysis in electromagnetic cavities using divergence free finite elements

The conventional node-based finite-element method frequently yields nonphysical solutions to the vector eigenvalue problem in electromagnetic (EM) cavities. The nonphysical modes are mainly due to inadequacy in enforcing the divergence free condition and boundary (as well as interface) conditions. The edge-based finite element method with divergence free shape functions can delete the resulting spurious solutions. This method has been used to solve various eigenvalue problems in both lossless and lossy cavities. No spurious modes are observed in the frequency range of interest. Good predictions of the lower modes are obtained in all examples. In addition to being a reliable tool for cavity mode analysis, the method also finds application in the characterization of materials when loaded in an EM cavity. >

Computer-aided study of the stability of parallel incompressible flows in a co-linear magnetic field

The analysis is based on the differential equations governing infinitesimal disturbances of the form of three-dimensional waves [∼ eim ϕ+ ia(z−ct)] superimposed on a parallel, plane or axisymmetric, laminar flow of viscous incompressible fluid in a uniform magnetic field aligned with the basic flow. A method which makes use of the fact that the governing vector eigenvalue equations for the perturbation quantities are solvable analytically in the case of constant basic-flow velocity, was employed to obtain approximate solutions of the problem. After testing this technique in the cases of the two-dimensional sech2r profile and the Blasius profile, numerical results in form of curves of neutral stability were obtained for the three-dimensional (1 + r2)−2 profile with m = 1 (see Fig. 5).