Vast Field Of Application Research Articles

On the potential activity of hyaluronic acid as an antimicrobial agent: experimental and computational validations.

This century has seen the rise of antibiotic resistance as a significant public health problem. In addition, oxidative stress may also be a factor in selecting resistant strains of bacteria. The current study analyzed microbially produced hyaluronic acid's antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity. It had significant antibacterial action against strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with the IC50 value obtained being 487.65µgmL-1 for antioxidant assay. Our molecular docking investigations of hyaluronic acid on tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (Staphylococcus aureus: -6.13kcal/mol, Escherichia coli: -5.79kcal/mol) and topoisomerase II DNA gyrase (Staphylococcus aureus: -5.02kcal/mol, Escherichia coli: -4.90kcal/mol) confirmed the ligands' possible binding mode to the appropriate targets' sites. We also employed molecular dynamics simulation and showed that HA binds more strongly with 1JIL (-85.455 ± 12.623kJ/mol) compared to 2YXN (-49.907 ± 64.191kJ/mol), 5CDP (-47.285 ± 13.925kJ/mol), and 6RKS (-45.306 ± 21.338kJ/mol). We also report that the ligand forms several hydrogen bonds in molecular simulation, implying regular interaction with key residues of the enzymes. The results in this study indicate the potential use of HA in the vast field of applications having both asthetic and medicinal values.

Advancements in printed components for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: A comprehensive review

Proton Exchange Membranes (PEM) are a promising technology for fuel cells and electrolyzer cells, in line with societal goals for clean and sustainable fuel conversion and generation, respectively, in a vast field of applications. PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) technology has an important advantage for energy conversion applications, because it requires a lower operating temperature and is lighter and more compact than other technologies, which makes it ideal for portable and transportation applications. However, open issues remain to be addressed for PEMFC that hinder their widespread adoption, both on the technical side, such as too high operational temperature range, cell efficiency, and long-term stability, as well as on the industrial side with implementation issues, material and device component availability, and cost. PEM technology research usually focuses on the synthesis of novel materials such as non-noble metal catalysts and non-halogenated membranes. In parallel, developing high-throughput and cost-effective manufacturing methods for components, in particular Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA), can also lift an important barrier to their mass production, thus contributing to the same goals and securing industrial provision. From this perspective, printing technologies such as spray coating, inkjet printing, and screen printing have emerged as promising approaches with the required precision and scalability. This review covers recent advancements and developments in advanced PEMFC technology manufacturing, with a focus on 2D printing methodologies to fabricate some or all of the MEA components. Leveraging these techniques as simplified large-area manufacturing methods for PEM technology can become a more viable and industrially attractive solution. This work presents a comparison study addressing the key progress indicators both in process and in characterization to build a working framework in which both scientists, engineers and manufacturers can collaborate toward the industrial implementation of this emergent field.

Network models in bioinformatics: modeling and analysis for complex diseases.

Networks are present in different aspects of our life: communication networks, World Wide Web, Social Networks, and can be used to conveniently describe biological and clinical data, such as the interactions of proteins in an organism or the connections of neurons in the brain. Therefore, network science, focusing on the network representations of physical, biological and social phenomena and leading to predictive models of these phenomena, currently represents a vast field of application and research for many scientific and social disciplines. The mathematical background for the study and analysis of networks has its roots in the theory of graphs that allows studying real phenomena in a quantitative way. According to the formalism coming from graph theory, nodes of the graph represent entities, whereas edges represent the associations among them. Currently, in bioinformatics and systems biology, there is a growing interest in analyzing associations among biological molecules at a network level. Since the study of associations in a system-level scale has shown great potential, the use of networks has become the de facto standard for representing such associations, and its application fields span from molecular biology to brain connectome analysis [1]. Molecules of different types, e.g. genes, proteins, ribonucleic acids and metabolites, have fundamental roles in the mechanisms of the cellular processes. The study of their structure and interactions is crucial for different reasons, comprising the development of new drugs and the discovery of disease pathways. Thus, the modeling of the complete set of interactions and associations among biological molecules as a graph is convenient for a variety of reasons. Networks provide a simple and intuitive representation of heterogeneous and complex biological processes. Moreover, they facilitate modeling and understanding of complicated molecular mechanisms combining graph theory, machine learning and deep learning techniques. While proteomics and genomics data, represented as data streams or data tables, are mainly used to screen large populations in case–control studies (e.g. for early detection of diseases), interactomics data are represented as graphs and they add a new dimension of analysis, allowing, for instance, the graph-based comparison of organism’s properties. In general, complex biological systems represented as networks provide an integrated way to look into the dynamic behavior of the cellular system through the interactions of components. For instance, biological networks also referred to as Protein–Protein Interaction Networks, model biochemical interactions among proteins. Nodes represent the proteins from a given organism, and the edges represent the protein–protein interactions [2]. Also, gene regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of genes in a cell, which interact each other and with other substances in the cell, such as proteins or metabolites, thereby governing the rates at which genes in the network are transcribed into mRNA. Similarly, the graph-based modeling of the whole system of the brain elements and their relations, so-called brain connectome, is based on the representation of the regions of interest as nodes, and the representation of functional or anatomical connections as edges [3]. Furthermore, recent discoveries in biology have elucidated that the interplay of molecules of different types (e.g. genes, proteins and ribonucleic acids) is a constitutive block of mechanisms inside cells. Consequently, models describing the interplay should be able to consider the presence of multiple different agents and associations, i.e. multiple different types of nodes and edges, that yield to the so-called heterogeneous networks [4].

