Vatican Archives Research Articles

Revisitando a Robert Stevenson: Entre cartas, viajes, y la musicología latinoamericana del siglo XX

This article studies the documents from Robert Stevenson’s personal archive to review the musicological work concerning the rescue of the Spanish-American colonial musical heritage, driven by the trip that took Stevenson and Samuel Claro Valdés through ecclesiastical archives of South America at the end of 1966. By analyzing the letters that describe this tour and its repercussions we can approach Stevenson’s vision of some aspects of Latin American musicology in the twentieth century.

The Holocaust in South-Eastern Europe: Historiography, Archival Resources and Remembrance

<i>The Holocaust in South-Eastern Europe: Historiography, Archival Resources and Remembrance</i>

The Holy See and the Global Environmental Movements

Laudato Si has garnered acclaim from world leaders and actors who support care for the environment. The encyclical has received praise for its ability to communicate the Church’s environmental views to the secular world. Yet the views of the Holy See in global environmental issues prior to Laudato Si have received inadequate attention. We conduct a historical review of the Holy See’s involvement in United Nations environmental efforts from the mid-20th Century to the present day. This reflects much of the work done in the late 20th Century by local dioceses all over the world. In doing so, we draw from the Holy See’s record of apostolic letters and speeches penned by Popes and various Church officials in the 20th Century, which we draw from the Vatican archives and libraries. We show that a clear critique of industrial pollution first emerged in the official addresses and letters penned by Pope Paul VI in the early 1960s. We also show that the Holy See has joined the global community on the pursuit of sustainable development that promotes human dignity, and the right to development and to a healthy environment for all, mainly the poorest populations. We argue that Laudato Si is better thought of as a culmination of the Catholic Church’s social teachings, which state that concern for the environment means respect for human life and dignity, promotion of the common good and the virtue of solidarity, and exercising responsibility to the poor and vulnerable. These are principles that align closely with the secular discourse on sustainable development.

Wolff , Larry Disunion within the Union: The Uniate Church and the Partitions of Poland (review)

SEER, 99, 3, JULY 2021 570 Chapter four, the last in the book, ‘A Case of Infanticide and Witchcraft in Szczurowczyky’, is a detailed and fascinating account of a case in 1753 conducted under Magdeburg Law in the town of Kremenets, in which a young woman was accused of infanticide by taking a magic potion from a witch. She confessed, and under torture also incriminated the witch who gave her the potion, described the coven to which she allegedly belonged, and even claimed she had flown on a broomstick! An ‘Afterword’ briefly describes the presence of witches and witchcraft in later literature and popular culture. Warburg Institute W. F. Ryan School of Advanced Study, University of London Wolff, Larry. Disunion within the Union: The Uniate Church and the Partitions of Poland. Harvard Papers in Ukrainian Studies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2019. 152 pp. Notes. Index. $18.95: £15.95: €17.00 (paperback). The eighteenth century, especially for the territories not annexed during the partition of Poland by the Habsburgs in 1772, has generally been neglected in the history of the Uniate Church and in Ukrainian national history. Unlike the renamed Greek Catholic Church of Habsburg Galicia that played a leading role among the Ruthenians of that crownland in their development as a national community, the eighteenth-century Uniates represented the highpoint of Polonization and Latinization of the church, hardly positions to be admired by the Ukrainian national movement and the present-day Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Yet the disappearance of the Uniate Church under Russian persecution in the nineteenth century and the rejection by its former adherents of Polish identity except for the Chełm (Kholm) region and certain areas of Belarus in time left the eighteenth-century Uniates outside the narrative of Polish history and to a degree outside the history of Catholicism in Eastern Europe. Still, an institution that encompassed the majority of the Ukrainian and Belarusian population and that left an imposing documentary and artisticliterary legacy could hardly be ignored, however few its modern claimants. Nevertheless, after World War Two and the outlawing of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the Soviet Union, scholarship faced major problems. While Polish historians of the Catholic Church such as Ludwik Bieńkowski examined the structures of the Uniate Church and scholars centred in Rome such as Izydor Patrylo mined the Vatican archives for documents, especially on the Basilian order, it was only the fall of the Soviet bloc and the opening of archives in the former Soviet Union that permitted a more comprehensive REVIEWS 571 examination of the church, devoid of the confessional and national optics that had long dominated in the field. The works by Barbara Skinner, David Frick, Richard Butterwick, Ihor Skochylas and a whole new generation of church historians in Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania joined by Polish colleagues that Wolff cites have broadened our understanding of the multifaceted nature of the Uniate Church of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was a church that with the Polish partitions found itself divided among the Russian and Habsburg empires and the rump Commonwealth that embarked on substantial reforms, including in its treatment of the until then discriminated against Uniate Church, just before the state was to be dismembered. Larry Wolff’s short monograph brings a new vision to the study of the eighteenth-century Uniate Church. It constitutes a rethinking of a long piece that he wrote over thirty years ago for a compendium on Ukrainian church history published in 2002–03 in Harvard Ukrainian Studies. That article had represented largely the view from Rome and by the papal nuncios on Ukrainian and Belarusian church affairs. The monograph broadens the discussion of these events based on the research that has been conducted by others since then, but also by Wolff’s engagement in other topics such as his monograph on inventing Galicia and his explorations of the eighteenth-century conceptualization of Eastern Europe. He divides his new monograph into two very distinct parts. The first part demonstrates how concepts of Enlightenment and the goals of states and rulers affected both the Habsburgs and the Russian monarchs in dealing with the Uniate Church. In so doing Wolff revises the usual...

