Vast Territory Research Articles

Implementasi Strategi Pertahanan Laut Nusantara Dalam Rangka Deteksi Dini Pelanggaran Di Pesisir Garut Jawa Barat Guna Mendukung Pertahanan Negara Di Laut

Indonesia, with its vast maritime territory and abundant water resources, requires substantial efforts to safeguard defense and security. The effective defense strategy of the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL) involves strategically placing naval bases throughout the entire region, demonstrating a deterrent effect to potential adversaries and affirming the presence of TNI AL in the waters of the Republic of Indonesia. The aim of this research is to analyze the implementation of the Maritime Defense Strategy in early detection of threats along the coast of Garut, West Java. This qualitative research adopts a phenomenological approach, utilizing interview, observation, and documentation methods. The findings indicate that the placement of Binpotmar personnel in Cikelet Garut under the jurisdiction of Posal Pangandaran plays a crucial role in responding to the dynamics of local maritime issues. The flexibility and responsibility of Binpotmar demonstrate vital adaptability in responding to incidents at the border. Functioning as the forefront of intelligence and executing maritime operations, the presence of Binpotmar is a strategic step to enhance self-reliance in carrying out operational tasks. The research also emphasizes the optimal utilization of Cikelet Garut's potential, including the well-maintained Dutch legacy docks, through infrastructural improvements and advanced technology. The naval facility in the area can effectively respond to maritime threats, fulfill the 5R criteria in the Southern Region of Java Island, and create a deterrent effect against adversaries. The importance of collaboration with the Garut Regency Government through forkopimda is highlighted as a crucial consideration for TNI AL. Overall, the research underscores the significance of a comprehensive and collaborative approach in maintaining maritime defense and security in the region.

Consumption‐Based Carbon Emissions of 85 Federal Entities in Russia

AbstractAs the fourth largest CO2 emitter, Russia's constituent entities collectively contribute with vast territory and regional heterogeneity. Existing studies only present production‐based inventories; state‐level consumption‐based emissions patterns and driving forces remain rare. Here, we built the Russia state‐level Multi‐regional input‐output table to ascertain heterogeneity in consumption‐based emissions and track carbon flows in the inter‐state. We found that 60% of consumption‐based emissions coming from affluent areas (top 20% of the GRP), including Moscow (139.1 Mt) and St. Petersburg (50.5 Mt). Energy‐intensive regions also had huge consumption‐based emissions (31.6 Mt in Khanty‐Mansi Autonomous Okrug and 29.4 Mt in Republic of Tatarstan). Household consumption emissions accounted for 41%–73% of consumption‐based emissions in the 83 regions, except for Tula and Lipetsk, where fixed capital formation dominated. In addition, the major contributor of embodied emissions in households were power and services sectors, which contributed about 8%–61% (0.03 Mt–12.7 Mt) and 12%–40% (0.1 Mt–20.1 Mt). In Russia's low carbon transition, policymakers should not only focus on a local mitigation policy in developed states (such as Moscow and St. Petersburg), but on key sectors to curb the consumption. Regions with high carbon intensity should switch to renewable energy and implement cleaner production techniques in high‐emission industries.

Characteristics and comparative study of medicinal materials between China and India based on data mining from literatures