The Mellin Transform Method: Electromagnetics, Complex Analysis, and Educational Potential [Education Corner

The Mellin transform (MT) method (MTM) is a method of analytical evaluation of definite integrals that utilizes key concepts of complex analysis (CA). Although sometimes laborious, the algorithmic, stepwise character of the method as well as its vast field of applications render it powerful and versatile. In particular, certain integrals that are presented in the literature without proof (or with proofs that are ingenious and nonintuitive) can be directly attacked in a standard manner. This is true for the three examples presented herein, all taken from standard and advanced electromagnetics textbooks.

A Glance on Rare Earth Oxides: Importance, Reserves, De mand, Applications, Critical Uncertainties, Global Economy, and Zeta Potential Characterization

Background: Innovation mission in materials science requires new approaches to form functional materials, wherein the concept of its formation begins in nano/micro scale. Rare earth oxides with general form (RE2O3; RE from La to Lu, including Sc and Y) exhibit particular proprieties, being used in a vast field of applications with high technological content since agriculture to astronomy. Despite of their applicability, there is a lack of studies on surface chemistry of rare earth oxides. Zeta potential determination provides key parameters to form smart materials by controlling interparticle forces, as well as their evolution during processing. This paper reports a study on zeta potential with emphasis for rare earth oxide nanoparticles. A brief overview on rare earths, as well as zeta potential, including sample preparation, measurement parameters, and the most common mistakes during this evaluation are reported. Methods: A brief overview on rare earths, including zeta potential, and interparticle forces are presented. A practical study on zeta potential of rare earth oxides - RE2O3 (RE as Y, Dy, Tm, Eu, and Ce) in aqueous media is reported. Moreover, sample preparation, measurement parameters, and common mistakes during this evaluation are discussed. Results: Potential zeta values depend on particle characteristics such as size, shape, density, and surface area. Besides, preparation of samples which involves electrolyte concentration and time for homogenization of suspensions are extremely valuable to get suitable results. Conclusion: Zeta potential evaluation provides key parameters to produce smart materials seeing that interparticle forces can be controlled. Even though zeta potential characterization is mature, investigations on rare earth oxides are very scarce. Therefore, this innovative paper is a valuable contribution on this field.

Fluidized Beds for Concentrated Solar Thermal Technologies—A Review

Thermal and thermochemical processes can be efficiently developed and carried out in fluidized beds, due to the unique properties of fluidized suspensions of solid particles and to the inherent flexibility of fluidized bed design and operation. Coupling fluidization with concentrated solar power is a stimulating cross-disciplinary field of investigation, with the related issues and opportunities to explore. In this review article the current and perspective applications of fluidized beds to collection, storage and exploitation of solar radiation are surveyed. Novel and “creative” designs of fluidized bed solar receivers/reactors are reported and critically discussed. The vast field of applications of solar-driven fluidized bed processes, from energy conversion with thermal energy storage, to solids looping for thermochemical energy storage, production of fuels, chemicals and materials, is explored with an eye at past and current developments and an outlook of future perspectives.