The Rise and Fall of Bishop Georg Wolfgang Chiolich, 1699–1764

In my prosopographic examination of new aristocrats in the eighteenth century, I came across Georg Wolfgang Chiolich, an atypical member of this group, as he was the only one to receive the title of baron for himself alone, as a bishop, during the century. What was the point of conferring a noble title on a bishop? Searching for a reply to this question, we can gain some insight into the social, economic, and especially political processes of the Habsburg Empire in the mid-eighteenth century. Descended from a wealthy patrician family of Senj (Zengg), while Chiolich proved to be a talented organizer and took significant steps towards rebuilding his still-ruined bishopric in the mid-eighteenth century, he may not have been a saint. The rumors about the bishop of Senj (Zengg) finally escalated into a scandal in Vienna and in the Holy See in 1759, when a local noble family accused him of making a daughter of the head of the family pregnant. The legal proceedings, including the investigative material, were partly preserved in the Vatican Archives, and most of them were published by Tihamér Vanyó. Georg Wolfgang Chiolich eventually traveled to Rome, where the investigation declared him innocent despite all the efforts of the affronted family. If we look more closely at the main stages of his career and the course of this investigation, I believe that we can get closer to the political, social and economic conditions of a peripheral region of the Kingdom of Hungary.

Policing the press: censorship, family planning, and the press in Ireland, 1929–67

ABSTRACT In 1929 the Irish state banned the publication of any information that advocated the prevention of conception. While much research has examined the cleansing of sexual matters from motion pictures and literature, the mechanics of how aspects of sexuality, in this instance birth control information, was excised from the most affordable, most widely available, and most easily purchased medium – the press – have received scant attention. This article examines the origins of, the implementation of, and the controversies that arose from the banning of birth control information from the press in Ireland. Through an examination of state and ecclesiastical archives – as well as contemporaneous press coverage – it outlines the mechanics utilised by state and religious actors to cleanse the press of such content. The archives demonstrate an acute sensitivity on the part of Catholic moral entrepreneurs to any mention, as distinct from advocacy, of birth control in the press. This sensitivity led to those tasked with implementing censorship going beyond their remit in terms of imposing official and unofficial bans on various publications. Such actions delayed for decades any meaningful public discussion of birth control with the inevitable consequences this had for women in pre-1970s Ireland.

Стал ли Вл.С. Соловьев католиком (историко-философский анализ)

In the article, the author examines the religious and philosophical views of Vladimir Solovyov during the period of his appeal to the Roman Catholic Church as a rock and center of unification of Christian humanity. Based on materials from the Vatican archives and periodicals of the Holy See, it was reconstructed how Catholic world perceived Solovyov’s project of ecclesiastic union. In particular, the question of Solovyov’s conversion in Catholicism was studied. The author points to unknown document on the preparation of special instructions for Solovyov by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. In addition, the author analyses the reception of the idea of the Universal Church by Russian religious philosophers of the early 20th century. It is emphasized that they did not accept the idea of Solovyov’s conversion to Catholicism and pointed to the fundamental religious and philosophical significance the idea of the Universal Church as a mystical unity of the Eastern and Western Churches. Thus, the article shows that the religious and philosophical ideas of Solovyov were closely related to his sociocultural and political views. He was a person who adopted Christianity as a fundamental principle of being and a key driving force of history.