Ethnopharmacological relevanceChina and India have unique traditional medicine systems with vast territory and rich medical resources. Traditional medicines in China include traditional Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine, Uyghur medicine, Dai medicine, etc. In the third national survey of Chinese medicine resources, 12694 medicinal materials were identified. Traditional medicines in India include Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Homoeopathy, etc. There are 7263 medicinal materials in India. Aim of the studyTo reveal the characteristics of medicinal materials between China and India respectively, and to compare the similarities and differences in terms of properties, tastes, medicinal parts and therapeutic uses and to promote the exchange of traditional medicine between China and India and the international trade of traditional medicine industry. MethodsThe information of medicinal materials between China and India was extracted from The Chinese Traditional Medicine Resource Records and Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, as well as from 71 Indian herbal monographs. The information of each medicinal material, such as types, families, genera, properties, distribution, medicinal parts, efficacy, therapeutic uses, dosage form and dosage, was recorded in Excel for statistical analysis and visual comparison. ResultsA total of 12694 medicinal materials in China and 5362 medicinal materials in India were identified. The medicinal materials were mostly distributed in Southwest China and northern India. Plants were the main sources of medicinal materials. The common medicinal parts in China were whole medicinal materials, roots and rhizomes, and India used more renewable fruits, seeds and leaves. They are commonly used in the treatment of digestive system diseases. There were 1048 medicinal materials used by both China and India, which were distributed in 188 families and 685 genera. The Chinese and Indian pharmacopoeias had a total of 80 species of medicinal materials used by both China and India. ConclusionsThe characteristics of medicinal materials between China and India were somewhat different, which was conducive to provide a reference basis for traditional medicine in China or India to increase the medicinal parts and indications when using a certain medicinal material, as well as to expand the source of medicine and introduce new resources. However, there were certain similarities and shared medicinal materials, which can tap the potential of bilateral trade of medicinal materials between China and India, so as to promote the medical cultural exchange and economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

Distribution and endemic causes of existing endangered and critically endangered species of snakes in China

China has a vast territory, rich resources, diverse habitats, and many unique species. Paying attention to Chinas endemic species can increase a deeper understanding of these endemic species and protect biodiversity at the same time. This study is mainly about the endemic species of snakes in China and is also a partial summary of the research on snakes in China. Use literature research methods to study the distribution, endemic causes, and population trends of endangered and critically endangered snake species in China. This helps us understand how to protect the populations of endangered and critically endangered species of snakes and better study them. The study found that most endangered and critically endangered Chinese endemic species are distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Sichuan, and other northwest areas, while a small number are distributed in Liaoning, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and other regions. Part of the reason for the uniqueness is that the unique geographical environment is suitable for the survival of snakes, and the other part is forced selection due to relatively isolated geographical location or crustal movement. This research aims to better understand and pay attention to Chinas endemic snake species and protect endangered and critically endangered species.

ANÁLISE DA INFLUÊNCIA DO COLONIALISMO CIENTÍFICO NA PALEONTOLOGIA BRASILEIRA

Analysis of the influence of scientific colonialism on Brazilian paleontology. Brazil has a vast territory, which implies an enormous paleontological potential, given that there are 31 huge sedimentary basins rich in new findings. Such richness attracts scientific colonialism that, consequently, leaves Brazilian fossil resources at the mercy of social, administrative and economic factors, which favor the removal of fossils for private collections and museums abroad. Those relics end up being out of the reach of Brazilian researchers, who lack study objects, as happened in the case of “Ubirajara jubatus”. Although Brazilian paleontology has access to many fossil resources, it remains in a deficit when compared with countries with a greater paleontology tradition, pervaded by scientific ethics limiting colonial issues. In this research, it is intended to investigate the means by which scientific colonialism exerted influence on Brazil’s paleontology. Keywords: Araripe Basin, Brazilian paleontology, Brazilian sedimentary basins, fossil traffic; scientific colonialism.

“Reticulata irises”: a nomenclatural and taxonomic synopsis of the genera Alatavia and Iridodictyum (Iris subg. Hermodactyloides auct., Iridaceae)

The “Reticulata irises” are dwarf irises highly appreciated in horticulture, which are characterised by their tuberiform bulbs, with a single fleshy inner tunic clothed mostly with reticulate or reticulate-hairy outer tunics, and basal leaves bifacial, angulose or finely sulcate in section. The aggregate is often accepted as a taxonomically compact group to which the name Iris subg. Hermodactyloides (Iris sect. Reticulatae) is often applied. It includes between 10–22 taxa (species and subspecies) occurring disjunctly from central Türkiye and the Transcaucasus throughout the Middle East to western China. Molecular work shows that Iris subg. Hermodactyloides, is polyphyletic as frequently delineated. Alternatively, analytic treatments accept two genera, Alatavia and Iridodictyum, exhibiting clear differences in morphology, biogeography, and phylogenetic connections. Recently, new field prospection across scarcely prospected vast territories led to the description of many new taxa in the “Reticulata irises.” In this context, an updated synopsis of the bulbous genera Alatavia (four species) and Iridodictyum (18 + 2 species) is reported. For each accepted taxon, main synonyms, type indication, chromosome numbers, distribution areas, and taxonomic or nomenclatural remarks are reported. Further, five new specific combinations are introduced, and also four neotypes, two lectotypes, two second-step lectotypes, and one epitype are designated.