Stocktaking Robots, Automatic Inventory, and 3D Product Maps: The Smart Warehouse Enabled by UHF-RFID Synthetic Aperture Localization Techniques

In our age of global networks and the Internet of Things, communication and identification with a transponder tagged on goods and products have become increasingly important [1]. There is not only a need for the identification of the labeled objects but also for finding their exact positions in 3D space. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) offers both and is, in fact, already used in a vast field of applications, such as access control, goods logistics, indoor localization, automation, stocktaking, and many others [2]-[6]. Figure 1 illustrates a mobile robot platform for automatic inventory rounds that is used to acquire 3D product maps with ultrahigh-frequency (UHF)-RFID technology.

Electrochemical self-assembly of bunch-shaped ZnO nanowire without catalysts

There are many types of metal oxide nanostructure and one of them is zinc oxide (ZnO). Despite of vast field of application for this material, the fabrication process of nanostructure (ZnO) is rather costly or complicated due to exotic equipment or reagent required. To the leading of our understanding, there are no details about synthesizing the bunch-shaped ZnO nanowire patterns on silicon substrate. A series based on aqueous medium composition: (x) Zn (NO3)2 + 0.1 NaOH, where 0.005 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.2 mol% is prepared using chemical bath method. The distribution and size of ZnO nanostructure was determined using FESEM spectroscopy. Meanwhile, EDX spectra show the presence of ZnO nanostructures in all samples. These researches generate new knowledge on embodiment of ZnO nanostructures on silicon thin film which may useful for finding material with high optical quality for diverse application in photonic devices.

Research advancements and challenges in the design and fabrication of glass to metal seals for solar receiver tube applications

Glass to metal joints has a vast field of application due to their distinct properties in terms of electric conductivity, thermal conductivity, transparency, emissivity, reflectivity, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), density, wettability, and crystalline structure. This wide diversification in their properties makes this combination very useful in the special application like concentrated solar receiver tubes (CSRT), etc. This challenge becomes bigger when such seals are subjected to a very high temperature range, ultra-high pressure or ultra-high vacuum, and also gone through repeated number of thermal cycling over a period of time, as may be in the case of CSRT. Hence how to prepare a good quality seal for such constraints, study and control of many factors are essential covered such as seal design, oxidation layer thickness, manufacturing method, temperature and time of making seal, surface roughness, and residual stresses in glass, etc., that has been vigorously studied and reported in this paper.

Research advancements and challenges in the design and fabrication of glass to metal seals for solar receiver tube applications

Glass to metal joints has a vast field of application due to their distinct properties in terms of electric conductivity, thermal conductivity, transparency, emissivity, reflectivity, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), density, wettability, and crystalline structure. This wide diversification in their properties makes this combination very useful in the special application like concentrated solar receiver tubes (CSRT), etc. This challenge becomes bigger when such seals are subjected to a very high temperature range, ultra-high pressure or ultra-high vacuum, and also gone through repeated number of thermal cycling over a period of time, as may be in the case of CSRT. Hence how to prepare a good quality seal for such constraints, study and control of many factors are essential covered such as seal design, oxidation layer thickness, manufacturing method, temperature and time of making seal, surface roughness, and residual stresses in glass, etc., that has been vigorously studied and reported in this paper.

Unveiling a new shear stress transfer mechanism in composites with helically wound hierarchical fibres

The mechanical performance of reinforced composites is strongly influenced at different scales by the stress transferred at the matrix-fibre interfaces and at any surface where material discontinuity occurs. In particular, the mechanical response of elastomeric composites where the reinforcement is composed by cords with helically wound fibres is heavily compromised by fatigue and delamination phenomena occurring at cord-rubber as well as at the ply interfaces, since rubber and polymeric matrices are mainly vulnerable to the accumulation of deviatoric energy due to the shear stresses transferred across the surfaces. Despite the large diffusion of composites in a vast field of applications and the mature knowledge of their behaviour, some key mechanical aspects underlying failure mechanisms are still partially unclear. For example, stress amplification and strain localization are often difficult to predict by means of analytical solutions and averaging techniques that usually conceal stress gradients. In this work, we analyse coupling between torsional and tensile loads in twisted cords, which are adopted in many cases to reinforce composites and rubbers in tire applications. We provide a model characterized by an enriched cord-matrix mechanical interplay able to theoretically explain and predict actual stress distributions responsible for the onset of delamination and fatigue-guided phenomena that are experimentally observed in these composites. In particular, we demonstrate that the assumption of a monoclinic/trigonal behaviour for the mechanical response of the hierarchical strands allows to estimate, by means of analytical formulas and a homogenization approach, hitherto neglected shear stresses at the matrix-reinforcement interface. These stresses are transferred to the neighbouring regions, leading to post-elastic behaviour and failure events. Finite Element simulation results for rubber/cord composites under various boundary conditions highlight the discrepancies in mechanical behaviour between the proposed model and standard approaches in the literature, while experimental tests performed on composite rubber pads confirm theoretical predictions, providing qualitative evidence of the onset of cracks.