Rethinking Political Repression in the Tatar Republic, 1917–41

Rethinking Political Repression in the Tatar Republic, 1917–41 John M. Romero (bio) Nikolai Frolov, Tragediia naroda (Iz istorii repressii Cheremshanskogo raiona Tatarstana) (The People's Tragedy [From the History of Repression in Tatarstan's Cheremshanskii Raion]). 320 pp. Kazan: Pamiat´, 1999. ISBN-10 5852471183. A. L. Litvin, Zapret na zhizn´ (Prohibition against Life). 224 pp. Kazan: Tatarskoe knizhnoe izdatel´stvo, 1993. ISBN-10 5298002838. A. F. Stepanov, Rasstrel po limitu: Iz istorii politicheskikh repressii v TASSR v gody "ezhovshchiny" (Shooting by Quota: From the History of Political Repression in the TASSR during the Ezhovshchina). 311 pp. Kazan: Novoe znanie, 1999. ISBN-10 5893470370. B. F. Sultanbekov and R. G. Khakimzianov, Politicheskie repressii v Tatarstane: Zakony, ispolniteli, reabilitatsiia zhertv (Political Repression in Tatarstan: The Laws, the Perpetrators, and the Rehabilitation of Victims). 145 pp. Kazan: Pravozashchitnyi tsentr goroda Kazani, 2002. No ISBN. B. F. Sultanbekov and S. Iu. Malysheva, Tragicheskie sud´by (nauchnopopuliarnye ocherki) (Tragic Fates [Academic and Popular Essays]). 285 pp. Kazan: Tatarskoe knizhnoe izdatel´stvo, 1996. ISBN-10 5298006531. Bulat Sultanbekov, Istoriia Tatarstana: Stranitsy sekretnykh arkhivov (The History of Tatarstan: Pages from the Secret Archives). 253 pp. Kazan: Tatarskoe knizhnoe izdatel´stvo, 1994. ISBN-10 5298004849. Ramzi Valeev, Poslednii vrag naroda (The Last Enemy of the People). 303 pp. Kazan: Tatarskoe knizhnoe izdatel´stvo, 2013. ISBN-13 978-5298025553. [End Page 841] In early 2019, an English-language translation of Guzel Yakhina's Zuleikha otkryvaet glaza (Zuleikha Opens Her Eyes) was first published in the West.1 The novel, recipient of the Iasnaia Poliana and Bol´shaia Kniga literary awards, has become, practically overnight, perhaps the best-known nonacademic work about ethnic Tatars to ever appear in English. The story's protagonist is the titular Zuleikha, a young Tatar widow exiled from her village to far-off Siberia during collectivization and dekulakization. The novel is notable for its vivid but accessible portrayal of the nature and consequences of Soviet political violence. Yakhina's novel highlights this violence in a way that is particularly relevant for scholars of the Soviet Union. Although Zuleikha experiences a general sort of violence also visited on ethnic Russians, Ukrainians, and others, Yakhina is careful to never let Zuleikha's Tatarness slip away from the reader.2 The translation of Yakhina's novel into English, as well as its recent television adaptation on Rossiia-1 in April 2020, provides historians an opportunity to shift our attention toward Tatars in general and their experience of Soviet state violence in particular. Indeed, there is almost a total lack of English-language scholarship investigating state repression of ethnic Tatars or of other inhabitants of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (TASSR or Tatar Republic).3 [End Page 842] Scholars of the Soviet Union have long debated the nature of organized state violence against the country's non-Russian minorities. Did the Soviet state pursue "racial politics" in the 1930s and 1940s akin to those of Nazi Germany, or was the targeting of ethnic groups during this period "a reaction to the threat of nationalism"?4 Were ethnic groups suspect because of inherent biological traits or due to temporary geopolitical considerations? I agree with Francine Hirsch and other scholars that the latter explanation better conforms to the situation in the Soviet Union during this period.5 However, based on an investigation of the fate of members of the Tatar intelligentsia in the 1920s and 1930s, in this essay I make two major interventions into this debate. The first is to shift our attention backward in time into the 1920s. Members of the Tatar intelligentsia were targeted as early as 1923, and violence against them continued in several waves throughout the following decade and a half. Many ethnic Tatars who were arrested, imprisoned, or executed in 1937–38 had already been caught up in these earlier waves and subsequently released or paroled. Second, I nuance Hirsch's discussion of "diaspora nationalities" by emphasizing that Soviet authorities targeted Tatars even though there was no external Tatar state that could claim Tatars' allegiance.6 It was instead the short-lived Tatar-Bashkir Idel-Ural state of March 1918 that attracted the loyalty of both Tatar nationalists abroad and, allegedly, so-called...