Will the National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zone improve total factor productivity of enterprises?

In this article, a quasi natural experiment is constructed using 2012 to 2021 data from A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen. It is determined that the establishment of the National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zone (NBDCPZ) will have an impact on total factor productivity (TFP) of enterprises utilizing the DID (Difference-in-Differences) method. Research finds that establishing NBDCPZ can improve the TFP of listed companies in the city where the park is located. The mechanism test results indicate that the establishment of NBDCPZ can encourage an increase of TFP of enterprises through the effects of competition, innovation, and digital transformation. According to further analysis of heterogeneity, this effect has a greater impact on for nonstate-owned enterprises, small- and medium-sized firms, and labor-intensive enterprises. Due to China's vast territory and significant differences in subjects, the tests conducted in this article can provide targeted development suggestions for different categories of subjects.

Toward better governance of the marine environment: an examination of the revision of China’s marine environmental protection law in 2023

The marine economy has become an increasingly important contributor to the global economy due to advancements in science and technology and humans’ growing ability to manipulate nature. As a country with a vast marine territory, China has the important responsibility of utilizing marine resources rationally and promoting sustainable development of the marine economy. Since the introduction of the Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (MEPL) in 1982, China has made significant progress in strengthening the legal framework for marine environmental protection. MEPL has undergone several revisions to improve its legal content under the guidance of national policies. On October 24, 2023, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress revised and adopted MEPL again. This paper analyzes the changes in the contents of the new law and the legal background at home and abroad while integrating the domestic and international legal backgrounds. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the changes made in the new law, summarizes the revision ideas, and examines the new law in the context of domestic and international laws. The aim is to provide a clear understanding of the spirit and purpose of the legislation.

Forging Romanitas: The Intersection of Urbanization and Identity in Mérida

This paper aims to explore the role of urbanization in the formation of a shared Roman identity during the time of the Roman Empire. By examining the physical features of urban settlements and the economic opportunities that arose from them, it seeks to understand how these factors contributed to the development of a cohesive identity across the empire’s vast and diverse territory. This paper will use examples from cities in the western regions of the empire, such as Pompeii and Mérida, to demonstrate how urbanization and the economic opportunities it brought forth helped create a sense of Romanness among diverse ethnic groups. It will also investigate the impact of building projects and intervention from wealthy elites in the fostering of a Roman identity through urbanization. This idea will then be tied into the role of Roman architecture and urban planning in the development of said identity, exemplified by the similarities and differences between settlements across the empire. At the same time, this paper will also consider the historical context in which these urban settlements emerged, examining how the broader geopolitical situation might have impacted urbanization. By analyzing the intersection between physical structures and economic opportunities brought about within Roman urban settlements, this paper hopes to shed light on the significance of urbanization as a driving force behind the formation of a shared Roman identity. This research will contribute to the broader understanding of cultural identity formation in ancient societies and the role of urbanization in shaping the collective consciousness of diverse populations.

赤峰市促进中蒙医药产业高质量发展策略研究

Chifeng is a traditional Chinese and Mongolian medicinal plant planting area in the north of China. It has the advantages of vast territory, rich kinds of medicinal materials and good quality of medicinal materials. It has a unique geographical position, great difference between the north and the south climate, and has the characteristics of a wide variety of wild plants and rich medicinal plant resources. As the dominant pharmaceutical industry in Chifeng, Mongolian medicine industry has the advantages of large policy support and abundant authentic medicinal materials, and has great development potential. In this paper, the author finds out the development dilemma of Mongolian medicine industry in Chifeng city through field investigation and visit of pharmaceutical enterprises, and focuses on solving the practical problems of high-quality development of pharmaceutical enterprises, so as to truly keep traditional medicine honest and innovative, so as to break the existing dilemma of the development of Chinese-Mongolian medicine industry in Chifeng city, play a better role of favorable policies, and promote the vigorous development of Chinese-Mongolian medicine industry in Chifeng region.