Lie group analysis and conservation laws for the time-fractional third order KdV-type equation with a small perturbation parameter

The KdV equation is one of the most famous PDE which has a vast field of applications in fluid dynamics. The scope of our research is the Lie group analysis of time-fractional KdV-type equation including a perturbation term. Thus, the Lie group theory is extended to both cases simultaneously. Geometric vector fields of symmetries and one-dimensional optimal system are found in order to reduce the equation. Finally, approximated conservation laws are given via modified Ibragimov’s theorem.

Role of Nanofluids in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Technology: Methods and Applications.

Recently, suspensions of several nanoparticles or nanocomposites have attained a vast field of application in biomedical research works in some specified conditions and clinical trials. These valuable suspensions, which allow the nanoparticles to disperse and act in homogenous and stable media, are named as nanofluids. Several studies have introduced the advantages of nanofluids in biomedical approaches in different fields. Few review articles have been reported for presenting an overview of the wide biomedical applications of nanofluids, such as diagnosis and therapy. The review is focused on nanosuspensions, as the nanofluids with solid particles. Major applications are focused on nanosuspension, which is the main type of nanofluids. So, concise content about major biomedical applications of nanofluids in drug delivery systems, imaging, and antibacterial activities is presented in this paper. For example, applying magnetic nanofluid systems is an important route for targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, and differential diagnosis. Also, nanofluids could be used as a potential antibacterial agent to overcome antibiotic resistance. This study could be useful for presenting the novel and applicable methods for success in current medical practice.

A strategy of designing high-entropy alloys with high-temperature shape memory effect

Shape memory effect, the ability to recover a pre-deformed shape on heating, results from a reversible martensitic transformation between austenite and martensite phases. Here, we demonstrate a strategy of designing high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with high-temperature shape memory effect in the CrMnFeCoNi alloy system. First, we calculate the difference in Gibbs free energy between face-centered-cubic (FCC) and hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) phases, and find a substantial increase in thermodynamic equilibrium temperature between the FCC and HCP phases through composition tuning, leading to thermally- and stress-induced martensitic transformations. As a consequence, the shape recovery temperature in non-equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi alloys can be increased to 698 K, which is much higher than that of conventional shape memory alloys (SMAs) and comparable to that of B2-based multi-component SMAs containing noble metals (Pd, Pt, etc.) or refractory metals (Zr, Hf, etc.). This result opens a vast field of applications of HEAs as a novel class of cost-effective high-temperature SMAs.

Role of the strained substrate in the x-ray diffraction of free-standing epitaxial nanostructures under grazing incidence conditions

Semiconductor heteronanostructures are of interest for a vast field of applications in optoelectronics. Fast and reliable characterization of their structural properties is of high importance for industry and science. By the example of free-standing ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.6}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.4}\mathrm{As}$ quantum dots (QDs), we discuss the contributions of the strained epitaxial surface nanostructures and the substrate to the scattered x-ray intensity under grazing incidence conditions. In the frame of the distorted wave Born approximation, we take into account multiple scattering and coherent interactions of the x-ray beams involved in the diffraction process. Employing the finite-element method, we give a detailed analysis of the strain distribution inside the nanostructure and the substrate. Further, analyzing the experimental and simulated x-ray diffraction patterns in x-ray grazing incidence diffraction, we demonstrate the importance of accounting for strain in the substrate and interference effects between the surface and the QDs for strain analysis of the nano-objects. The advantages of our approach are demonstrated by comparison with the standard isostrain approach that is commonly used for strain analysis of the nanostructures. We show that neglecting the substrate contribution to the x-ray scattering causes errors in the standard isostrain approach. Finally, the substrate contribution itself may yield information sufficient for a novel and fast approach for the structural characterization of strained semiconductor heteronanostructures.