«Как бы то ни было, но судебная реформа скоро явится на свет». Неизвестный источник о подготовке в Российской империи Судебной реформы 1864 г.

The article and the published documents study the previously unknown documents on the judicial reform. Drawing on archival documents discovered in the Stasovs family archive (from the manuscript department of the Institute of Russian Literature) and in the secret archive of the Third Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancery (from the State Archive of the Russian Federation), including correspondence of D. V. Stassov with the chairman of the Yekaterinoslav criminal court chamber, A. S. Kuznetsov (1862–66), the publication reveals the unknown pages of the history of the judicial reform of 1864 in the Russian Empire. The sources highlight the activities of the commission for preparation of the reform under (initially) quite difficult conditions. The details of the judicial reform preparation are given against the background of constant struggles between conservative and liberal camps (with the gradual switchover of high-ranking officials from one camp to another, depending on the Emperor’s will), as well as between different groups and directions. Thus, the adoption of final decisions was delayed due to uncertain, evasive position of its members, as it happened during discussions of individual bills in the State Council. Attention is drawn to the reaction of officials of the Third Department, when perlustrating letters of the Councilor of State, Chief Secretary of the Governing Senate and Chairman of the Criminal Court Chamber of Yekaterinoslav containing quite immodest thoughts on the “behind-the-scenes preparation” of the Judicial reform. D. V. Stasov’s letters were actually weekly diary entries recording the preparation of the 1864 judicial reform, his tone picturesque, descriptions of ministers and high officials accurate and caustic. Such evidence from very authoritative sources provides a wealth of material on the attitude of the Imperial Court and the heads of state institutions (the Ministry of Justice, the State Council, the Senate, the Committee of Ministers, the Second Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancery) involved in decision-making concerning judicial projects, which has not been adequately covered in historical and legal studies. Publication of D. V. Stasov's letters (from the archival materials of the Stasov family fond) can significantly expand the source base on the history of preparation of the judicial reforms in the Russian Empire in 1860–64.

La iglesia «devastada». La Santa Sede y los territorios incorporados a la zona franquista durante la Guerra Civil (1937-1938)

Durante su misión en España entre julio de 1937 y junio de 1938, monseñor Ildebrando Antoniutti realizó distintas visitas a los territorios que el ejército franquista iba incorporando a su dominio. Las informaciones enviadas a la Santa Sede al respecto constituyen una visión muy completa de la diferente situación de la Iglesia en cada zona del país así como de sus necesidades y potencialidades. A partir de la documentación vaticana que recoge estas informaciones, el presente artículo analiza el diferente punto de partida para la reconstrucción de la Iglesia en cada región y el modo en que la Santa Sede lo abordó.

Деятельность советской внешней военной разведки в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг.

The article is devoted to the activities of Soviet foreign military intelligence during the Great Patriotic war. The author examines the exploits of the scouts in the struggle against Nazi Germany and the countries under its control. The paper analyzes the structure of the intelligence agencies working behind enemy lines, determines the tasks assigned to the intelligence and the results of their implementation, and estimates the contribution to the victory in the war and the importance of intelligence operations in the overall picture of events. This topic is relevant today, when secret archives are disclosed and their contents become public, people learn more and more names of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War. It is very important to keep the memory of their exploits in the memory of Russian youth, thus cultivating respect for our history in them countries.