An Exploration of Rural Elderly Care Models under the Rural Revitalization Strategy: A Case Study of Ningxia

With the deepening of aging, elderly care has become a focus of attention in various countries. China is also facing a serious aging issue, and how to reasonably solve the elderly care problems has become one of the key research topics for Chinese experts and scholars. China has vast territory with significant regional disparities between the east and west, leading to unbalanced urban and rural development. The aging issue in western rural areas is more severe, yet their development is relatively lagging behind, with serious population loss challenging traditional family care models. Addressing the elderly care problem requires targeted measures based on practical considerations. Taking Ningxia as a case study, this paper finds that the material living standards of elderly rural residents in Ningxia are low, and their spiritual life is relatively lacking. By analyzing the deficiencies in rural elderly care in Ningxia from the perspectives of family care and institutional care, corresponding solutions are proposed. Currently, rural family care in Ningxia faces difficulties, institutional care development is immature, and public acceptance is low. Therefore, suggestions are made to improve rural infrastructure to retain labor, enhance the operation and internal environment of care institutions, and increase public acceptance, aiming to improve the living conditions of elderly rural residents in Ningxia and meet their care needs.

The Impact Of Deforestation As An Idea In The Creation Of Painting

This thesis contains a description of the creation of a work of painting with the theme "The Impact of Deforestation as an Idea in The Creation of Painting" which was inspired by reading a book which reminded the author of his visit to Kalimantan. This will discuss the impact of deforestation in Indonesia. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world, with its vast territory, Indonesia is known for its very diverse cultural, ethnic and natural riches, and as the Lungs of the World. However, the serious problem currently facing Indonesia is deforestation. Deforestation is the activity of cutting down forests where the land is converted for non-forest use. This change in forest land causes disruption of environmental conditions such as natural disasters, extinction of flora and fauna, global warming and climate change. The aim to be achieved in creating this work is to understand the impact of deforestation in Indonesia through creativity and imagination in the form of paintings using various techniques, media, considering the elements and principles of fine art. From the theme above, there are 6 (six) works that can be realized from the impact of deforestation which can provide an overview of the impact of deforestation in Indonesia.

Simulation and experimentation of Propeller-Savonius turbine tested underwater surface

Abstract Indonesia’s vast maritime territory offers a unique opportunity for harnessing the potential Energy of seawater currents. This study explores the effectiveness of a combined Savonius and propeller-type turbine system. The Savonius turbine, known for its efficiency in capturing ocean currents due to its large sweep area, is combined with a propeller-type turbine to enhance rotational speed and power generation. A novel approach is employed to induce turbulence and optimize energy extraction, first channeling water through the propeller turbine and then into the Savonius turbine. A comprehensive investigation is conducted through simulations and experimental tests within a controlled tunnel environment. The study explores the performance of two-bladed and three-bladed Propeller-Savonius configurations at varying inlet water velocities (0.1, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 m/s). The simulation incorporates a turbulence model with 5% intensity and a hydraulic diameter of 0.216 m. Results indicate that the proposed configuration achieves a maximum power output of 2.0293 W with an impressive efficiency of 63.339% in simulation. Concurrently, experimental testing yields a peak efficiency of 61.335% and turbine power of 0.3951 W. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of the combined turbine system and highlight the importance of turbulence in optimizing energy extraction from seawater currents. This research contributes valuable insights into the design and performance of hybrid turbines for harnessing oceanic Energy, emphasizing the potential for sustainable power generation in maritime regions. The methodology and results presented herein offer a foundation for further exploration and refinement of seawater current energy conversion technologies.