Application of mixed reality in robot manipulator programming

PurposeMixed reality is expanding in the industrial market and several companies in various fields are adapting this set of technologies for various purposes, such as optimizing processes, improving the programming tasks and promoting the interactivity of their products with the users, or even improving teaching or training. Robotics is another area that can benefit from these recent technologies. In fact, most of the current and futuristic robotic applications, namely, the areas related to advanced manufacturing tasks (e.g. additive-manufacturing, collaborative robotics, etc.), require new technics to actually perceive the result of several actions, including programming tasks, anticipate trajectories, visualize the motion and related information, interface with programmers and users and several other human–machine interfaces. Consequently, this paper aims to explain a new concept of human–machine interfaces aiming to improve the interaction between advanced users and industrial robotic work cells.Design/methodology/approachThe presented concept uses two different applications (apps) developed to explore the advanced features of the Microsoft HoloLens device. The objectives of the project reported in this paper are to optimize robot paths, just by allowing the advanced user to adjust the selected path through the mixed reality environment, and create new paths, just by allowing the advanced user to insert points in the mixed reality environment, correct them as needed, connect them using a certain type of motion, parametrize them (in terms of velocity, motion precision, etc.) and command them to the robot controller.FindingsThe solutions demonstrated in this paper show how mixed reality can be used to allow users, with limited programming experience, to fully use the robotics fields. They also show clearly that the integration of the mixed reality technology in the current robot systems will be a turning point in reducing the complexity for end-users.Research limitations/implicationsThere are two challenges in the developed applications. The first relates to the robot tool identification, which is very sensitive to lighting conditions or to very complex robot tools. This can result in positioning errors when the software shows the path in the mixed reality scene. The paper presents solutions to overcome this problem. Another unattended challenge is associated with handling the robot singularities when adjusting or creating new paths. Ongoing work is concentrated in creating mechanisms that prevent the end-user to create paths that contain unreachable points or paths that are not feasible because of bad motion parameters.Practical implicationsThis paper demonstrates the utilization of mixed reality device to improve the tasks of programming and commanding manufacturing work cells based on industrial robots [see video in (Pires et al., 2018)]. As the presented devices and robot cells are the basis for Industry 4.0 objectives, this demonstration has a vast field of application in the near future, positively influencing the way complex applications, that require much close cooperation between humans and machines, are thought, planned and built. The paper presents two different applications fully ready to use in industrial environments. These applications are scientific experiments designed to demonstrate the principles and technologies of mixed reality applied to industrial robotics, namely, for improving the programming task.Social implicationsAlthough the HoloLens device opens outstanding new areas for robot command and programming, it is still expensive and somehow heavy for everyday use. Consequently, this opens an opportunity window to combine these devices with other mobile devices, such as tablets and phones, building applications that take advantage of their combined features.Originality/valueThe paper presents two different applications fully ready to use in industrial environments. These applications are scientific experiments designed to demonstrate the principles and technologies of mixed reality applied to industrial robotics, namely, for improving the programming task. The first application is about path visualization, i.e. enables the user to visualize, in a mixed reality environment, any path preplanned for the robot cell. With this feature, the advanced user can follow the robot path, identify problems, associate any difficulty in the final product with a particular issue in the robot paths, anticipate execution problems with impact on the final product quality, etc. This is particularly important for not only advanced applications, but also for cases where the robot path results from a CAD package (in an offline fashion). The second application consists of a graphical path manipulation procedure that allows the advanced user to create and optimize a robot path. Just by exploring this feature, the end-user can adjust any path obtained from any programming method, using the mixed reality approach to guide (visually) the path manipulation procedure. It can also create a completely new path using a process of graphical insertion of point positions and paths into the mixed reality scene. The ideas and implementations of the paper are original and there is no other example in the literature applied to industrial robot programming.

Cell death in cancer in the era of precision medicine.