Géraud de Veyrines, Bishop of Paphos, and the Defense of the Kingdom of Armenia in the 1320s

The activities of Géraud de Veyrines, papal nuncio and then bishop of Paphos in the 1320s, have been known since 1962, when Jean Richard published Instru­menta Miscellanea in the Vatican Archives on the accounts of his financial deal­ings as nuncio on Cyprus. These accounts concern his handling of a large fund of 30,000 gold florins for the defense of the Kingdom of Armenia in Cilicia, the raising of clerical tithes and taxes on Cyprus in support of the Kingdoms of Cyprus and Armenia, the legacy of Patriarch Pierre of Jerusalem, and the debts and property of Géraud’s predecessor as bishop of Paphos, Aimery de Nabinaud. This article publishes the remaining Instrumenta Miscellanea per­taining to these accounts—number 1086 and the unpublished portion of num­ber 1045—and updates the history of the Armenian fund in papal letters, many of which Professor Richard only discovered later, while compiling the third vol­ume of the Bullarium Cyprium, published a half-century later, in 2012.

La Storia dell’Età Moderna nelle „Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Biblioteken“: lo specchio di un secolo di ricerche

Abstract The article examines the topics relating to the early modern period covered by the journal „Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken“ in the hundred volumes since its first publication. Thanks to the index (1898–1995), published in 1997 and the availability online on the website perpectivia.net (since 1958), it is possible to identify constants and changes in historiographical interests. Initially, the focus was on the publication of sources in the Vatican Secret Archive (now the Vatican Apostolic Archive) relating to the history of Germany. The topics covered later gradually broadened to include the history of the Papacy, the social composition of the Curia and the Papal court and Papal diplomacy with a specific focus on nunciatures, among others. Within a lively historiographical context, connected to historical events in Germany in the 20th century, attention to themes and sources relating to the Middle Ages continues to predominate with respect to topics connected to the early modern period.

Roma, Vienna e l’Oriente

Abstract They never met. But the ‚friendship by correspondence‘ (1628–1634) between the traveller Pietro Della Valle and the desk-bound librarian of the imperial library in Vienna, Sebastian Tengnagel, was built on a solid foundation: their shared passion for the Christian and Muslim East, its languages and its books was an „iron bond“ that gave rise to a close and immediate understanding between two men, despite their huge differences of temperament and experience. However, these letters (kept at the Vatican Archives and the Austrian National Library) do not just bear witness to the growing knowledge of the East in the first half of the 17th century. They also show that early Catholic Orientalism had its roots in a highly stratified terrain, in which military conflict, irenic tensions, missionary propaganda, philological investigation, religious disputes, a rejection of book censorship, and theories on sovereignty were layered and interwoven. But how, and why, would anyone choose to become an orientalist, and what did it entail? Rome and Vienna, the cities from which the letters were written, were both normative centres with universalist ambitions; both were engaged in a profound rethinking and redefinition of secular and religious power. The pages written by Tengnagel and Della Valle reflect the writers’ love of and interest in books. But reading carefully between the lines you can also hear the ‚noises off‘ of the cities in which they were penned.

The Apostolic Letter for the Appointment of Iliya Marinov as Bishop of Sofiya from 29th of July, 1624

The Apostolic Appointment letter of bishop Iliya Marinov, partially quoted in the historical tractate of Petar Bogdan, has not been published until now. Copy of the letter was recently found by the author in Archivio Segreto Vaticano. Its publication and translation is a neccesary step in the process of studying the historical work of Petar Bogdan and the Bulgarian Catholic community in the first half of the 17th century.

Agents of altruism: the Great Irish Famine and Italian civil society (1847)

ABSTRACT This article analyses the participation of individuals, networks and international organizations in transnational fundraising aimed at providing humanitarian relief aid. Focusing on fundraising campaigns organized in the Italian states in favour of Ireland in 1847, when the Great Famine scourged its population the most, the article highlights the agency of the fundraisers in setting in motion an economy of altruism that transcended groups’ boundaries and state borders. The activism and networking of a few well-established individuals in Rome were pivotal in mobilizing the lay and religious elites at a local level. In January and February 1847, the elites of the Italian capitals collected copious sums within private events and initiatives directed at their peers, while the Christian faiths present in Rome organized the first alms collections. This wave of altruism succeeded in setting humanitarian relief for Ireland as one of the goals of the global Catholic Church. In March, Pope Pius IX issued the Encyclical Praedecessores Nostros, appealing for Catholics to donate in favour of Ireland, and thereby generating much local fundraising, mainly in the Italian states and Southern Europe, until the early months of 1848. The Catholic clergy served the cause, raising money locally and taking charge of its delivery to Ireland, with partial coordination from Rome. Although implementing a transnational fundraising campaign involved obstacles of a political, logistical and financial nature, the alms collection raised in the Catholic churches aggregated many small donations over a considerable time span, providing more than double the amount raised in the lay initiatives organized by the elites of the Italian states. The article, based on unedited archival sources from the Italian, Vatican and Irish archives, shows how the charitable fundraisers overcame the obstacles imposed by state politics, international conflicts and transaction costs over the transnational circulation of ideas, initiatives and capitals.