Enfance, martyre et mission dans L’Histoire des martyrs du Japon de Nicolas Trigault (1624)

Abstract This article analyses a still understudied figure that is present in martyrological accounts of the Early Modern Period: the child martyr which is an intriguing and important character in Catholic propaganda during the wars of religion that shook Europe. We will see how a Jesuit missionary uses this character in his account of the Christian mission in Japan. Nicolas Trigault (1577–1628), in his work L’Histoire des martyrs du Japon (The History of the Martyrs of Japan) takes up a long Christian martyrological tradition while anchoring it in a context of cultural exchanges between Europe and Japan. Using various biblical narratives (whether the Passions of Christ or the martyrdom of the Maccabees) as a point of comparison with these Japanese martyrs, Trigault places these Christians, so far removed from his target audience, in a Catholic community that extends over a long period of time and a vast geographical territory. In this use of the martyrological narrative, the death of the children proves to be a powerful argument. As exceptional figures of martyrdom, they act as witnesses to the level of faith of a community, the sacrifice of the children being the ultimate demonstration of its constancy. However, the figure of the martyred child also comes into conflict with the figure of the morally crippled child, testifying to the ambiguity that European culture and the Christian religion have with this period of life. These stories, later exported to Europe, are used to edify both the youngest children, urging them to imitate their Japanese counterparts, and the parents, presenting an ideal imagery of the Christian family.

A First Experience of Distant Lung Preservation for Transplantation in the Russian Federation.

Lung transplant is an effective method of treating patients with end-stage respiratory diseases, but problems such as the imbalance between the number of donor organs and the number ofrecipients needing organs still play a leading role. From a transplant point of view, a multiorgan donor is considered of greatest efficiency, so that all organs that can potentially be used should be transplanted. The combination of the vast geographical territory of Russia, the shortage of actual donors, and the relatively small number of transplant centers has led to the need to transport donor lungs by air over long distances. There were already precedents in the world for remote preservation of donor organs for transplant. In this study, we have described the unique experience of remote evaluation of donor lungs with their subsequent air transportation and transplantation, which is the first such description in Russia to our knowledge. The donor lungs for lung transplant were brought from medical institutions of the Samara region to Moscow. During remote evaluation, all information was transmitted to the transplant center by providing access to the automated information system "Organ Donation," which was used at that time by the service and contained all information about a potential donor in real time. The 2 transplant candidates had end-stage cystic fibrosis and severe respiratory failure; both patients underwent organ implantation from donors located outside their regions. In conditions of shortages of donor organs, long-distance transportation is a reasonable, feasible, and safe procedure.

Features of the Karakhanid craftsmanship

The establishment of Karakhanid rule in Mawarannahr (942-1212) led to the political unification of vast territories from East Turkestan to Khorezm. Political integrity, economic stability and intensive trade between the urban and steppe communities provided an environment conducive to developing local craftsmanship.This article analyses the mutual influences and common features observed in the craftsmanship of the settled population and nomads in Mawarannahr under the Karakhanids. It demonstrates preservation of the ‘Turkic motifs’ in the new cultural environment. Although the vast territory of the Karakhanid state from Jetisu to Amu-Darya preserved local cultural peculiarities, the formation of universal cultural forms was conspicuous. This article demonstrates the innovations and transformation processes of the Karakhanid era’s craftsmanship, focusing on metal and ceramic products, as well as jewelry. During this period, unglazed pottery of an archaic type, similar to Bronze Age vessels, was widely used, along with fine pottery. These handmade vessels are painted with gray or red engobe. In addition to traditional products of high quality, there are also metal vessels and female jewelry decorated with zoomorphic images. However the presence of these products does not necessarily indicate a decline in the overall quality of craftsmanship in the region.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAND FUND OF NAKHCHIVAN AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC

The article deals with the spread of agriculture and animal husbandry over vast territories, the transformation of natural landscapes, the formation of new economic areas with the development of productive forces, and the further multiplication of environmental impacts. We are talking about anthropogenic landscapes formed as a result of human economic activity, and about a number of dangers of these landscapes for life. We are talking about an increase in the area of the geographical environment, a continuous change in the natural land fund in an anthropogenic direction and that this change is due to an increase in the population and the share of the economy. It is about growing crops and ensuring the food needs of animals, as well as the need to meet the needs of people in agricultural and food products, and the importance of human land use in the field of agriculture. They talk about the rational and irrational use of nature by man and that, with rational use, the balance with nature is not disturbed. And with inefficient use, it is said that a person has taken away material goods and does not take any measures to maintain balance, as a result of which natural landscapes are transformed, the connection between natural complexes is disrupted. Based on the article, it can be said that agricultural activities and natural landscapes on the territory of Sharur, Babek, Kangerlinsky and Julfa districts have undergone a greater transformation.