Tumors constitute a large class of diseases that affect different organs and cell lineages. The molecular characterization of cancers of a given type has revealed an extraordinary heterogeneity in terms of genetic alterations and DNA mutations; heterogeneity that is further highlighted by single-cell DNA sequencing of individual patients. To address these issues, drugs that specifically target genes or altered pathways in cancer cells are continuously developed. Indeed, the genetic fingerprint of individual tumors can direct the modern therapeutic approaches to selectively hit the tumor cells while sparing the healthy ones. In this context, the concept of precision medicine finds a vast field of application. In this review, we will briefly list some classes of target drugs (Bcl-2 family modulators, Tyrosine Kinase modulators, PARP inhibitors, and growth factors inhibitors) and discuss the application of immunotherapy in tumors (T cell-mediated immunotherapy and CAR-T cells) that in recent years has drastically changed the prognostic outlook of aggressive cancers. We will also consider how apoptosis could represent a primary end point in modern cancer therapy and how "classic" chemotherapeutic drugs that induce apoptosis are still utilized in therapeutic schedules that involve the use of target drugs or immunotherapy to optimize the antitumor response.

Picosecond opto-acoustics for the remote ultrasonography of single cells

Picosecond ultrasonics (PU) is a technique that offers the possibility to generate and detect acoustic waves remotely with an unequalled frequency bandwidth. After decades of developments and applications for researches in solid-state physics, a vast application field was recently demonstrated for PU in biology and medicine. The technique allows imaging single cells with a lateral resolution limited by optics and with the mechanical properties as the contrast mechanism. The opto-acoustic images can reveal the structure of the cell nucleus, the fine details of the actin network and of the adhesion pattern. In addition to imaging capabilities, quantitative analysis of the interaction of the GHz acoustic waves with the complex cell medium provides information on the cell nanostructure. For instances, the standard deviation of impedance data we measured for single nuclei revealed differences between different cell types arising from the multiplicity of local chromatin conformations within the nucleus. Moreover, the distribution of the cell-substrate interface stiffness we identified allowed us to separate the contribution of passive and active adhesion processes. The technique allows thus gaining new insights into cell mechano transduction.

Dipolar Molecular Rotors in Surface-Anchored Metal Organic Frameworks

The functionalization of surfaces with molecular machines is highly interesting due to the vast field of applications. Transferring the function of individual molecules to a macroscopic scale by bringing a multitude of them to act collectively is essential for materializing new technologies. For this purpose, dipolar rotors can be put into a supra molecular structure to switch the light transmission of a material by changing their orientation. A high three-dimensional order can be achieved by using rotors as linkers in surface-anchored metal organic frameworks (SURMOFs).1-3 Crafted SURMOF thin films allow the alignment of the dipolar rotors in an external electric field.4 Making use of this behaviour, the transmission of light can be modulated with the application of the field and be investigated towards its uses in optical technologies. In this project, different organic linker molecules with permanent dipole moments are synthesized and used in SURMOF fabrication. Dielectric loss spectroscopy of the SURMOF thin films gives information about the dipole-dipole interaction within the layers and the alignment of rotors along the applied electric field.5 Devices are being constructed with a transparent top electrode for electric field application. Information gathered from the behaviour of first generation linker molecules will refine the molecule designs for the next generation so that the optical and electronic properties of the material can be tuned as desired. Shekhah, H. Wang, S. Kowarik, F. Schreiber, M. Paulus, M. Tolan, C. Sternemann, F. Evers, D. Zacher, R. A. Fischer, C. Woll, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 15118-15119.-G. Gu, A. Pfriem, S. Hamsch, H. Breitwieser, J. Wohlgemuth, L. Heinke, H. Gliemann, C. Wöll, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2015, 211, 82-87.L. Zhuang, A. Terfort, C. Wöll, Coordination Chemistry Reviews 2016, 307, 391-424.Zheng, M. E. Mulcahy, D. Horinek, F. Galeotti, T. F. Magnera, J. Michl, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4540.D. Horansky, L. I. Clarke, J. C. Price, T.-A. V. Khuong, P. D. Jarowski, M. A. Garcia-Garibay, Physical Review B 2005, 72, 014302. Figure 1

THE Agadir Port And Digues Protection : What is the best protection of a port?

At all times, the man wanted to tame the surrounding elements, first by pride and curiosity and then by security measures because they threaten his own existence, and to do so, it was essential to understand how these phenomena occur, then to develop strategies, protectors, or build megastructures; for example, it was imperative to explore deeply the nature of waves and currents in order to build dikes, or even take advantage of this abundance of inexhaustible energy (tidal power). Thus, it is proposed to cover this vast field of applications that is the swell on the harbor dike.