The Vatican’s Role in the Finaly Children’s Kidnapping Case

No case more fully embodies the tensions between the Roman Catholic Church and Europe’s traumatized Jews in the wake of the Shoah than the battle over the return of the two French Jewish orphans of the Holocaust, Robert and Gérald Finaly. The French Catholic woman who took the boys in when, in 1944, their parents were deported to their death at Auschwitz, refused to honor the parents’ wishes and allow the boys’ aunt to reclaim them when requested in 1945. Spurning a series of subsequent French judicial orders to give the boys back to their family, an underground network of nuns and monks hid them, ultimately, in early 1953, concealing the children under false names in a monastery in Spain. The opening of the Vatican archives for the papacy of Pius XII in 2020 now permits, for the first time, a clear view of the intense involvement of the pope, the Vatican Secretariat of State, and the Holy Office in directing the French and Spanish Church response to the demand that the boys be given up to their Jewish family. The findings demonstrate the Holy See’s continued commitment under Pius XII to uphold longtime Church doctrine on the impermissibility of allowing baptized Jewish children, even if baptized against their family’s wishes, to be returned to their Jewish families.

150 Jahre lang gelungene Propaganda – Augustin Theiner und die Geschäftsordnung des Tridentinums

Abstract For 150 years it has been alleged that Augustin Theiner had been dismissed as Prefect of the Vatican Archives because he had given the rules of procedure of the Council of Trent to the bishops of the council minority. Thus writes the Augsburg’s “Allgemeine Zeitung” in June 1870, and in consequence many other newspapers. The eyewitnesses are far from agreement. Other reasons may have led to the dismissal. Historians, however, have considered the newspaper’s account to be true. But Trento’s rules of procedure were already widely known. So it seems unlikely that the Pope, who in 1867 made Trent’s documents available to a group of cardinals and consultors, would deprive Theiner of the keys simply because he had shown this well known documents to the bishops of the minority.

La primera contribución de los obispos españoles a la codificación del derecho canónico de 1917: los postulata de los metropolitanos españoles

La redacción del primer Código de Derecho Canónico que tuvo la Iglesia latina fue ordenada por el papa Pío X en 1904. La tarea codificadora, empero, no fue obra de un grupo cerrado de expertos, sino que tuvo en cuenta el parecer del episcopado, el que fue consultado en dos momentos diferentes; en ambos fueron consultados los obispos españoles. En este trabajo se estudia, a partir de la documentación guardada en el Archivo Secreto Vaticano, el aporte de los metropolitanos españoles en respuesta de la primera consulta, realizada en 1904.

The Holy See's policy in Spain in 1832-1835: between Carlists and Cristinos

The present article studies some aspects of foreign policy of the Holy See in Spain during the First Carlist War (1833-40). The paper is based on materials from Vatican secret archives (Secretariat of state archives, international policy fund). Some previous investigations in that field are shown and discussed. Letters of the apostolic nuncio in Spain in 18271833 F. Tiberi and of the nuncio in 18331835 (not recognized by the Spanish government) L. Amat to the secretary of state cardinal T. Bernetti are studied. The attitude of the Pope's representatives towards the Carlist movement is shown. The article states that F. Tiberi was against the direct interference of the Holy See in the war in Spain. L. Amat sympathized with the Carlists, but did not believe in their victory. Therefore, he considered that the Holy See should not officially recognize neither side of the conflict. After the suppression of the Society of Jesus in Spain in July 1835, the nuncio was recalled from Madrid. The diplomatic relations between the liberal government in Madrid and the Holy See were broken. The break of relations led to negative consequences for the positions of Church in Spain.