Protection of Handicraft Skills from the Perspective of Folklore Studies

Handicraft skills and material culture are a research perspective of folklore and a major landscape of various ethnic customs in China. The long history, vast territory, and clever and wise Chinese people have formed a colorful and diverse folk handicraft technique. Under the diverse paths of design participation in handicraft innovation, handicrafts have undergone semantic, functional, and situational transformations in contemporary times, presenting an ecosystem of alienation and diversification. This article takes the ceramic craftsmanship of Yaozhou kiln as an example to explore how to improve the construction of national cultural soft power by protecting local traditional handicrafts.

Fragile State Index Assessment of Economic, Defence and Administrative Conflicts Endangering States in Indonesia: An Econometric Study

Indonesia's vast territory is a challenge to maintaining its territorial sovereignty. Conflict is difficult to predict so it is necessary to anticipate risks. According to the results of research conducted by the Fragile States Index in 2019, Indonesia is ranked in the third country in the worrying category. A need for a strategy in the event of risk of conflict or probability of war occurring so that the Indonesian economy can be properly recovered considering a conflict is an uncertainty that is difficult to predict in the future. The purpose of this study is to determine in terms of the risk of conflict in ASEAN (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Timor Leste, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam), ANZUS (Australia and New Zealand), United States of America and China which has an impact on Indonesia's economic stability. A need to make a conflict risk assessment in mitigating the occurrence of conflict in Indonesia. The analysis tool used is quantitative descriptive using Cross Tab analysis and Heat Map Risk. This study used secondary data for comparison of military and economic strength. The interesting findings in this study of Indonesia's population turned out to have a high influence on the country's vulnerability considering that Indonesia has ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity. Therefore, Indonesia needs to mitigate risks in the event of conflict so that in realizing the projection of Indonesia becoming the 5th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) country in the world in 2045 can be realized properly. The conclusion of this study Population, GDP, Official Exchange Rate, and Real Interest Rate against the Fragile States Index in Indonesia are included in High condition which means that serious conditions must be given immediate attention to minimize conflict.

Morphology of the bronze objects from the Pinchuga-6 burial ground

The article is concerned with bronze objects of the end of the Early Iron Age from the fully excavated burial ground of Pinchuga-6 in the Lower Angara River region. The cemetery is dated to the 3rd–4th centuries BC. All burials were made following the rite of burial on the side. Three categories of copper alloy products have been distinguished: belt set parts, jewelry, and cult castings. The components of the belt sets include flat openwork buckles, hoops and bird-shaped overlays. Flat openwork buck-les have no analogues in the neighbouring territories. They appeared on the basis of the circle of post-Hunnic cultures of South-ern Siberia and were used in the Angara taiga until the mid-1st millennium AD. One belt hoop with volutes and an openwork patch is of a typical Tashtyk Culture appearance. At the end of the Early Iron Age, bird-headed belt plates were used across a vast territory that stretched from the Ural Mountains in the west to the banks of the Yenisei and Angara Rivers in the east. The jewelry includes tubular cast and spiral beads, stripes and pendants. The majority of items are multi-functional — they could be worn different ways. All of them were widespread in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, and they do not have a clear cultural and chronological reference. At Pinchuga-6, various objects of cult casting were found, including ornitho-, zoo- and ichthyomor-phic images, and disks with a circular ornament. These items have similarities among the Ishim and Kholmogory collections, materials from the Aidashinskaya cave, and Tomsk and Ust-Abinsk burial grounds. Pinchuga-6 is currently the farthest north-eastern site where such objects have been found. The grave goods of the cemetery contain items of different cultural attribution made of copper-based alloys. In this single complex in the Angara River region, objects from Western Siberia, Khakass-Minusinsk depression, and, possibly, of local origin have been found. XRF analysis of the items has been carried out. Lead-tin and tin bronze prevail, although being in approximately equal quantities, individual objects are made of copper, a small amount of arsenic is traced in two buckles, one ornithomorphic image is cast from an alloy with a significant amount of silver. The clo-sest in this feature, as well as in the amount of tin and lead in the alloys, are the products of the Tomsk burial ground.